Passiflora cacao Bernacci & M. M. Souza is described. The Passifloraceae has a limited known distribution area in southern Bahia, Brazil. This new species is not very abundant and occurs in a mountainous area associated with dense ombrophilous forest noteworthy for its great biodiversity, including many species of hummingbirds. Passiflora cacao is similar to P. edulis Sims, but it can easily be recognized by the cylindrical hypanthium and winged seeds. In addition, the flowers are usually smaller, with inner corona and outer corona series greater in number.

The relationships among cypress species of the closely related genera Cupressus L., Callitropsis Oerst., and the recently described Hesperocyparis Bartel & R. A. Price were examined using morphological characters. Previous studies did not fully resolve New World and Old World cypresses, the status of Cupressus duclouxiana B. Hickel, Cupressus benthamii Endl., and Cupressus funebris Endl. being in question. Cupressus duclouxiana is sister to Hesperocyparis and Cupressus benthamii is sister to Callitropsis, while Cupressus funebris is considered a basal taxon to all other Cupressus investigated. The intrusion of Hesperocyparis lusitanica (Mill.) Bartel characters into the standard descriptions of Cupressus torulosa D. Don ex Lamb. is examined in order to clarify the differentiation of the respective genera. An emended description of Callitropsis constituting a grade of three species is provided. The new combination, Callitropsis funebris (Endl.) de Laub. & Husby, is provided for Cupressus funebris. Five names at new varietal rank are transferred to Hesperocyparis, as H. arizonica (Greene) Bartel var. nevadensis (Abrams) de Laub. [≡ Cupressus nevadensis Abrams], H. arizonica var. montana (Wiggins) de Laub. [≡ Cupressus montana Wiggins], H. goveniana (Gordon) Bartel var. abramsiana (C. B. Wolf) de Laub. [≡ Cupressus abramsiana C. B. Wolf], H. goveniana var. pygmaea (Lemmon) de Laub. [≡ Cupressus goveniana Gordon var. pygmaea Lemmon], and H. lusitanica var. lindleyi (Klotzsch ex Endl.) de Laub. [≡ Cupressus lindleyi Klotzch ex Endl.].

Tropical seagrass communities are one of the most productive aquatic ecosystems on earth. A high diversity of seagrass species occurs in southeastern Africa; however, these marine angiosperms are among the least studied in the world. To address this, we have revised Thalassodendron Hartog (Cymodoceaceae), one of the most representative seagrasses in these coastal waters. Morpho-anatomical analyses, complemented with field data, reveal that specimens from rocky habitats present a number of distinguishing characters (e.g., rhizome internode lengths, leaf epidermal cells, and flower structures) that recommend their exclusion from the species T. ciliatum (Forssk.) Hartog. A new species from rocky habitats, T. leptocaule Maria C. Duarte, Bandeira & Romeiras, is thus described and illustrated, with the type from Mozambique, and an identification key for the investigated taxa is presented.

Pseudostellaria longipedicellata S. Lee, K. Heo & S. C. Kim is newly described from the Taebaek Mountain Range across three eastern provinces (i.e., Gangwon, Chungcheongbuk, and Gyeongsangbuk) of the Korean Peninsula. Pseudostellaria longipedicellata is similar to P. palibiniana (Takeda) Ohwi by having an open flower, glabrous pedicel, and slender taproots, but differs by its shorter, decumbent, and slender stems, oblanceolate leaves distally changing to elliptic or narrowly ovate, and the fertile pedicel that elongates to the ground when bearing fruit. A dichotomous key to the Korean species of Pseudostellaria Pax is provided in this paper. Also discussed are the major differences of P. longipedicellata from its congeners, and the new species' possible pollination and dispersal mechanisms.

