The new species Draba ucuncha Al-Shehbaz and D. xylopoda Al-Shehbaz are described and illustrated, and their relationships to closest South American species are discussed. Each is known from a couple of localities in the Department La Libertad, and their IUCN status is determined. An estimation of the New World species of Draba L. is given.

The monospecific, Mexican endemic Asta Klotzsch & O. E. Schulz is divided into three subpecies. The new combinations A. schaffneri (S. Watson) O. E. Schulz subsp. pringlei (O. E. Schulz) Al-Shehbaz and A. schaffneri subsp. stricta (Rollins) Al-Shehbaz are proposed. Asta schaffneri subsp. pringlei is widespread in east-central Mexico, A. schaffneri subsp. schaffneri is endemic to San Luis Potosí, and A. schaffneri subsp. stricta is restricted to Hidalgo and Queretaro States. A key to the three subspecies is presented, and a neotype for A. pringlei O. E. Schulz is designated.

The new monospecific genera Anzhengxia Al-Shehbaz & D. A. German, Metashangrilaia Al-Shehbaz & D. A. German, and Rudolf-kamelinia Al-Shehbaz & D. A. German are described, and the supporting data for their recognition and the characters distinguishing them from related genera of the tribe Euclidieae are discussed. The new combinations A. yechengnica (C. H. An) Al-Shehbaz & D. A. German, M. forrestii (W. W. Sm.) Al-Shehbaz & D. A. German, and R. korolkowii (Regel & Schmalh.) Al-Shehbaz & D. A. German are proposed.

A new species of Erisma Rudge, E. panamense M. L. Kawas., S. Castillo & McPherson, is here described, illustrated, and assigned IUCN conservation status.

New taxa and nothotaxa are described within North American Rosa L. subg. Rosa. Rosa setigera Michx., formerly considered of Eurasian origin and placed in Rosa sect. Systylae DC., is segregated into the new Rosa sect. Americanae W. H. Lewis. Its origin is proposed to be in the Ozark Plateau of the south-central United States. One new species, R. memoryae W. H. Lewis, and one new subspecies, R. virginiana Mill. subsp. minidentata W. H. Lewis, are described. Twelve new Rosa nothospecies are described: Rosa ×atlantica W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×canadensis W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×churchillii W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×fernaldiorum W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×gilmaniana W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×hainesii W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×harmsiana W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×hodgdonii W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×massiana W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×oldhamii W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×peraxeliana W. H. Lewis, and Rosa ×victoriana W. H. Lewis. All of these are naturally produced hybrids rather than cultivated plants. The existing nothospecies Rosa ×engelmannii S. Watson, of parentage R. acicularis Lindl. × R. nutkana C. Presl, is divided into three nothosubspecies: nothosubspecies engelmannii, nothosubspecies occidentalis W. H. Lewis, and nothosubspecies britannicae-columbiae W. H. Lewis, distinguished by parentage involving three different subspecies of R. nutkana. New hybrid introgressions identified in Canada and the United States are briefly discussed.

Tournefortia albifolia J. S. Mill. and T. longipedicellata J. S. Mill. are described as new from Costa Rica, bringing the total number of Tournefortia L. species known from Costa Rica to 16. They are described, their affinities are discussed, information is provided to allow them to be separated from the other species with which they may be confused, and their conservation status is determined.

Twenty-four nomenclatural changes are made in Neotropical Podostemaceae. Twenty-one species or infraspecific names are placed into synonymy, three new taxonomic combinations are presented, and five species are recognized as dubious. Four lectotypes are designated. Species involved occur in Apinagia Tul., Castelnavia Tul. & Wedd., Jenmaniella Engl., Marathrum Bonpl., Oserya Tul. & Wedd., Rhyncholacis Tul., and Wettsteiniola Suess. Clarifications of the location of types of one species each of Castelnavia (C. monandra Tul. & Wedd.) and Ceratolacis Wedd. (C. erythrolichen (Tul. & Wedd.) Wedd.) are also presented.

