Diastylis hammoniae Zimmer, 1902 and D. planifrons Calman, 1912 are redescribed and illustrated on the basis of examination of the type material and additional specimens collected in Subantarctic waters off Argentina during Cruise 6 of the R/V Eltanin in 1968. Both of these diastylid species have not been reported since their original descriptions. Diastylis hammoniae, which was originally described from two specimens taken in waters off eastern Patagonia, is distinguished from other members of the genus by a combination of characters including (1) the absence of exopods on pereopods 3 and 4 in the female, the shape and minute spination of the carapace, (2) the elongate carpus of pereopod 2 (distinctly longer than combined length of propodus and dactylus), (3) the telson not extending as far as the distal third of the uropodal peduncle, and (4) the presence of 6 or 7 pairs of narrow, elongate, simple lateral setae on the telson. Specimens of Diastylis planifrons were collected in the same general area as its type locality. This species is distinguished from other species of Diastylis by a combination of characters including its uniquely sculptured carapace, a well-developed antenna, and pereopod 2 having a slender and elongate carpus which, like that of D. hammoniae, is nearly twice as long as the combined lengths of the propodus and dactylus. Diastylis hammoniae and D. planifrons co-occurred in the R/V Eltanin sample.

The diastylid genus Holostylis Stebbing, 1912, which is characterized by the presence of an apparently uniarticulate uropodal endopod, is considered valid. A supplemental description is given for the type species, Holostylis helleri (Zimmer, 1907), and the description of H. spinicauda, a new deep-water form, is presented. The new species differs from H. helleri, the only other recognized member of the genus, by apparently lacking exopods on the female and by having its telson armed with a cluster of proximal dorsal spines. A third nominal species, Holostylis gayi (Nicolet, 1849) described from Chilean waters is considered a species incertae sedis.

Two new species, Cumella bruinensis and Lamprops augustinensis, are described on the basis of specimens collected in southern Cook Inlet and Resurrection Bay, Alaska. The new species Cumella bruinensis can be distinguished from all other species of Cumella by the combination of a sharp dorsal carina on the carapace, carapace compressed laterally, carapace surface with small tumidities, having a dorsal-lateral depression on either side of the dorsal carina, and short stout uropods. The new species Lamprops augustinensis can be distinguished from all other species of Lamprops by the combination of 4 oblique entire ridges on the carapace, pseudorostral lobes extending anteriorly past the eye lobe, male with the flagellum of antenna 2 extending to the posterior border of pleonite 2, adult male half the length of the ovigerous female.

A new species, Rhizothrix sejongi, is described from a sandy beach at Sangju, south coast of Korea. This species bears a superficial resemblance to Rhizothrix gracilis in the fused endopod and exopod of the fifth thoracopod, the four-segmented antennule, and the armature formula of the antennary exopod. The Korean species is unique in its bifid rostrum and short caudal rami, and the armature formula of the endopod of the fifth thoracopod in the female; it is distinguishable from congeners by the broad denticles on the whole body surface. A key to the species of genus Rhizothrix is provided.

Caridina nilotica (P. Roux, 1833) is redescribed and its distribution restricted to the River Nile catchment area, although confirmation is required of the presence of this species from the Blue Nile. Material identified as C. nilotica from outside this African area requires clarification and probably belongs to other species of Caridina. Two independent collections of atyids from Lake Bunyonyi, Uganda, which is not part of the Nile catchment, were re-examined and found to comprise four new Caridina species. These are described and illustrated, and a key is provided distinguishing the new species from C. nilotica.

Two new species of leucosiid crabs, Heteronucia toyoshioae and H. granulata, are described from the offshore banks of the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan and the Izu Islands in central Japan. Heteronucia toyoshioae may be distinguished from all the known species of Heteronucia Alcock, 1896 by having seven tubercles on the carapace, a median triangular tooth on the sixth segment of the male abdomen, and the shape of the male first pleopod. Heteronucia granulata is similar to H. globata Sakai, 1963 and H. perlata (Sakai, 1963) from East Asia but can be distinguished by the presence of a small tubercle on the pterygostomian margin, a ridged row of granules on the branchial region, and a triangular tubercle on the posterolateral margin of the carapace.

The pinnotherid crab Pinnixa chaetopterana inhabits marine polychaete tubes (e.g., Amphitrite ornata and Chaetopterus variopedatus) along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States. This crab occurred in 58.5% of Amphitrite tubes in New Jersey. The polychaete Lepidametria commensalis was found in 64.6% of Amphitrite tubes, often (41.7%) with the crab. In North Carolina, the occurrences of P. chaetopterana and the porcellanid crab Polyonyx gibbesi in Chaetopterus tubes were 69.1% and 30.9%, respectively. In addition, juveniles of the pinnotherid Tumidotheres maculatus occurred with 13.6% of these worms, nearly all (95.1%) of which were in tubes with P. chaetopterana. In Florida, 82.6% of Chaetopterus tubes harbored crabs, but P. gibbesi was dominant with a prevalence of 79.7% versus 2.9% for P. chaetopterana. The tubes of other species of polychaetes and bivalve burrows, however, were used as habitats by the pinnixid. The pinnixid crabs living with Amphitrite were significantly smaller in carapace width (CW) than those with Chaetopterus in North Carolina, and females living with both species of worms were significantly larger than males. Maximum CW for Floridian crabs was less than those to the north. The breeding season for P. chaetopterana in New Jersey was from May to September, from April to October in North Carolina, and possibly year-round in Florida. Brood size was positively correlated with CW in New Jersey; maximum brood size was >4000 in New Jersey crabs and >10,000 in North Carolina. Brood development at ca. 22°C was ca. 14 days. In New Jersey, P. chaetopterana may produce four to five broods/season. Crabs may molt between broods, during which time sperm remain viable in the seminal receptacles. Longevity of P. chaetopterana in the laboratory is at least two years. Known hosts of P. chaetopterana, as well as ecto- and endosymbionts of this species, are reviewed.

