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4 March 2022 Sexual dichromatism may not be a good index of sexual or natural selection in the blue cardinalids (Aves: Passeriformes)
Natalia C. García, Ana S. Barreira, Pablo L. Tubaro
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Abstract

More than a century ago, Darwin and Wallace started a still ongoing debate over which are the predominant forces driving sexual dichromatism (i.e. differences in body coloration between males and females): is it sexual selection on males to become more attractive, or is it natural selection on females to become more cryptic? While these are not mutually exclusive, the degree of sexual dichromatism has been extensively used as a proxy of the intensity of one type of selection (sexual) on one of the sexes (males). Here, we evaluated the relationship between sexual dichromatism and two body-color features that can be under natural and/or sexual selection in each sex: conspicuousness against the background and colorfulness (which we defined as the variety of colors and mechanisms to produce them within an individual's plumage). We focused on the “blue clade” of the Cardinalidae bird family and considered the properties of their own visual system and those of potential raptor predators. We found that all blue cardinalids are sexually dichromatic, but levels of dichromatism vary within the clade. Males are on average more colorful than females, but neither male nor female colorfulness correlates with sexual dichromatism. Males are not more conspicuous than females against a vegetated background but are significantly more conspicuous against a nesting background than females. Yet, we found no correlation between conspicuousness and degree of sexual dichromatism. Our results suggest that, while both natural and sexual selection can drive color differences between the sexes, levels of sexual dichromatism do not necessarily reflect the intensity of selection forces in this clade. Our results highlight the importance of testing assumptions regarding the relationship between sexual dichromatism and color evolution in each sex, considering the properties of different visual systems, relevant to the ecology of the study model.

LAY SUMMARY

  • Males and females of many birds exhibit striking differences in body coloration (sexual dichromatism).

  • Are these differences due to sexual selection to become more attractive, or natural selection to become more cryptic?

  • Both processes can act on each sex, but sexual dichromatism is often used as a proxy of the intensity of sexual selection on males.

  • Sexual selection could promote birds to be more conspicuous and colorful, while natural selection could have the opposite effect to make them more cryptic to predators.

  • In the “blue clade” of the Cardinalidae family, sexual dichromatism shows no correlation with male or female colorfulness.

  • Females are less conspicuous against a nesting background, but this trait was not correlated with levels of sexual dichromatism.

  • Sexual dichromatism levels are not strongly correlated with any color trait we measured in either sex, suggesting it may not be a good index of the intensity of only one selective force acting on one sex.

Hace más de un siglo, Darwin y Wallace iniciaron un debate aún no resuelto sobre cuáles son las fuerzas predominantes en la evolución del dicromatismo sexual (es decir, las diferencias en la coloración corporal entre machos y hembras): ¿es la selección sexual sobre los machos para ser más atractivos, o es la selección natural sobre las hembras para ser más crípticas? Si bien estos factores no son mutuamente excluyentes, el grado de dicromatismo sexual se ha utilizado ampliamente como indicador de la intensidad de un tipo de selección (sexual) en uno de los sexos (machos). Aquí, evaluamos la relación entre el dicromatismo sexual y dos parámetros de la coloración corporal que pueden estar bajo selección natural y/o sexual en cada sexo: el contraste con el fondo y el colorido (definido como la diversidad de colores, y de mecanismos para producirlos, dentro del plumaje de un individuo). Nos enfocamos en el “clado azul” de la familia de aves Cardinalidae y tuvimos en cuenta las propiedades de su propio sistema visual y las de aves rapaces como posibles depredadores. Encontramos que todos los “cardinalinos azules” son sexualmente dicromáticos, pero los niveles de dicromatismo varían dentro del clado. Los machos son en promedio más coloridos que las hembras, pero ni el colorido de los machos ni el de las hembras se correlacionan con el dicromatismo sexual. Los machos no son más conspicuos que las hembras contra un fondo vegetado, pero son significativamente más conspicuos contra la coloración del material del nido que las hembras. Sin embargo, no encontramos correlación entre el contraste con el entorno y el grado de dicromatismo sexual. Nuestros resultados sugieren que, si bien tanto la selección natural como la sexual pueden generar diferencias de color entre los sexos, los niveles de dicromatismo sexual no necesariamente reflejan la intensidad de dichas fuerzas en este clado. Nuestros resultados resaltan la importancia de poner a prueba los supuestos sobre la relación entre dicromatismo sexual y la evolución del color en cada sexo, considerando las propiedades de los diferentes sistemas visuales relevantes para la ecología del modelo de estudio.

Copyright © American Ornithological Society 2022. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Natalia C. García, Ana S. Barreira, and Pablo L. Tubaro "Sexual dichromatism may not be a good index of sexual or natural selection in the blue cardinalids (Aves: Passeriformes)," Ornithology 139(3), 1-12, (4 March 2022). https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac008
Received: 19 July 2021; Accepted: 21 January 2022; Published: 4 March 2022
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KEYWORDS
avian vision
coloración del plumaje
coloración estructural
NATURAL SELECTION
plumage coloration
selección natural
selección sexual
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