Jeannel (1962: 397, 408-409) distinguished the A. validicornis and A. frontalis groups by the number of elytral basal foveae (2 in the A. validicornis group and 3 in the A. frontalis group), and the shape of the copulatory pieces of the aedeagus (ramified in the A. validicornis group and not ramified in the A. frontalis group).

One year later he described Achilia pachycera as a new member of the A. frontalis group (Jeannel 1963: 363). However, shortly thereafter Jeannel (1964: 10) pointed out that A. pachycera was very similar to A. validicornis, and that the latter species belonged indeed to the A. frontalis group, implicitly sinking his A. validicornis group into the A. frontalis group. Consequently the species described later by Franz (1996: 116-117) in the A. validicornis group – i.e. A. pseudovalidicornis, A. longispina and A. validicorniformis – technically also belong to the A. frontalis group.

According to Jeannel (1962 and 1964) the species of the A. frontalis group are characterised by: 2 or 3 elytral basal foveae; basal striae of abdominal tergite I separate at most by 1/3 of tergal width; frons of male with a high and narrow median protuberance flanked by two more or less deep pits with the outer margin often toothed; antennomeres unmodified; copulatory pieces of the aedeagus thin and ramified, or not.

As defined the group currently includes: A. acicularis Jeannel, 1962, A. auriculata Jeannel, 1962, A. caracolana Jeannel, 1962, A. excisa (Schaufuss, 1880), A. foveifrons Jeannel, 1962, A. frontalis Jeannel, 1962, A. longispina Franz, 1996, A. ovallensis Jeannel, 1962, A. pachycera Jeannel, 1963, A. pseudovalidicornis Franz, 1996, A. testacea Jeannel, 1962, A. validicornis (Reitter, 1885), and A. validicorniformis Franz, 1996.

However, in addition all species, except A. longispina, share the following features: pubescence decumbent with long setae, uniform on entire body; head wider than long; surface of head smooth, shiny, with some punctures; frontal lobe with rounded apex; vertexal sulcus impressed; vertexal foveae shallow and broad (not visible in males of A. excisa, A. pachycera, A. fiura n. sp., A. caracolana, A. frontalis); eyes protruding; temples convex; pronotum wider than long; anterior portion of lateral margins of pronotum convergent, posterior portion subparallel and sinuate; pronotal disc slightly convex, smooth and shiny with some punctures; basal margin of pronotum bordered with row of contiguous shallow impressions; elytra together wider than long, with protruding humeri; elytral disc smooth, shiny, with punctures; presence of four basal foveae (two lateral foveae very close); sutural stria entire; discal stria extending to about elytral midlength; legs rather long; abdomen smooth, with some minute punctures; tergite I with short and sparse setal brush between basal striae.

In order to keep the text more concise, these features are not repeated in the descriptions below.

Bryaxis excisa L. W. Schaufuss, 1880: 494;

Achilia excisa Jeannel, 1962: 407, 408 fig. 157 (head).

Bryaxis validicornis Reitter, 1885: 325, 328 pl. 2 fig. 9 (head) syn. nov.

Achilia validicornis Jeannel, 1962: 407 figs 155 (habitus), 156 (aedeagus). - Jeannel, 1964: 10.

Type material (2 ex.): MNHN (ex coll. Raffray); 1 ♂ (lectotype of A. excisa, by present designation); Cuba (labelling mistake). – MNHN; 1 ♂ (lectotype of A. validicornis, by present designation); Chili.

Additional material (1432 ex.): See Appendix 1.

Description: Body 1.35-1.50 mm long, entirely reddish with darker head and palpi yellowish, or with black head, pronotum and abdomen reddish brown, and elytra, antennae, and legs reddish. Head with eyes longer than temples. Pronotum slightly wider than head, with maximal width on anterior half; median antebasal fovea large as lateral ones. First abdominal tergite with basal striae slightly diverging, extending to less than one-third of paratergal length, and separated at base by about one-third of tergal width.

Male: Head as in Figs 53 and 55, flanked on entire length by two deep lateral pits with outer edge toothed at level of eyes (Fig. 57); narrow frontal protuberance slightly convex at base and flattened anteriorly to vertexal sulcus. Antennae (Fig. 13) with scape and pedicel longer than wide; antennomere III as wide as long; antennomeres IV-VIII slightly transverse; antennomeres IX and X strongly transverse with protruding mesal margins bearing long bristles; antennomere X very large, wider and longer than IX; antennomere XI elongate, as long as VIII-X combined. Metasternum slightly raised in middle, this area with wide median sulcus. Legs with ventral margin of mesotrochanters (Fig. 20) forming long and stout spine; profemora and mesofemora slightly thickened; mesotibiae (Fig. 16) bearing long subbasal spur slightly recurved externally; metatibiae slightly sinuate on distal half. Abdominal tergites unmodified; first abdominal ventrites with faint median impression, all other ventrites flattened at middle; ventrite I with distinct median carina extending from posterior margin to posterior edge of median impression. Aedeagus (Figs 1, 4-5) 0.26-0.30 mm long; dorsal plate ovoid with dorsal longitudinal struts divergent; copulatory pieces consisting of pair of long medial sclerites recurved and strongly sclerotised at base, and apically forked and pointed, associated on each side with three pointed sclerites. Parameres very wide with wide and long seta on poorly developed outer lobe; tips strongly recurved posteriorly and bearing wide and long subapical seta.