During her main publication period at the University of Michigan from 1926 to 1937, E. W. Erlanson described 18 new Rosa L. species and varieties (Rosaceae), most from the midwestern United States. The majority were grown and hybridized at the University of Michigan Botanical Garden, where she collected many specimens for the University of Michigan Herbarium (MICH) over a period of years. Some living collections were hers, but most were from others who sent living plants usually without voucher specimens. For this reason and the inability until recently to use sheets as types from living collections under specific circumstances, type selections were at times inappropriate. Nevertheless, seven (almost half) of the cited holotypes here are in MICH, in addition to three lectotypes designated here, as well as isotypes and isolectotypes. A total of 40 taxa with either type data or in synonymy are identified in 10 categories of Rosa species, subspecies, and nothospecies following the Flora of North America treatment. Lectotypes are designated here for the following 19 names: R. acicularioides Schuette, R. acicularis Lindl. var. bourgeauiana Crép., R. arkansana Porter, R. blanda Aiton fo. carpohispida Schuette, R. blanda var. glandulosa Schuette, R. blanda var. hermannii Erlanson, R. blanda var. nuda Schuette, R. blanda var. subgeminata Schuette, R. californica Cham. & Schltdl., R. carolina L. var. aculeata (Schuette) Erlanson, R. carolina var. litoralis Erlanson, R. deamii Erlanson, R. gemella Willd., R. nitida Willd., R. carolina var. inermis Schuette, R. carolina var. sepalorelevata Schuette, R. pensylvanica Michx., R. ×rudiuscula (Greene) Erlanson, and R. suffulta Greene var. valida Erlanson. One neotype is designated, R. palustris. In addition, holotypes of the following taxa are identified for the first time: R. blanda var. setigera Crép., R. blanda var. hispida Farw., and R. blanda fo. alba (Schuette ex Erlanson) Fernald.

Neuwiedia malipoensis Z. J. Liu, L. J. Chen & Ke Wei Liu (Orchidaceae, Apostasioideae), from southeastern Yunnan Province in China, is described, illustrated, and photographed. The new species is characterized by a true corolla lip, which is widely obovate and concave, with a subterete claw at the base and a fleshy linear callus extending from its claw to the upper portion. By these features it can be easily distinguished from its allied N. veratrifolia Blume, N. balansae Baill. ex Gagnep., and other species of this genus.

A new species assigned to Erythroxylum sect. Rhabdophyllum O. E. Schulz is described and illustrated under the name of E. ayrtonianum Loiola & M. F. Sales. This new species resembles E. pelleterianum A. St.-Hil. in the general aspect of its leaves and the flexuous, slender branches, but differs by its distichous cataphylls distributed along the short branches and the leaves with wavy to strongly wavy margins. Erythroxylum ayrtonianum is reported from savanna formations (cerrado vegetation) in the north-central portion of Brazil, with the type locality from the state of Tocantins.

Psychotria kosraensis Lorence & K. R. Wood (Rubiaceae, Rubioideae), a narrow endemic from Kosrae, Caroline Islands, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), is described and illustrated. The new species differs from other known species of Psychotria L. in Micronesia by its combination of narrowly obovate-elliptic or narrowly elliptic leaves with long-acuminate apex and abaxially barbate leaf axils, pseudoaxillary fasciculate inflorescences with very short peduncles ca. 1 mm, flowers with a long calyx tube with narrowly triangular lobes, and villosulous fruits crowned with the persistent well-developed calyx tube and lobes. Known from a single population of five individuals, P. kosraensis easily falls into the IUCN Red List category of Critically Endangered (CR).

Hymenoxys perpygmaea W. C. Holmes, Singhurst & Mink (Asteraceae, Helenieae, Tetraneuridinae) is described as a new annual species. The species, which is ephemeral, is endemic to an alfisol prairie that contains mima mounds in Lamar County from northeastern Texas, U.S.A. It is similar to H. texana (J. M. Coult. & Rose) Cockerell, but is easily distinguished from that species by its diminutive rosette and fewer florets per capitulum.

The new name Impatiens ecornuta Gerry Moore, Zika & Rushworth (Balsaminaceae) is proposed for the species of western North America currently recognized as I. ecalcarata Blank. The latter name is an illegitimate later homonym of I. ecalcarata Collett & Hemsl.

