Iizuka, D., Inanami, O., Matsuda, A., Kashiwakura, I., Asanuma, T. and Kuwabara, M. X Irradiation Induces the Proapoptotic State Independent of the Loss of Clonogenic Ability in Chinese Hamster V79 Cells. Radiat. Res. 164, 36–44 (2005).

The clonogenic ability (reproductive cell death) of Chinese hamster V79 cells was measured after treatment with X radiation and a newly developed anti-cancer drug, 1-(3-C-ethynyl-β-d-ribo-pentofuranosyl)cytosine (ECyd, TAS106). Amplification in the loss of clonogenicity was observed compared to that obtained for cells exposed to X rays alone. Addition of benzyloxycarbonyl-val-ala-asp-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK), a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, attenuated the increased lethality, but the dose–response curve obtained was found to merely revert to that obtained for cells exposed to X rays alone. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the number of cells arrested at the G₂/M phase by X irradiation was decreased by co-treatment with TAS106, and instead the number of cells in the sub-G₁ phase increased. Western blot analysis proved that TAS106 treatment down-regulated the expression of the G₂/M arrest-related proteins cyclin B1, phospho-CDC2 and WEE1. From these results, it was concluded that (1) no apoptosis was included in the dose–response curve obtained from cells exposed to X rays alone, (2) X radiation induced a potentially apoptotic (proapoptotic) state in cells independent of the loss of their clonogenic ability, and (3) TAS106 enhanced the loss of their clonogenic ability by converting the proapoptotic cells to apoptotic cells through the abrogation of arrest at the G₂/M phase.