Two fossil flowers in mid-Tertiary amber from the Dominican Republic are described as Catalpa hispaniolae Poinar sp. nov. (Bignoniaceae). Their placement in the genus Catalpa Scop. is based on the following characters: flowers hypogenous, gamopetalous, zygomorphic, bisexual with a sessile ovary and single filiform style; calyx composed of two cup-shaped sepals; corolla bilabiate with five united petals; and two fertile stamens with oblong anthers consisting of divergent locules dehiscing via longitudinal slits. These flowers can be distinguished from extant members of the genus by the smaller calyx and corolla and lack of staminodia. These specimens represent the first definite fossil flowers of the Bignoniaceae.

A new species, Casimiroa dura A. Pool & Coronado, is described from Nicaragua and Costa Rica. The new species is most similar to C. sapota Oerst., but differs in its fruit's epicarp, which is hard, thick, and brittle.

Many of the species classified in Psychotria L. subg. Heteropsychotria Steyerm. have been shown to belong to Palicourea Aubl. (Rubiaceae, Palicoureeae), including the species of Psychotria sect. Nonatelia (Aubl.) Müll. Arg., based on morphological and molecular characters. Accordingly, these along with several additional species are transferred to the new section Palicourea sect. Nonatelia (Aubl.) C. M. Taylor. This new section includes 26 species found from southern Mexico to Trinidad and northern Argentina, and is diagnosed by its stipule morphology, distinctive leaf venation, and inflorescence arrangement. This new section includes Palicourea racemosa (Aubl.) Borhidi, Palicourea woronovii (Standl.) C. M. Taylor, Bruniera & Zappi, Palicourea veracruzensis (Lorence & Dwyer) Borhidi, and 23 additional species with names newly published here. The following new combinations are made here: Palicourea amita (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria amita Standl.; Palicourea apiculata (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria apiculata Müll. Arg.; Palicourea brevicollis (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria brevicollis Müll. Arg.; Palicourea carnosocarpa (Dwyer & M. V. Hayden) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria carnosocarpa Dwyer & M. V. Hayden; Palicourea eggersii (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria eggersii Standl.; Palicourea fissistipula (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria fissistipula Müll. Arg.; Palicourea forsteronioides (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria forsteronioides Müll. Arg.; Palicourea malaneoides (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria malaneoides Müll. Arg.; Palicourea mamillaris (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria mamillaris Müll. Arg.; Palicourea minutiflora (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria minutiflora Müll. Arg.; Palicourea obconica (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria obconica Müll. Arg.; Palicourea octocuspis (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria octocuspis Müll. Arg.; Palicourea soejartoi (C. M. Taylor) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria soejartoi C. M. Taylor; Palicourea stenostachya (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria stenostachya Standl.; Palicourea subfusca (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria subfusca Müll. Arg.; Palicourea tacarcunensis (Dwyer) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria tacarcunensis Dwyer; Palicourea tsakiana (C. M. Taylor) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria tsakiana C. M. Taylor; and Palicourea valerioana (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria valerioana Standl. Five new species are described here: Palicourea cajamarcana C. M. Taylor is found in Andean northern and central Peru and has previously been confused with Palicourea amita; Palicourea dodsoniana C. M. Taylor is found in lowland western Ecuador and has previously been confused with Palicourea stenostachya; Palicourea locellata C. M. Taylor is found in Andean eastern Colombia and has unusual tubular stipules and chambered pyrenes; Palicourea meieri C. M. Taylor is found in the mountains of Venezuela and has previously been confused with Palicourea eggersii; and Palicourea topoensis C. M. Taylor is found in Andean Ecuador and northern Peru and has previously been confused with Palicourea amita. Lectotypes are designated for three series, Psychotria ser. Stenothyrsae Müll. Arg., Psychotria ser. Spicatae Müll. Arg., and Psychotria ser. Stachythyrsae K. Schum.; for three subseries, Psychotria subser. Quadricuspides