Female: Similar to male except: head lacking lateral pits; antennomeres IX and especially X shorter and less thickened than for male; antennomere XI as long as VII-X combined; metasternum, abdominal ventrites, and legs unmodified.

Collecting data: Collected from October to February, mainly in Valdivian rainforests, but also in Saxegothaea forests, where it was found also in remnants and in boundary forests at elevations ranging from sea level to 1000 m. Most specimens came from sifted samples of leaf and log litter, moss, dead trunks, vegetable debris and sometimes mushrooms, and from flight intercept traps. Rarely collected by windows traps and car nets.

Distribution: Achilia excisa is relatively common (Fig. 83: red circles) in the central region of Chile from Chiloé Province to Malleco Province. In the MNHN we have examined 3 females from Zaparral 20.IX.1957, G. Kuschel (Región Valparaíso, Petorca Province) belonging to the A. frontalis group, which, lacking the males, we cannot attribute with certainty to any species.

Comments: Schaufuss (1880: 494) described Bryaxis excisa based on three specimens, two labelled as being from Cuba, whose provenance was guaranteed by Zahlmeister Riehl, and one from Chile, with whose provenance Schaufuss had doubts. Reitter (1885: 325, 328) described Bryaxis validicornis on the basis of two males collected in Valdivia, one by Lady Kindermann and the other by Riehl, but he did not mention Bryaxis excisa. Jeannel (1962: 407-408) redescribed these two species under the generic name Achillia (misspelling), and distinguished them from others by the form of the lateral pits of the head: reaching beyond the posterior edge of the eyes and with the lateral margin not toothed in A. excisa, and not reaching the posterior edge of the eyes and with the lateral margin toothed in A. validicornis.

Concerning Achilia excisa Jeannel (1962: 408) considered it unlikely that it was from Cuba, and asserted that it was certainly collected in Chile, despite mentioning the type, preserved in MNHN, was labelled as being from Cuba.

We examined all the material of the MNHN collection and found in Raffray's collection one specimen of A. excisa labelled as “Cuba/Type [red label]/A. excisa Raffray det.”, and one specimen of A. validicornis labelled as “Chili/Type [red label]/ A. validicornis Raffray det.”. We consider these two male as the lectotypes of A. excisa and A. validicornis, respectively, and have labelled them accordingly.

The aedeagi of the two above-mentioned specimens are partially damaged, nevertheless they appear similar in respect to both the shape of the parameres and the structure of copulatory pieces. Our study of the very abundant additional material shows also that the differences highlighted by Jeannel in the features of the head between A. excisa and A. validicornis were overestimated and pertain to intraspecific variation, and particularly that the lateral pits of the male of the lectotype of A. excisa are toothed at level of eyes; consequently we here place A. validicornis (Reitter, 1885) as the junior synonym of A. excisa (Schaufuss, 1880) (syn. nov.).

Achilia excisa is a very common species in Central Chile, and the genus is so far unknown outside of central and southern Chile and southern Argentina. Thus we consider that the occurrence of this species in Cuba can be ruled out with a high level of confidence, and that this locality record is most likely due to a labelling mistake.

Achilia pachycera Jeannel, 1963: 353, 363 figs 10 (head and antennae), 11 (aedeagus). - Jeannel, 1964: 10.

Achilia pseudovalidicornis Franz, 1996: 116 fig. 64 (aedeagus) syn. nov.

Type material (5 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Araucanía: Malleco prov.: MNHN; 1 ♂ (holotype of A. pachycera); Nahuelbuta; 1961; F. Castri. – MNHN; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀ (paratypes of A. pachycera); same data; F. Castri. – NHMW (coll. Franz); 1 ♂ (holotype of A. pseudovalidicornis); National Park of Nahuelbuta; Cordillera Nahuelbuta; 04.XI.1986; H. Franz.

Additional material (150 ex.): See Appendix 1.

Description: Body 1.40-1.50 mm long, usually entirely reddish with black head and palpi yellowish, sometimes with abdomen and pronotum reddish brown. Head with eyes longer than temples. Pronotum wider than head, with maximal width on anterior half; median antebasal fovea as large as lateral ones. First abdominal tergite with basal striae slightly diverging, extending to about one-third of paratergal length, and separated at base by more than one-third of tergal width.