Las especies del grupo Cheilanthes dichotoma Sw. (Pteridaceae, Cheilantheae) forman un grupo natural, reconocido por evidencias morfológicas, cercano al género Adiantopsis Fée. Los análisis moleculares basados en el gen del cloroplasto rbcL, también muestran la inclusión de estas especies en el clado de Adiantopsis. Dos nombres, C. orbignyana Kuhn y C. recurvata Baker, se transfieren a Adiantopsis como A. orbignyana (Kuhn) Ponce & Scataglini y A. recurvata (Baker) Ponce & Scataglini. El reconocimiento dentro de este género de otros dos nombres, A. dichotoma (Sw.) T. Moore y A. tweediana (Hook.) Pérez-Link & Hickey, también se apoya en este estudio.

The species of the Cheilanthes dichotoma Sw. group (Pteridaceae, Cheilantheae) form a natural group that is morphologically close to the genus Adiantopsis Fée. Molecular analyses using the chloroplast rbcL gene further support the inclusion of these species in the Adiantopsis clade. Two names, C. orbignyana Kuhn and C. recurvata Baker, are transferred to Adiantopsis as A. orbignyana (Kuhn) Ponce & Scataglini and A. recurvata (Baker) Ponce & Scataglini. The other two names, A. dichotoma (Sw.) T. Moore and A. tweediana (Hook.) Pérez-Link & Hickey, are also supported and recognized within this genus.

The name Talinum parvulum Rose & Standl. is transferred to Phemeranthus Raf. (Montiaceae) as P. parvulus (Rose & Standl.) D. J. Ferguson & T. M. Price. Described in 1911 from Durango, Mexico, this species closely resembles P. marginatus (Greene) Kiger [≡ T. marginatum Greene], which was described in 1912 from Nayarit. Phemeranthus marginatus is here treated as a taxonomic synonym of P. parvulus.

Gentianella weigendii J. S. Pringle is described as a new species from Peru. It is distinctive among the South American species of Gentianella Moench (Gentianaceae) in its combination of green corollas scarcely longer than the calyces, stamens inserted at different levels on the corolla tube, and raised nectaries.

Se describe Gentianella weigendii J. S. Pringle, una nueva especie del Perú. Es distintiva entre las especies de Gentianella Moench (Gentianaceae) de América del Sur por la combinación de las corolas verdes poco más largas que los cálices, los estambres insertos a nivales diversos en el tubo de la corola, y los nectarios sobresalientes.

A new species of Pyrrosia Mirb. (Polypodiaceae) with coenosori, which is found in the province Antsiranana in Madagascar, is described as P. avaratra Rakotondr. & Hovenkamp, with keys and an illustration.

Astragalus mishodaghmontanus Ranjbar, Karamian & Nouri, a singular new species endemic to Iran, is described and illustrated. The new species belongs to subgenus Cercidothrix Bunge, section Incani DC., in Astragalus L. (Fabaceae). It is distributed in northwestern Iran in East Azerbaijan Province. Astragalus mishodaghmontanus is closely related to A. prilipkoanus Grossh. and A. hashtrudicus Ranjbar, but is distinguished by its glabrous pods with minute dark reddish dots. The IUCN conservation status of the new species is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU). Results from cytogenetic analysis indicate that A. mishodaghmontanus is a diploid species (2n = 2x = 16), with this chromosome number consistent with the proposed base number of x = 8 for the genus. Meiosis was observed as regular, with bivalent pairing and normal chromosome segregation.

Staelia catolensis R. M. Salas & E. L. Cabral, una nueva especie (Rubiaceae, Spermacoceae) de Bahia, Brasil, es descrita e ilustrada. El nuevo taxón es aparentemente endémico de Serra de Catolés en áreas de campos rupestres. Staelia catolensis es similar a S. thymoides Cham. & Schltdl. en el hábito pequeño e inflorescencias con crecimiento determinado y puede distinguirse de esta última por las hojas aciculares con ápice punzante, corola externamente papilosa y granos de polen microreticulados.

Staelia catolensis R. M. Salas & E. L. Cabral, a new species (Rubiaceae, Spermacoceae) from Bahia, Brazil, is described and illustrated. The new taxon is apparently endemic from the Serra de Catolés in areas of campos rupestres. The new species resembles S. thymoides Cham. & Schltdl., with which it shares a small stature and determinate inflorescence. Staelia catolensis differs by its acicular leaves with a pungent tip, the external indumentum of the corolla, and the pollen grains with microreticulate exine.

