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8 July 2022 Habitat connectivity, gene flow, and population genetic structure in a Neotropical understory insectivore, the Rufous-and-white Wren
Brendan A. Graham, Daniel D. Heath, Paulo C. Pulgarin, Ryan P. Walter, Melissa Mark, Daniel J. Mennill
Author Affiliations +
Abstract

Among tropical organisms, heightened habitat specialization, limited natal dispersal, and strong philopatry suggest that many species may experience reduced rates of gene flow. Diverse forms of barriers, including geographic, ecological, and behavioral barriers, further promote genetic divergence among tropical bird populations. Here, we extend our comprehension of gene flow in tropical birds by examining population genetic structure in a widespread insectivorous songbird of the Neotropics, the Rufous-and-white Wren (Thryophilus rufalbus). We explore the effects of geographic distance and habitat connectivity on genetic structure using 10 microsatellite loci, and nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data. We report high levels of genetic divergence and population structure with reduced contemporary gene flow between populations over a 500-km transect in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear sequence data indicate that 2 distinct mtDNA genetic groups came into contact in northwestern Costa Rica; molecular dating suggests that the genetic patterns arose as a result of Pleistocene glaciations. Geographic distance and habitat connectivity predicted genetic structure but explained a relatively low proportion of the observed contemporary genetic variation. Patterns were similar for both males and females. Our research demonstrates the deep genetic divergence in tropical birds, and that genetic differentiation can occur over a relatively short distance. For tropical birds, strong limits to gene flow likely arise as a result of limited dispersal from natal populations.

LAY SUMMARY

  • Among tropical organisms, heightened habitat specialization and strong philopatry suggest that many species may experience reduced rates of gene flow.

  • We explored the effects of geographic distance and habitat connectivity on genetic structure for Rufous-and-white Wrens (Thryophilus rufalbus) using 10 microsatellite loci and nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data.

  • We observed high levels of population genetic structure and low levels of contemporary gene flow among five populations in Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

  • We found two distinct genetic clades present in this region, and divergence times suggest that these clades diverged during the last Pleistocene glaciation.

  • Our research demonstrates the deep genetic divergence in tropical organisms, and that genetic differentiation can occur over a relatively short distance; strong limits to gene flow likely arise as a result of strong philopatry.

Entre los organismos tropicales, la elevada especialización de hábitat, la limitada dispersión natal y la fuerte filopatría sugieren que muchas especies pueden experimentar tasas reducidas de flujo génico. Diversas formas de barreras, incluidas las barreras geográficas, ecológicas y de comportamiento, promueven aún más la divergencia genética entre las poblaciones de aves tropicales. En este estudio, ampliamos nuestra comprensión del flujo génico en las aves tropicales mediante el examen de la estructura genética de la población en un ave canora insectívora neotropical ampliamente distribuida, Thryophilus rufalbus. Exploramos los efectos de la distancia geográfica y la conectividad de hábitat en la estructura genética utilizando 10 loci de microsatélites y datos de secuencias nucleares y mitocondriales. Reportamos altos niveles de divergencia genética y estructura poblacional con reducido flujo génico contemporáneo entre poblaciones a lo largo de un transecto de 500 km en Nicaragua y Costa Rica. El ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt) y los datos de secuencia nuclear indican que dos grupos genéticos distintos de ADNmt entraron en contacto en el noroeste de Costa Rica; la datación molecular sugiere que los patrones genéticos surgieron como resultado de las glaciaciones del Pleistoceno. La distancia geográfica y la conectividad de hábitat predijeron la estructura genética, pero explicaron una proporción relativamente baja de la variación genética contemporánea observada. Los patrones fueron similares tanto para machos como para hembras. Nuestra investigación demuestra la profunda divergencia genética en las aves tropicales y que la diferenciación genética puede ocurrir sobre una distancia relativamente corta. Para las aves tropicales, probablemente surgen fuertes límites al flujo génico como resultado de la dispersión limitada de las poblaciones natales.

Copyright © American Ornithological Society 2022. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Brendan A. Graham, Daniel D. Heath, Paulo C. Pulgarin, Ryan P. Walter, Melissa Mark, and Daniel J. Mennill "Habitat connectivity, gene flow, and population genetic structure in a Neotropical understory insectivore, the Rufous-and-white Wren," Ornithology 139(4), 1-14, (8 July 2022). https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac030
Received: 3 November 2021; Accepted: 21 June 2022; Published: 8 July 2022
KEYWORDS
filopatría
flujo génico
gene flow
Neotrópico
Neotropics
philopatry
Rufous-and-white Wren
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