Male: Head similar to A. excisa, flanked on entire length by two very deep pits with outer edge toothed at level of eyes; narrow frontal protuberance slightly convex at base, and distinctly flattened and enlarged anteriorly up to vertexal sulcus. Antennae similar to A. excisa (see Fig. 13). Metasternum with large median impression; posterior margin densely pubescent. Legs with ventral margin of mesotrochanters (Fig. 21) forming long and thin spine; profemora and mesofemora slightly thickened; mesotibiae (Fig. 17) bearing subbasal spur slightly recurved externally and apically rounded; metatibiae slightly sinuate on distal half. Abdominal tergites unmodified; first abdominal ventrites with deep median impression with raised edges; all other ventrites distinctly flattened at middle; ventrite I with short median carina extending from posterior margin to posterior edge of median impression. Aedeagus 0.26-0.30 mm long; similar to A. excisa (see Fig. 1), except copulatory pieces (Figs 6-8) consisting of pair of long medial sclerites recurved and strongly sclerotised at base, apically enlarged or pointed, and associated on each side with three or sometimes more short pointed sclerites. Parameres very wide with long seta on poorly developed outer lobe; tips strongly recurved posteriorly and bearing wide and long subapical seta.

Female: Similar to male except: head lacking lateral pits; antennomeres IX and especially X shorter and less enlarged than male; metasternum, abdominal ventrites, and legs unmodified.

Collecting data: Collected from November to February in Nothofagus and Araucaria forests, where it was found from 1100 m to 1300 m. Most specimens came from sifted samples of leaf and log litter, moss, dead trunks, vegetable debris; two specimens were collected by flight intercept traps.

Distribution: Achilia pachycera is known only from the Nahuelbuta District (Malleco Province, Araucanía Region) (Fig. 83: blue triangles).

Comments: Jeannel (1963: 353) first mentioned A. pachycera as a member of the A. spinifer group, however some pages later (1963: 363-364) he correctly places it as a member of his A. frontalis group. According to Jeannel (1964: 10), A. pachycera is very similar to A. validicornis (now a junior synonym of A. excisa), from which it differs by the shape of the male frontal protuberance (anteriorly widened in A. pachycera, and constricted in A. validicornis).

From the abundant material we studied, we could not separate the females of the two species, while the males can be distinguished by the following characters: frontal protuberance of head anteriorly more enlarged in A. pachycera, lateral pits of head of A. pachycera generally deeper and with larger tooth on their outer margin than in A. excisa, features of mesotrochanters (cf. Figs 20, 21) and mesotibiae (cf. Figs 16, 17) slightly different, as well as metasternum (with medial sulcus in A. excisa, and bearing a large impression in A. pachycera) and abdominal ventrites (slightly flattened at middle for A. excisa, clearly flattened for A. pachycera). Achilia pachycera also differs from A. excisa by the morphology of the copulatory pieces of the aedeagus, which exhibit constant and stable differences, especially with respect to the location of the three pointed pairs of internal sclerites, which are either fused (Figs 1, 4-5) or disconnected (Figs 6, 8). Within the light of these slight but nevertheless constant differences, we consider it appropriate to maintain A. pachycera as a valid species.

Examination of the holotype and only known specimen of A. pseudovalidicornis revealed that both external and aedeagal characters fit perfectly our concept of A. pachycera Jeannel, 1963. Therefore we conclude that A. pseudovalidicornis Franz, 1996 must be considered to be a junior synonym of A. pachycera Jeannel, 1963 (syn. nov.).

Type material (13 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Araucanía: Malleco prov.: MHNG; 1 ♂ (holotype); 45 km W Angol; 1400 m; 09.XII.1984/16.II.1985; S. & J. Peck; Nothofagus forest litter, car trap. – MHNG; 5 ♂ (paratypes); same data; S. & J. Peck; Nothofagus forest litter, car trap. – MNHS; 1 ♂ (paratype); same data; S & J. Peck; Nothofagus forest litter; car trap. – MHNG; 2 ♂ (paratypes); Nahuelbuta National Park, 40 km W Angol; 1200-1500 m; 19.XII.1984/17.II.1985; S. & J. Peck; Nothofagus-Araucaria; for FIT. – MHNG; 3 ♂ (paratypes); 17 km W Angol; 800 m; 08.XII.1984/16. II.1985; S. & J. Peck; FIT mixed Nothofagus. – FMNH (FMHD #2002-95); 1 ♂ (paratype); Nahuelbuta National Park, 2.3 km W Los Portones entrance; 37° 49.41′S 72° 58.95′W; 1150 m; 25.XII.2002; Solodovnikov 1057; Nothofagus dombeyi + antarctica, mostly open understory, berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor.

