The new species Cardamine hupingshanensis K. M. Liu, L. B. Chen, H. F. Bai & L. H. Liu is described and illustrated from Hupingshan National Nature Reserve in northwestern Hunan, China. The new species is distinctive and assigned to section Cardamine L. according to its rhizomes, petioles sometimes with lateral leaflets, flowers, and coiled valves during dehiscence. The habitat is aquatic or subaquatic. Based on the leaf shape, it is similar to C. circaeoides Hooker f. & Thomson but is distinguished by its stout rhizomes and broadly obovate petals. The chromosome number is 2n = 24.