An investigation of taxonomic diversity in the North American members of Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla and Schoenoplectiella Lye indicates the need to relocate species and varieties from Schoenoplectus sect. Actaeogeton (Rchb.) J. Raynal to Schoenoplectiella. A transfer of four taxa is proposed here: Schoenoplectiella purshiana (Fernald) Lye var. williamsii (Fernald) Shiels & Monfils, S. smithii (A. Gray) Shiels & Monfils var. smithii, S. smithii var. leviseta (Fassett) Shiels & Monfils, and S. smithii var. setosa (Fernald) Shiels & Monfils.

A new combination, Senna tocotana (Rose ex Britton & Killip) Silverst., is proposed for Chamaefistula tocotana Rose ex Britton & Killip, the latter name previously placed in synonymy of S. viminea (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby. The Colombian species S. tocotana is not conspecific with the Jamaican species S. viminea. They differ notably in the size and shape of the fruits and in the arrangement of seeds; the fruits of S. viminea are shorter and broader than in S. tocotana, and the seeds are biseriate (in two rows) versus uniseriate in S. tocotana.

Una nueva combinación, Senna tocotana (Rose ex Britton & Killip) Silverst., se propone para Chamaefistula tocotana Rose ex Britton & Killip, la cual estaba colocada en la sinonimia de S. viminea (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby. La especie colombiana S. tocotana no pertenece a la misma especie como la especie jamaicana S. viminea. Ellas difieren notablemente en el tamaño y la forma de los frutos y en la ordenación de las semillas; los frutos de S. viminea son más cortos y más anchos que en S. tocotana, y las semillas son biseriadas (en dos filas), versus uniseriadas en S. tocotana.

A key to and descriptions of the seven species of Ocotea Aubl. (Lauraceae) with bisexual flowers and fistulose twigs occurring in the Andes are presented. Of the seven species, five are newly described: O. beekmanii van der Werff, O. cuatrecasasii van der Werff, both from Colombia, O. fistulosa van der Werff from Ecuador, O. magnifrons van der Werff described from Ecuador and also in Colombia, and O. obovatifolia van der Werff from Ecuador.

Ligustrum guangdongense R. J. Wang & H. Z. Wen (Oleaceae), from Guangdong, China, is described and illustrated. The new species is similar to L. punctifolium M. C. Chang and L. morrisonense Kaneh. & Sasaki, based on the small leaf blades and terminal inflorescences. Ligustrum guangdongense differs from L. punctifolium by having sparsely punctate glands on the abaxial leaf blade surface (vs. densely so), a corolla tube longer than the corolla lobes (1.6–1.9:1 vs. 1.1–1.3:1), and stamens that are included within (vs. exserted). Ligustrum guangdongense differs from L. morrisonense by having abaxially punctate leaf blades (vs. not punctate), typically 12 to 28 flowers in an inflorescence (vs. two or three), and a corolla tube that is shorter relative to the corolla lobes. The pollen grains of the new species are subprolate, with tricolpate apertures and a reticulate exine. The IUCN conservation status of L. guangdongense is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).

Daniel B. Ward's recent assessment of species in Flora Caroliniana by Thomas Walter included the identification and neotypification of Melanthium hybridum Walter, a name that would now have apparent priority over the more commonly used synonyms for the crisped bunch-flower, M. latifolium Desr. in Lam. and Veratrum latifolium (Desr. in Lam.) Zomlefer (Melanthiaceae). The supported conservation of the name Veratrum L. over Melanthium L. at the Melbourne International Botanical Congress necessitates the transfer of M. hybridum to Veratrum. However, another name, V. hybridum J. H. Zimmerman, lacked reference to the basionym and was not validly published. Herein, a discussion of these nomenclatural issues includes the validation of the name V. hybridum (Walter) Zimmerman ex Zomlefer.

The new species Alpinia rugosa S. J. Chen & Z. Y. Chen (Zingiberaceae) is described and illustrated from Hainan, China. The new taxon is distinguished from its related species A. kwangsiensis T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen by having a shorter pseudostem, smaller and more pronounced rugose to the leaf blade, shorter inflorescence, absent bracteole, pink calyx, and an orange labellum with a red tinge.