Description: Body 1.45-1.50 mm long, usually entirely reddish with darker head and abdomen, and palpi yellowish. Head with eyes longer than temples. Pronotum wider than head, with maximal width on anterior half; median antebasal fovea as large as lateral ones. First abdominal tergite with basal striae slightly diverging, extending to less than one-third of paratergal length, and separated at base by more than one-third of tergal width.

Male: Head as in Figs 54 and 56, flanked on entire length by two very deep pits with outer edge toothed at level of eyes (Fig. 58). Narrow frontal protuberance slightly convex at base and anteriorly flattened to vertexal sulcus. Antennae (Fig. 15) with scape and pedicel longer than wide; antennomere III wider than long; antennomere IV transverse, with protruding mesal margin pointed in middle and bearing a tuft of long setae; antennomere V transverse, with protruding mesal margin pointed in middle and bearing a long seta; antennomeres VI-VII distinctly wider than long; antennomere VIII transverse, with protruding mesal margin; antennomeres IX and X strongly transverse, with protruding mesal margin bearing long setae; antennomere X wider and longer than IX; antennomere XI elongate and longer than VIII-X combined, its medial margin enlarged at base and bearing a tuft of long setae. Metasternum with large median impression. Legs with ventral margin of mesotrochanters (Fig. 23) forming short median spine; profemora and mesofemora slightly thickened; mesotibiae (Fig. 18) forming subbasal spur slightly recurved externally and with short stout apical seta; metatibiae slightly sinuate on distal half. Abdominal tergites unmodified; first abdominal ventrites with faint median impression, all other ventrites flattened at middle; ventrite I with short median carina extending from posterior margin the posterior edge of median impression. Aedeagus (Fig. 3) 0.28-0.30 mm long; dorsal plate ovoid with dorsal longitudinal struts divergent; copulatory pieces consisting of pair of long medial sclerites recurved and strongly sclerotised at base, and apically pointed, associated on each side with sclerite ending with two large spines. Parameres very wide with long seta on well-developed outer lobe; tips strongly recurved posteriorly and bearing wide subapical seta. Female: Unknown.

Collecting data: Collected from December to February in Nothofagus and Araucaria forests, where it was found from 1150 m to 1500 m. Most specimens were taken by flight intercept traps and by car netting; one specimen was collected in sifted samples of leaf and log litter.

Distribution: Achilia fiura is known only from Malleco Province (Región Araucanía) (Fig. 83: green diamonds).

Comments: Achilia fiura is very similar to A. excisa and A. pachycera, from which it is easily distinguished by the male features of the antennae (compare Figs 13 and 15), mesotrochanters (compare Figs 20, 21 and 23), mesotibiae (compare Figs 16, 17 and 18), and the copulatory pieces of the aedeagus (compare Figs 1 and 4-5; 6-8, and 3).

Achillia testacea Jeannel, 1962: 409, 411 figs 158 (habitus), 159 (aedeagus).

Achillia acicularis Jeannel 1962: 409, 412 fig. 160 (aedeagus) (syn. nov.)

Type material (4 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Los Lagos: Chiloé prov.: MHNS; 1 ♂ (holotypes of Achilia testacea n° 1690); Chiloé Island, Chepu; 02.X.1958; G. Kuschel. – MNHN; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (paratypes of Achilia testacea); Chiloé Island, Chepu; 42° 03′S; 15.X.1958; G. Kuschel. – Región Bío Bío: Concepción prov.: MNHN; 1 ♂ (holotype of Achilia acicularis); Bocas of Bío Bío; 36° 50′S; 24.V.1957; G. Kuschel.

Additional material (103 ex.): See Appendix 1.

Description: Body 1.45-1.55 mm long, entirely reddish with palpi yellowish. Head with eyes longer than temples. Pronotum wider than head, with maximal width on anterior half; median antebasal fovea as large as lateral ones. First abdominal tergite with basal striae diverging, extending to about half of paratergal length, and separated at base by more than one-third of tergal width.

Male: Head as in Figs 59-62, at eye level with simple flattening of the lateral region surmounted by small tooth (Fig. 63), or flanked by lateral pits with outer margin toothed at eye level (Fig. 64). Large frontal protuberance slightly convex at base and anteriorly barely flattened to vertexal sulcus. Antennae (Fig. 14) with scape and pedicel longer than wide; antennomere III slightly longer than wide; antennomeres IV and V as long than wide; antennomeres VI-VIII distinctly wider than long; antennomere IX transverse, with protruding mesal margin pointed at middle; antennomere X wider and longer than IX, with protruding mesal margin bearing two long and large setae; antennomere XI elongate and longer than VIII-X combined, its mesal margin bearing long setae. Metasternum with large median impression. Legs with ventral margin of mesotrochanters (Fig. 22) forming short spine; profemora and mesofemora slightly thickened; mesotibiae (Fig. 19) bearing short and densely pubescent subbasal spur; metatibiae slightly sinuate on distal half. Abdominal tergites unmodified; first abdominal ventrite raised at middle, other ventrites weakly flattened at middle; surface of ventrite I with marked long median carina extending from posterior margin to about its midlength. Aedeagus (Fig. 2) 0.25-0.28 mm long; dorsal plate ovoid with dorsal longitudinal struts divergent; copulatory pieces consisting of pair of long medial sclerites recurved and strongly sclerotised at base, and apically rounded, associated on each side with four or five pointed sclerite. Parameres very wide with wide and long seta on poorly developed outer lobe; tips broadly recurved posteriorly and bearing wide and long subapical seta.

