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1 June 2022 Experimentally reduced feather microbial loads improve reproductive performance in captive Zebra Finches
Nancy Tyler Burley, Felipe Azevedo Campos, Emilie Chien, Shauna Duarte, Nathalie Kirshman, Alison Thuy Tien N. Phan, Kerianne M. Wilson
Author Affiliations +
Abstract

We performed a laboratory experiment on caged, domesticated Australian Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata castanotis) to assess the effects of antimicrobial treatment applied to birds' plumage on the feather microbial loads of breeding pairs and their associated reproductive performance. Treatments included an experimental group that experienced frequent misting with a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, as well as 2 control groups. Microbial loads (colony forming units [CFUs]) sampled from the belly feathers of breeders were higher posthatching than prehatching, and experimental pairs had lower loads (one-half to one-third the CFU counts) than controls at all sampled breeding-cycle stages. Clutch size and hatching success did not differ among treatments, but experimental pairs fledged nearly 50% more offspring (mean = 3.5 per clutch) than controls (mean = 2.3 per clutch) due to experiencing much lower nestling mortality. Offspring development rate, as assessed by one metric, varied among treatments: beak color score sampled midway in the development of adult phenotype revealed that offspring of experimental pairs had more rapid development. Findings imply that experimentally reduced density of feather microbial loads on breeders decreased reproductive costs in the posthatch phase, resulting in increased offspring survival and condition. At the time offspring fledged, uropygial gland volume tended to be greater among breeders that had experienced antimicrobial application throughout the breeding cycle. These results are consistent with a growing literature showing that the feather microbiome contributes significantly to the evolution of avian life histories and behavior and indicate that Zebra Finches are a useful laboratory model for investigating in vivo effects of the feather microbiome on avian hosts.

LAY SUMMARY

  • Feathers are necessary for bird survival, flight, and reproduction but provide large surface areas for the growth of microbes (bacteria plus yeast), whose aggregate effects on birds' health and reproduction are largely unknown.

  • To measure reproductive effects, we used an antimicrobial treatment to reduce feather microbial density on one group of breeding pairs of Australian Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata castanotis) and compared their reproduction to that of untreated control pairs of the same species.

  • Birds with reduced feather microbial density raised more offspring per brood than controls, and their young showed more rapid development of beak color.

  • Results imply that treated birds experienced reduced physiological costs that result from high microbial densities.

  • This study indicates that feather microbes increase reproductive costs to birds and suggests that such costs have been influential in the evolution of avian reproductive schedules and behavior.

Realizamos um experimento laboratorial em diamantes-mandarim engaiolados e domesticados para avaliar os efeitos do tratamento antimicrobiano aplicado à plumagem das aves nas cargas microbianas de pares reprodutores e seu desempenho reprodutivo associado. Os tratamentos incluíam um grupo experimental que foi submetido a nebulização frequente utilizando um antimicrobiano de amplo espectro, assim como dois grupos controle. Cargas microbianas (unidades formadoras de colônia, ou “UFCs”) obtidas das penas da região peitoral dos reprodutores foram maiores no período pós-incubação do que no pré-incubação, e os pares experimentais tiveram menores cargas (metade a um terço da contagem das UFCs) que os controles em todos os estágios amostrados do ciclo reprodutivo. O tamanho da ninhada e sucesso de eclosão não diferiram entre os tratamentos, mas os pares experimentais emplumaram próximo a 50% a mais da prole (média = 3,5/ninhada) que os controles (média = 2,3/ninhada) devido a apresentarem mortalidade muito menor dos filhotes. A taxa de desenvolvimento da prole, conforme avaliada por uma métrica, variou entre os tratamentos: dados colorimétricos do bico amostrados em um ponto intermediário do desenvolvimento do fenótipo adulto revelaram que a prole dos pares experimentais apresentou desenvolvimento mais rápido. As descobertas sugerem que a densidade de carga microbiana reduzida experimentalmente na plumagem dos reprodutores diminuiu os custos reprodutivos na fase pós-incubação, resultando em aumento da sobrevivência e condição da prole. No momento de emplumação da prole, o volume da glândula uropigial tendeu a ser maior entre os reprodutores que foram submetidos a aplicação antimicrobiana durante o ciclo reprodutivo. Estes resultados estão coerentes com a crescente literatura que mostra que o microbioma da plumagem contribui significativamente para a evolução das histórias de vida e comportamento das aves e indicam que diamantes-mandarim são modelos laboratoriais úteis para investigação in vivo dos efeitos do microbioma das penas em aves hospedeiras.

Copyright © American Ornithological Society 2022. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Nancy Tyler Burley, Felipe Azevedo Campos, Emilie Chien, Shauna Duarte, Nathalie Kirshman, Alison Thuy Tien N. Phan, and Kerianne M. Wilson "Experimentally reduced feather microbial loads improve reproductive performance in captive Zebra Finches," Ornithology 139(3), 1-18, (1 June 2022). https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac021
Received: 11 December 2021; Accepted: 10 May 2022; Published: 1 June 2022
KEYWORDS
Australian zebra finch
carga bacteriana das penas
carga microbiana das penas
condição da prole
diamante-mandarim
feather bacterial load
feather microbial load
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