Virilastacus rucapihuelensis, a new species of burrowing parastacid, is described from the semi-marshland area of Rucapihuel on the Coastal Cordillera, province of Osorno, southern Chile. This is the second species in this genus, and is characterized by: 1) intersex specimens with male cuticle partition; 2) shorter, more robust, straight, and more widely separated phallic papillae than those of Virilastacus araucanius (Faxon, 1914); 3) females with a weakly calcified anteroventral flap on the pleura of the second abdominal somite; 4) anterior lobe of the epistome triangular with smooth anterolateral margins; 5) medial portion of P1 dactyl bearing two rows of tubercles; 6) telson resembling a rectangle, with small, blunt lateral spines; 7) genetic separation from V. araucanius; and 8) a high percentage (81.3%) of intersex specimens with supernumerary gonopores.

The syntypes of the Korean freshwater crayfish, Cambaroides similis (Koelbel, 1892), which had been assumed lost, were recently found in the Natural History Museum in Vienna. The species is re-described and illustrated on the basis of syntypes and other material recently collected from South Korea, and a lectotype is designated. Detailed distribution of this species is provided, and geographical variation of morphology is evaluated. Notable differences in morphology were found between the populations on islands in the Yellow Sea off South Korea and the Korean Peninsula. The existence of possible geographical races is discussed.

A new species of crayfish, Cambarus (Cambarus) eeseeohensis, is described from the Linville River of North Carolina, United States. Of the recognized members of the subgenus, it is physically most similar to Cambarus sciotensis Rhoades, 1944, which is found primarily in the Scioto River of central Ohio and New River of West Virginia and Virginia. It is easily distinguished from other recognized members of the subgenus by the strong dorsal ridges on the chelae fingers and dorsolateral impression of the propodus, second row of reduced palmer tubercles, and gape of the chelae fingers.

A new troglobitic nicoletiid species (Cubacubana parkerae) is described from specimens collected in a cave in Hidalgo, Mexico. The pedicellus of the male in this species is distally enlarged on the posterior side, almost creating a lobe.

A new structure, here named the “subantennal plaque sensillum,” found on the subantennal process of species of the cixiid genus Borysthenes Stål (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae: Borystheninae), is reported. The new structure is a very fine pit area located on the dorsal surface at the anterior end of the subantennal process and is present in both male and female adults. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the pit area in Borysthenes maculata (Matsumura) showed that the pit area is a shallow cavity in which some cuticular infoldings are set. The cavity is about 32.0–34.5 μm in diameter and four subunits of the cuticular infoldings can be recognized in the center of the cavity. The structure is also present in the cixiid Euryphlepsia papuaensis Muir (Stenophlepsiini Metcalf 1938). This structure is externally similar to the plaque organs found on the surface of the antennal pedicel in species of some relatively advanced fulgoromorphan families, e.g., Issidae, Tropiduchidae (in part), Flatidae, Lophopidae, and Eurybrachidae. The function of the structure is not clear but it seems likely that it is a sensory structure. It is regarded as a synapomorphic character as it is not seen in any other cixiid taxa or other fulgoroid taxa as well. The presence of the new structure in all species of Borysthenes supports the monophyly of the genus. The occurrence of this structure in Euryphlepsia Muir also indicates that there may exist the close relationship between Borysthenes Stål (Borystheninae) and Euryphlepsia Muir (Stenophlepsiini).

Forty-five species of pauropods were identified or recorded from Great Smoky Mountains National Park as part of the All-Taxa Biodiversity Inventory taking place within this park. Thirteen of these species are new to science and are described: Allopauropus (Allopauropus) cataloocheensis Scheller, A. (A.) hiltenae Scheller, Allopauropus (Decapauropus) bernardi Scheller, A. (D.) chauliosetus Scheller, A. (D.) parkeri Scheller, A. (D.) porterensis Scheller, A. (D.) purchasensis Scheller, A. (D.) stocksi Scheller, A. (D.) virgulatus Scheller, Stylopauropus (Stylopauropus) divaricatus Scheller, S. (S.) sulcatoidus Scheller, S. (S.) quadruus Scheller, and Brachypauropus andrewsensis Scheller. Pauropus dukensis Starling is transferred to Allopauropus and a new subgenus, Desmopauropus, is established to accommodate it. A list of species known from the park is provided.

A new glandulocaudine xenurobryconin fish, Xenurobrycon coracoralinae, is described from the rio Araguaia basin, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from congeners in having the anal-fin hooks of mature males restricted to the last unbranched and the first four, rarely five, branched rays. The combination of the absence of a semicircular flange-like process on principal caudal-fin ray 18 and of an adipose fin, and the presence of seven pelvicfin rays and only conical teeth, also distinguish the new species from its congeners.

A new species of rodent, Voalavo antsahabensis, from the eastern montane forest of Madagascar, is described from material obtained in the Anjozorobe region of the Central Highlands. The genus Voalavo was previously only known from the mountains of Anjanaharibe-Sud and Marojejy in the Northern Highlands. Several morphological, cranial, and dental characters separate V. antsahabensis from the only other named species in the genus, V. gymnocaudus. The recent discovery of this new taxon, after many years of survey work in the Anjozorobe Forest, has important implications for interpreting estimates of small mammal species richness and biogeographic patterns based on rapid inventories.