Female: Similar to male except: head not modified; antennomeres IX and especially X shorter and less protruding than for male; metasternum, abdominal ventrites, and legs unmodified, except ventral margin of mesotrochanters bearing very short spine.

Collecting data: Collected from September to May in Valdivian rainforests, also in remnants and disturbed forests, where it was found from sea level to 450 m. All specimens were collected from sifted samples of leaf and log litter and/or debris.

Distribution: Achilia testacea is known from Central Chile, ranging from Chiloé Province to Ñuble Province (Fig. 84: orange discs).

Comments: The males of A. testacea exhibit great variability in the morphology of the head: some males, including the holotype and the paratype, have at the eye level a simple flattening of the lateral region surmounted by a small tooth, while others have true lateral pits with the outer margin toothed. All of these males share the morphology of the antennae, metasternum, abdominal ventrites, and legs; and their aedeagi have identical dorsal plates and parameres, with the copulatory pieces characterised by little variation (cf. Figs 2, 9-11).

According to Jeannel (1962: 409), A. acicularis differs from A. testacea only by the features of the head of male (with lateral pits in A. acicularis, without lateral pits in A. testacea). Comparison of the holotype of A. acicularis and a paratype of A. testacea showed that their aedeagal conformation is very similar (cf. Figs 2 and 12). It is the same for the morphology of their antennae and legs, and the difference in the morphology of their head, according to us, may be attributed to intraspecific variation of this taxon. Therefore we conclude that A. acicularis Jeannel, 1962 must be placed as a junior synonym of A. testacea Jeannel, 1962 (syn. nov.).

Achilia caracolana Jeannel, 1962: 409 fig. 163 (aedeagus).

Type material (7 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Bío Bío: Concepción prov.: MHNS; 1 ♂ (holotype of Achilia caracolana n° 1685); Cerro Caracol; 24.V.1957; G. Kuschel. – MNHN; 2 ♂ and 4 ♀ (paratypes); Cerro Caracol; 36° 50′S; 23.V.1957; G. Kuschel.

Additional material (318 ex.): See Appendix 1.

Description: Body 1.5-1.8 mm long, entirely reddish or reddish brown, with palpi yellowish. Head with eyes longer than temples. Pronotum slightly wider than head, with maximal width on anterior half; median antebasal fovea smaller than lateral ones. First abdominal tergite with basal striae parallel, extending to about quarter of paratergal length, and separated at base by more than one-third of tergal width.

Male: Head as in Figs 65 and 67, with deep lateral pits surmounted on each side of eyes by small tooth apically truncated (Fig. 69); large frontal protuberance convex with distinct V-shaped median impression reaching anteriorly to vertexal sulcus. Antennae (Fig. 30) with scape and pedicel longer than wide; antennomere III as long as wide; antennomere IV slightly wider than long; antennomere V slightly longer than wide; antennomeres VI-VIII distinctly wider than long; antennomere IX transverse with protruding mesal margin pointed at middle and bearing two long setae; antennomere X barely longer than wide, wider and longer than IX, with mesal margin apically hollowed, basally projecting and bearing two long and large setae as well as a tuft of shorter setae; antennomere XI elongate, longer than VIII-X combined, its medial margin bearing long subbasal setae. Metasternum with deep and broad ovoidal median impression, posterior edges of the latter densely pubescent. Legs with ventral margin of mesotrochanters (Fig. 41) bearing two short spines; profemora (Fig. 35) strongly thickened, with ventral margin finely denticulate and bearing short modified setae on basal third; mesofemora slightly thickened; protibiae (Fig. 44) slightly thickened with mesal margin bearing small subapical spine; mesotibiae (Fig. 47) thickened with mesal margin bulging at middle and bearing apically pubescent subbasal spur; metatibiae slightly sinuate on distal half. Abdominal tergites unmodified; first abdominal ventrites with large median impression, all other ventrites flattened at middle; ventrite I with short median carina extending from posterior margin to posterior edge of median impression. Aedeagus (Fig. 24) 0.30-0.325 mm long; dorsal plate ovoid with dorsal longitudinal struts divergent; copulatory pieces consisting of pair of long medial sclerites recurved and strongly sclerotised at base, and apically bifid. Parameres wide with very long seta on poorly developed outer lobe; tips strongly recurved posteriorly and bearing thin and short subapical seta.

