Due to a convoluted taxonomic history, specimens representing a well-known tropical tree species long, but erroneously, associated with the basionym Bombax quinatum Jacq. are found in herbaria and databases under three generic names: Bombacopsis Pittier, Pachira Aubl., and Pochota Ram. Goyena (Malvaceae). Recent molecular evidence indicates this species belongs neither to the Pachira clade nor to a subclade containing the type species of Bombacopsis. In view of this new phylogenetic information, the euphonious name Pochota is available, despite being declared a nomen rejiciendum in 1990 with respect to the conservation of Bombacopsis Pittier. Thus, the new combination Pochota fendleri (Seem.) W. S. Alverson & M. C. Duarte is made herein. We also designate lectotypes of Bombacopsis sepium Pittier, Bombax nicoyense Pittier, and Pachira fendleri Seem.

Campylocentrum amistadense Bogarín, a new orchid species from La Amistad International Park in Puntarenas, Costa Rica, is described and illustrated. It is most similar to C. brenesii Schltr., but differs in having linear, thin, subcoriaceous leaves, and glabrous perianth parts and inflorescence. The flowers are parallel to the inflorescence axis, the spur is shorter than the blade of the lip, longitudinally 3-keeled, and the callus is made up of densely pubescent rows along the sides of the midlobe but glabrous in the center. Campylocentrum tenellum Todzia is similar in size, but it is easily distinguished from the new species by the lacerate leaf sheaths and the pubescent upper surface of sepals. An updated taxonomic key to the species of Campylocentrum Benth. in Costa Rica is provided.

Se describe e ilustra a Pseuderanthemum guerrerense Cruz Durán & S. Valencia (Acanthaceae), una especie nueva del Estado de Guerrero, México. Esta especie es afín a P. alatum (Nees) Radlk., pero difiere de ella por presentar siempre hojas sésiles, largamente lanceoladas, inflorescencias en panículas, con flores secundas, una por nudo y frutos más grandes.

From New Caledonia, the new species Eutassa latifolia de Laub. (Araucariaceae) is distinguished from E. rulei (F. Muell.) de Laub. by the hooked apices of the leaf blades. Its conservation status is assessed as Least Concern (LC) by IUCN criteria. The species Lagarostrobos colensoi (Hook.) Quinn (Podocarpaceae) transfers as Lepidothamnus colensoi (Hook.) de Laub.; the species Nothotsuga longibracteata (W. C. Cheng) Hu (Pinaceae) transfers as Keteleeria longibracteata (W. C. Cheng) de Laub.

Material previously treated under Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don (Podocarpaceae) has been examined, with eight new species distinguished as P. hookeri de Laub., P. laminaris de Laub. (included within the newly established Podocarpus L'Hér. ex Pers. sect. Spathoides de Laub.), P. lenticularis de Laub., P. linearis de Laub., P. marginalis de Laub., P. novoguineensis de Laub., P. oblongus de Laub., and P. vanuatuensis de Laub., and two new varieties as P. ledermannii Pilg. var. expansus de Laub. and P. pseudobracteatus de Laub. var. sicaris de Laub. (included within the newly established Podocarpus sect. Bracteati de Laub.). Belonging to Podocarpus sect. Foliolati de Laub., P. neglectus Blume was validly published but long considered a synonym of P. neriifolius and is recognized again as a species, with three species referred to it in new synonymy: P. discolor Blume, P. leptostachyus Blume, and P. thailandensis A. D. Silba & J. A. Silva. Podocarpus idenburgensis N. E. Gray, previously treated as a synonym of P. ledermannii, is also taxonomically recognized. Two other species are newly synonymized as P. crassigemmis de Laub. with P. archboldii N. E. Gray and P. epiphyticus de Laub. & Silba with P. teysmannii Miq. Five varieties are newly synonymized as P. neriifolius var. membranaceaus Wasscher with P. atjehensis (Wasscher) de Laub., P. neriifolius var. linearis Wasscher with P. hookeri, P. neriifolius var. polyanthus Wasscher with P. teysmannii, P. neriifolius var. penibukanensis Silba with P. confertus de Laub., and P. neriifolius var. staintonii Silba with P. hookeri. Two new sections of Podocarpus are established as Podocarpus sect. Bracteati de Laub. and Podocarpus sect. Spathoides. Species circumspections are accordingly revised for the established sections Podocarpus sect. Acuminati de Laub., Podocarpus sect. Foliolati de Laub., Podocarpus sect. Globuli de Laub., Podocarpus sect. Longifoliolati de Laub., and Podocarpus sect. Macrostachyes de Laub.

