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12 January 2022 Relative forelimb–hindlimb investment is associated with flight style, foraging strategy, and nestling period, but not nest type
Jess Kotnour, Sarah J. McPeek, Hannah Wedig, Jonah Dominguez, Natalie A. Wright
Author Affiliations +
Abstract

We investigated Dial's 2003 hypothesis that birds that rely more heavily on flight as their primary mode of locomotion and thus invest more in their forelimbs than hindlimbs will experience selection for smaller body sizes, greater altriciality, and more complex nests. To test this hypothesis, we examined the skeletons of over 2,000 individuals from 313 species representing the majority of avian families and all major branches of the avian tree. We used the lengths of the sternal keel and long bones of the wing relative to the lengths of the leg long bones as an index of relative locomotor investment. We found that locomotor investment was predicted by flight style, foraging method, and length of nestling period, supporting Dial's hypothesis. Soaring birds and birds with more acrobatic flight styles, birds whose foraging methods were heavily reliant upon flight, and birds whose young spent more time in the nest tended to invest more in their forelimbs relative to hindlimbs. Nest type and body size were not significant predictors of relative forelimb–hindlimb investment, however, suggesting that the relationships among flight style, locomotor investment, and life history are not as tightly intertwined as Dial originally hypothesized.

LAY SUMMARY

  • Birds vary in how much they rely upon flight vs. other forms of movement, and thus in how much energy they put into building wings vs. legs.

  • Ornithologists have suggested that this variation in locomotion investment is tied to other traits: that birds that rely upon flight and invest more in their wings should be smaller, have more acrobatic flight styles, take more time to develop before leaving the nest, and build more complex nests.

  • We tested these ideas by measuring bird skeletons to quantify investment in wing- vs. leg-based locomotion.

  • We found mixed support for these ideas. Birds that invest more in their flight structures have more acrobatic or soaring flight styles, depend more upon flight for finding food, and spend more time developing before leaving the nest, but they do not differ in body size or nest type from birds that invest less in their flight structures.

Investigamos la hipótesis de Dial del 2003 de que las aves que dependen más del vuelo como su modo principal de locomoción y, por lo tanto, invierten más en sus extremidades anteriores que posteriores, experimentarán una selección para tamaños corporales más pequeños, crías más altriciales y nidos más complejos. Para evaluar esta hipótesis, examinamos los esqueletos de más de 2.000 individuos de 313 especies que representan la mayoría de las familias de aves y todas las ramas principales del árbol aviar. Usamos las longitudes de la quilla esternal y de los huesos largos del ala en relación con las longitudes de los huesos largos de la pierna como un índice de inversión locomotora relativa. Encontramos que la inversión locomotora fue predicha por el estilo de vuelo, el método de forrajeo y la duración del período de cría, lo que respalda la hipótesis de Dial. Las aves planeadoras y las aves con estilos de vuelo más acrobáticos, las aves cuyos métodos de forrajeo dependen en gran medida del vuelo y las aves cuyos juveniles pasan más tiempo en el nido tendieron a invertir más en sus extremidades anteriores que en las posteriores. Sin embargo, el tipo de nido y el tamaño del cuerpo no fueron predictores significativos de la inversión relativa entre las extremidades anteriores y posteriores, lo que sugiere que las relaciones entre el estilo de vuelo, la inversión locomotora y la historia de vida no están tan estrechamente entrelazadas como hipotetizó originalmente Dial.

Copyright © American Ornithological Society 2022. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Jess Kotnour, Sarah J. McPeek, Hannah Wedig, Jonah Dominguez, and Natalie A. Wright "Relative forelimb–hindlimb investment is associated with flight style, foraging strategy, and nestling period, but not nest type," Ornithology 139(2), 1-11, (12 January 2022). https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukab084
Received: 22 January 2021; Accepted: 2 November 2021; Published: 12 January 2022
KEYWORDS
flight
Flight morphology
forelimb–hindlimb investment
historia de vida
inversión de extremidades anteriores y posteriores
life history
morfología
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