Female: Similar to male except: head, metasternum, abdominal ventrites, and legs unmodified; antennomeres IX and specially X shorter and less thickened than male.

Collecting data: Collected from September to May in Nothofagus, Cupressus and Eucalyptus forests; also in remnants, where it was found from sea level to about 1200 m. Most specimens were collected from sifted samples of leaf and log litter.

Distribution: Achilia caracolana is known from Central Chile, ranging from Chiloé Province to Talca Province (Fig. 84: green diamonds).

Achilia auriculata Jeannel, 1962: 409, 410 fig. 164 (aedeagus).

Type material (2 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Bío Bío: Ñuble prov.: MNHN; 2 ♂ (holotype and paratype); Chillàn; 36° 54′S; P. Germain.

Additional material (4 ex.): See Appendix 1.

Description: Body 1.25-1.35 mm long, entirely reddish brown with darker abdomen and palpi yellowish. Head with eyes as long as temples. Pronotum narrower than head, with maximal width at midlength; median antebasal fovea smaller than lateral ones. First abdominal tergite with basal striae parallel, extending to about one-third of paratergal length, and separated at base by about one-third of tergal width.

Male: Head as in Figs 66 and 68, wider than pronotum, on each side with large lateral pit open behind and outer margin forming big tooth above eyes (Fig. 70); large frontal protuberance barely convex. Antennae (Fig. 31) with scape and pedicel longer than wide; antennomere III as long as wide; antennomeres IV-VIII wider than long; antennomere VIII with mesal margin protruding; antennomere IX transverse with mesal margin protruding; antennomere X strongly transverse, wider and longer than IX, wider than XI, with mesal side truncate and bearing broad flat area; antennomere XI elongate and longer than VIII-X combined, bearing long and large subbasal seta inserted in deep depression. Metasternum with median impression. Legs with profemora and mesofemora slightly thickened; mesotibiae (Fig. 49) with very small subapical tooth, in middle slightly bulging and bearing tuft of short setae; metatibiae slightly sinuate on distal half. Abdominal tergites unmodified; first abdominal ventrite raised at middle, remaining ventrites slightly flattened at middle; ventrite I with short median carina extending from posterior margin to about quarter of its length. Aedeagus (Fig. 25) 0.24-0.25 mm long; dorsal plate ovoid with dorsal longitudinal struts divergent; copulatory pieces consisting of pair of long medial sclerites recurved and strongly sclerotised at base, and apically slightly narrowed and pointed. Parameres wide with very long seta on poorly developed outer lobe; tips strongly recurved posteriorly and bearing short and thin subapical seta.

Female: Similar to male except: head unmodified, narrower than pronotum; antennomeres IX and especially X shorter and less thickened than male; metasternum, abdominal ventrites, and legs unmodified.

Collecting data: This species was collected from September to January at moderate elevations. The only ecological data available refers to a sample processed by a Berlese funnel, that consisted of leaf & log litter taken from the forest floor of a subtropical xerophytic forest.

Distribution: Achilia auriculata is known only from Bío Bío Region (Ñuble and Concepción Provinces) in Central Chili (Fig. 83: pink squares).

Achilia ovallensis Jeannel, 1962: 409, 413 fig. 162 (aedeagus).

Type material (4 ex.): CENTRAL-NORTHERN CHILE: Región Coquimbo: Limarí prov.: MHNS; 1 ♀ (holotype of Achilia ovallensis n° 1695); Ovalle; P. Germain. – MNHN; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀ (paratypes); Ovalle; 30° 36′S; P. Germain.

Additional material (3 ex.): See Appendix 1.

Description: Body 1.5-1.55 mm long, entirely reddish with palpi yellowish. Head with eyes shorter than temples. Pronotum slightly wider than head, with maximal width at midlength; median antebasal fovea as large as lateral ones. First abdominal tergite with basal striae slightly divergent, extending to about one-quarter of paratergal length, and separated at base by about one-third of tergal width.

Male: Head similar to A. testacea, with simple flattening of lateral regions surmounted by small tooth at level of eyes; frontal protuberance basally convex and anteriorly flattened to vertexal sulcus. Antennae (Fig. 32) with scape and pedicel longer than wide; antennomere III as long as wide; antennomeres IV-VIII wider than long; mesal margin of antennomeres VII and VIII protruding; antennomere IX transverse with mesal margin protruding; antennomere X as long as wide, wider and longer than IX, with ridge bearing large and short seta; antennomere XI elongate, longer than VII-X combined, mesally bearing few long subbasal setae. Metasternum with deep ovoidal median impression, posterior edge of the impression pubescent. Legs with ventral margin of mesotrochanters (Fig. 42) forming stout spine; profemora and mesofemora slightly thickened; medial edge of mesotibiae (Fig. 47) on basal third forming conspicuous blunt projection bearing subapical tufts of short setae, at middle slightly bulging and bearing tuft of short setae; metatibiae slightly sinuate on distal half. Abdominal tergites unmodified; first abdominal ventrite impressed at middle, remaining ventrites flattened at middle; ventrite I with median carina extending from posterior margin to posterior edge of median impression. Aedeagus (Fig. 26) 0.325 mm long; dorsal plate ovoid with dorsal longitudinal struts divergent; copulatory pieces consisting of pair of long medial sclerites recurved and strongly sclerotised at base, and apically bifid with each side associated with sclerite forming three large tips and numerous additional spinules. Parameres wide with long seta on poorly developed outer lobe; tips strongly recurved posteriorly and bearing wide subapical seta.