One new name, Rubus neofuscifolius Y. F. Deng, replacing the later homonym R. fuscifolius T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, and two new combinations, R. eucalyptus Focke var. villosus (Cardot) Y. F. Deng and R. linearifoliolus Hayata var. yanshanensis (Z. X. Yu & W. T. Ji) Y. F. Deng, are proposed.

Primula filchnerae R. Knuth, an endangered species from Shaanxi Province, China, was previously believed to be extinct in the wild. Two wild populations were rediscovered in Hubei Province in 2006, only one of which is extant with fewer than 100 individuals. Since the original holotype of P. filchnerae was destroyed in the bombing of the Berlin Herbarium, a neotype (X. W. Li 150311 at HIB) is designated here with an emended description of the species.

The name Polycarpon depressum Nutt. (Caryophyllaceae) is here investigated and lectotypified. According to a recent molecular investigation and based on the morphology and ecology of the taxon, the new combination and change in rank for P. tetraphyllum (L.) L. subsp. depressum (Nutt.) Iamonico are proposed for these plants endemic to California, U.S.A., and northern Mexico. A description of the subspecies is provided as is a comparison with the similar taxa P. tetraphyllum subsp. tetraphyllum, P. tetraphyllum subsp. alsinifolium (Biv.) Ball, and P. tetraphyllum subsp. diphyllum (Cav.) O. Bolòs & Font Quer.

Dendropanax pachypedunculatus Idárraga & Lowry (Araliaceae) is described from lowland forest in the Donoso District of Colón Province along the Caribbean slope of Panama. It most closely resembles D. arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch., from which it can be distinguished by several characters including its larger fruits, thicker primary inflorescence axes and peduncles, and leaves with pinnate (vs. mostly triplinerved) venation. This new species is known from a single collection made within the footprint of a copper mining project. A preliminary risk of extinction assessment using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria indicates that D. pachypedunculatus should be considered Critically Endangered (CR).

A new species, Marsdenia stevensiana Juárez-Jaimes (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), from the state of Chiapas in southeastern Mexico, is described and illustrated. It is distinguished by a fleshy, semicircular, papillose, and glabrous callus in each sinus of the corolla lobes, and this callus extends along the base of each lobe forming a continuous corona on the throat of the corolla. The morphological characteristics of this new taxon are different from those of the 31 species of Marsdenia R. Br. known from Mexico. The new species resembles M. mayana Lundell and M. pseudoedulis Woodson, with which it is compared.

Two new species of Loranthaceae are described and illustrated from the Cerros del Sira highland in central Peru. From the department of Pasco, province of Oxapampa, Gaiadendron coronatum Kuijt is distinguished as small parasitic shrubs, its flowers with distinct calyx lobes that develop into a tubular structure in fruit. Gaiadendron coronatum is closely related to the only previously known species for the genus, G. punctatum (Ruiz & Pav.) G. Don. From the department of Ucayali, province of Coronel Portillo, Peristethium grahamii Kuijt is distinguished by its 5-merous flowers, the papery scales at the base of a determinate inflorescence, and by its essentially sessile anthers.

Manihot cezarii M. Martins (Euphorbiaceae) is described and illustrated from the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso, Brazil. This species has flat, greenish blue leaves and pendent inflorescences with foliaceous bracts, characteristics that distinguish it from M. alutacea D. J. Rogers & Appan. The conservation status of the new species is assessed as Endangered (EN), according to IUCN Red List criteria.

The new species Gentianella zaratei J. S. Pringle (Gentianaceae) is described from the departments of Potosí and Oruro, Bolivia. It has longitudinally striped, scarlet and yellow, scarcely opening corollas like those of G. erythrochrysea (Gilg) Fabris and G. hirculus (Griseb.) Fabris but differs in its ascending, narrowly linear leaves.

A taxonomic synopsis of Klasea Cass. sect. Schumeria (Iljin) L. Martins (Asteraceae, Cardueae) is presented. One new species, K. khorasanica Ranjbar & Negaresh, collected from Khorasan Province in northeastern Iran, is described and illustrated. Serratula calcarea Mozaff. is transferred here as K. calcarea (Mozaff.) Ranjbar & Negaresh. Also transferred from Serratula L. is K. litwinowii (Iljin) Ranjbar & Negaresh [≡ S. litwinowii Iljin], which is lectotypified with an emended description. The two species are closely related to K. latifolia (Boiss.) L. Martins, lectotypified herein, and characters to distinguish these species are given. A description of Klasea sect. Schumeria, an enumeration, and a taxonomic key to its 10 species are provided. The name K. viciifolia (Boiss. & Hausskn.) L. Martins [≡ S. viciifolia Boiss. & Hausskn.] is lectotypified in recognition of Rechinger's 1980 (ined., “type”) sheet annotation.