Female: Similar to male except: head, metasternum, abdominal ventrites, and legs unmodified; antennomeres IX and especially X shorter and less enlarged than male.

Collecting data: The only specimens known were collected in the “espinal”, a pseudo-savanna with dominance of Acacia.

Distribution: Achilia ovallensis is known only from the Coquimbo Region (Limarí Province) of north-central Chile (Fig. 83: yellow stars).

Achilia frontalis Jeannel, 1962: 409, 413 fig. 161 (aedeagus).

Achilia foveifrons Jeannel, 1962: 409, 414 fig. 165 (aedeagus) syn. nov.

Type material (8 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Los Lagos: Llanquihue prov.: MHNS; 1 ♂ (holotype of Achilia foveifrons n° 1777); Frutillar; 20.IX.1954; G. Kuschel. – MNHN; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (paratypes of Achilia foveifrons); Frutillar; 41° 08′S; 20.IX.1954; G. Kuschel. – Región Bío Bío: Ñuble prov.: MHNS; 1 ♂ (holotype of Achilia frontalis n° 1703); Chillàn; P. Germain. – MNHN; 1 ♂ and 3 ♀ (paratypes of Achilia frontalis); Chillàn; 36° 54′S; P. Germain.

Additional material (150 ex.): See Appendix 1.

Description: Body 1.35-1.55 mm long, generally bicolored with head, pronotum and abdomen blackish, elytra, antennae, and legs reddish, and palpi yellowish, or entirely reddish with darker abdomen, sometimes also entirely reddish with darker head. Head with eyes slightly longer than temples. Pronotum slightly wider than head, with maximal width on anterior half; median antebasal fovea as large as lateral ones. First abdominal tergite with basal striae slightly diverging, extending to about one-third of paratergal length, and separated at base by about one-third of tergal width.

Male: Head as in Figs 71-74; on each side with deep lateral pit with outer edge forming small tooth at level of eyes (Fig. 75), the latter occasionally absent (Fig. 76); frontal protuberance very swollen at base and anteriorly flattened to vertexal sulcus. Antennae (Fig. 33) with scape and pedicel longer than wide; antennomeres III-VIII slightly transverse; antennomeres VII-VIII with mesal margin protruding; antennomeres IX-X strongly transverse, with mesal margin protruding; antennomere X wider than IX; antennomere XI elongate, longer than VII-X combined, bearing long and thin subbasal seta inserted in deep depression. Metasternum with ovoidal median impression, posterior edge of the impression pubescent. Legs with trochanters simple; all femora (Figs 38-40) strongly thickened and sinuate, particularly metafemora; protibiae (Fig. 45) distinctly thickened on distal half, bearing small subapical tooth; mesotibiae (Fig. 50) at middle slightly bulging and bearing tuft of short setae; medial edge of metatibiae (Fig. 37) densely pubescent on apical half and distinctly narrowed subapically. Abdominal tergites unmodified; first abdominal ventrite impressed at middle, remaining ventrites flattened at middle; ventrite I with median carina extending from posterior margin to posterior edge of median impression. Aedeagus (Fig. 27) 0.325-0.335 mm long; dorsal plate ovoid with dorsal longitudinal struts divergent; copulatory pieces consisting of pair of long medial recurved sclerites strongly sclerotised basally and apically pointed. Parameres wide with long seta on poorly developed outer lobe; tips recurved posteriorly and bearing wide subapical seta.

Female: Similar to male except: head with occipital protuberance less developed and lacking lateral pits; antennomere XI shorter than VII-X combined; disc of pronotum less convex; metasternum, abdomen, and legs unmodified.

Collecting data: Collected from November to March, mainly in mixed forests at elevations ranging from 100 m to 700 m. Most specimens came from sifted samples of leaf and log litter, but some were also collected by flight intercept and carrion traps.

Distribution: Achilia frontalis is distributed in Central Chile from Chiloé to Ñuble Provinces (Fig. 84: blue triangles).