A new species of Sorocea A. St.-Hil., S. angustifolia Al. Santos & Romaniuc (Moraceae), was discovered in the humid rainforests of Guapimirim, within the Parque Estadual dos Três Picos, Rio de Janeiro. The new species resembles S. bonplandii (Baill.) W. C. Burger, Lanj. & Wess. Boer by the similar shape of its staminate inflorescences but is distinguished by the leaf lamina that is narrowly oblong, to 13 cm long and to 2 cm wide. Blade margins are not spinulose, and the leaf apex is usually cuspidate to caudate; the staminate flowers have the staminal filaments basally free. The new species is endemic to the Atlantic rainforest of Rio de Janeiro State in southeastern Brazil and is critically endangered due to its restricted geographic area of occurrence: between the municipalities of Guapimirim and Cachoeiras de Macacu.

Annona caesia G. E. Schatz, C. Ramos & O. Ortiz is described from the lowland forests of the Caribbean slope of Panama. The new species differs from other Annona L. (Annonaceae) by the medium to large, broadly ovoid flowers (including three other species in Panama: A. acuminata Saff., A. billbergii R. E. Fr., and A. spraguei Saff.), by the glabrous and bluish glaucous underside of its leaves, and by the presence of small inner petals. The conservation status according to IUCN Red List categories and criteria has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU).

A new species of Phyllanthus L., P. aracaensis G. L. Webster ex Secco & A. Rosário (Phyllanthaceae), probably endemic to Amazonas State, is described and illustrated. In terms of its habit and overall appearance it is superficially close to P. myrsinites Kunth, a species with variable leaf morphology, which is widely distributed throughout the Amazon region. The new species may be distinguished from P. myrsinites by its orbicular leaves without a subapical gland on the abaxial face, staminate flowers isolated or in pairs with sepals free, stamens with partially joined filaments at base, and style with branches joined, apically free, trifid.

Dilcherocarpon M. C. Singh, R. A. S. Kushwaha, Gaurav Srivastava & R. C. Mehrotra, published in 2012 as a name for a fossil fruit of unknown systematic affinities, is a later homonym of Dilcherocarpon Manchester & E. O'Leary (Combretaceae) and is therefore illegitimate. The new name Davidocarpon Srivastava & Mehrotra is proposed as a replacement name for the fossil organ-genus.

The genus Sanchezia Ruiz & Pav. (Acanthaceae), described by Ruiz and Pavón in the late 18th century as containing two species, is a group of Neotropical herbs and shrubs with large, brightly colored flowers and/or bracts. The genus was most recently revised by Leonard and Smith (1964) who accepted 58 species, of which over half were newly described. Subsequent workers have found these new species, as well as those previously described, difficult to identify with confidence. We conducted a thorough literature and specimen survey to prepare a nomenclatural synopsis of all validly published names and synonyms in Sanchezia. Fifty-five species are taxonomically accepted in this treatment, with an additional form recognized within S. thinophila Leonard, S. thinophila f. glabra Leonard. Lectotypifications are proposed for the following 10 names: Ancylogyne munita Nees [≡ S. munita (Nees) Planch.], S. cyathibractea Mildbr., S. ecuadorensis Leonard, S. filamentosa Lindau, S. longiflora (Hook. f.) Hook. f. [≡ A. longiflora Hook. f.], S. loranthifolia Lindau, S. oblonga Ruiz & Pav., S. ovata Ruiz & Pav., S. scandens (Lindau) Leonard & L. B. Sm. [≡ Steirosanchezia scandens Lindau], and S. sprucei Lindau.

Fagopyrum hailuogouense J. R. Shao, M. L. Zhou & Q. Zhang (Polygonaceae), a new species discovered in the Hailuogou National Glacier Forest Park, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Garze, Sichuan Province, China, is described and illustrated. This species is perennial; it is distinguished by its succulent and ligneous rhizomes with numerous adventitious roots, congested nodes on underground rhizomes with sparser nodes on the terrestrial stems, and the smooth epicarp surface of the achene without ornamentation. The smooth achene surface distinguishes F. hailuogouense from the morphologically similar F. cymosum (Trevir.) Meisn.