Comments: According to Jeannel (1962) the males of A. foveifrons differ from those of A. frontalis by their short and wide head for the anterior region (while being subtriangular in A. frontalis), the anterior part of the occipital protuberance occupying almost the entire width of the frons (while with a comparatively narrower vertex for A. frontalis), and the aedeagus with divergent dorsal longitudinal struts and thickened and sinuate copulatory pieces (while for A. frontalis the dorsal longitudinal struts are attached to each other, and the copulatory pieces are thin and not sinuate). However the aedeagal conformation of their types appear to be very similar, and after examination of extensive material it appears that these differences (when really present) have been strongly exaggerated by Jeannel and fall, in our opinion, within the intraspecific variation of this taxon. Therefore we conclude that A. foveifrons Jeannel, 1962 must be considered to be the junior synonym of A. frontalis Jeannel, 1962 (syn. nov.).

Type material (75 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Los Ríos: Ranco prov.: MHNG; 1 ♂ (holotype); 34 km WNW La Union, station 36; 700 m; 17.XII.1984; S. & J. Peck; litter mixed evergreen forest. – Región Los Lagos: Osorno prov.: FMNH (FMHD #96-249); 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (paratypes); 15.1 km W Puaucho; 40° 34.97′S 73° 37.68′W; 50 m; 30.XII.1996; A. Newton & M. Thayer 984; valdivian rainforest remnant in sm. ravine, w/large ferns, berlese, leaf & log litter. – Región Los Ríos: Ranco prov.: MHNG; 16 ♂ and 12 ♀ (paratypes); 34 km WNW La Union, station 36; 700 m; 17.XII.1984; S. & J. Peck; litter mixed evergreen forest. - MNHS; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (paratypes); same data; S. & J. Peck; litter mixed evergreen forest. – FMNH (FMHD #85-921, #85-36); 1 ♂ and 4 ♀ (paratypes); same data; S. & J. Peck. – MHNG; 12 ♂ and 1 ♀ (paratypes); 35 km WNW La Union; 700 m; 07.II.1985; S. & J. Peck; litter mixed forest. – FMNH (FMHD #85-997, #85-36); 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (paratypes); same data; S. & J. Peck; litter mixed forest. – Región Araucanía: Malleco prov.: FMNH (FMHD #85-1001, #85-118); 1 ♂ and 9 ♀ (paratypes); Purén, Contulmo Natural Monument; 350 m; 13.II.1985; S. & J. Peck; mixed forest litter, berlese. – MHNG; 1 ♂ and 7 ♀ (paratypes); same data; S. & J. Peck. – Región Bío Bío: Arauco prov.: FMNH; 1 ♂ and 5 ♀ (paratypes); 16 km N Tres Pinos; 170 m; 12.XII.1982; A. Newton & M. Thayer; Cupressus, Eucalyptus etc. forest, berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor.

Description: Body 1.15-1.4 mm long, generally bicolored with head, pronotum and abdomen blackish; elytra, antennae, and legs reddish, and palpi yellowish. Head with eyes longer than temples. Pronotum wider than head, with maximal width on anterior half and median antebasal fovea as large as lateral ones. First abdominal tergite with basal striae slightly diverging, extending to about one-third of paratergal length, and separated at base by about one-third of tergal width.

Head as in Figs 77 and 79; flanked by two deep lateral pits anteriorly at eyes, the upper margin of eyes surmounted by large carina; frontal protuberance very swollen. Antennae as in A. frontalis. Metasternum with deep ovoidal median depression; posterior edge of the depression pubescent. Legs with trochanters simple; all femora (Fig. 36) thickened and sinuate, particularly metafemora; protibiae (Fig. 46) slightly thickened on distal half; mesotibiae (Fig. 51) at middle slightly bulging and bearing tuft of short setae; medial edge of metatibiae densely pubescent on apical half and distinctly narrowed subapically. Abdominal tergites unmodified; first abdominal ventrite impressed at middle, remaining ventrites flattened at middle; ventrite I with median carina extending from posterior margin to posterior edge of median impression. Aedeagus (Fig. 28) 0.23-0.27 mm long; similar to that of A. frontalis, differing only by copulatory pieces being sinuate and subapically narrowed. Parameres wide with long seta on poorly developed outer lobe; tips recurved posteriorly and bearing thin and long subapical seta.

Female: Similar to male except: head with occipital protuberance less developed and lacking lateral pits; eyes less developed; disc of pronotum less convex; metasternum, abdomen, and legs unmodified.

Collecting data: Collected from December to February, mainly in mixed evergreen forests at elevations ranging from 50 m to 700 m. The specimens came from sifted samples of leaf and log litter.

Distribution: Achilia trauco n. sp. is distributed in Central Chile from Osorno to Arauco Provinces (Fig. 84: pink squares).

Comments: Achilia trauco n. sp. is very similar to A. frontalis, from which it differs mainly by the male features of head (see Figs 71-76, 77, 79), of the metafemora (see Figs 37-40, 36), the protibiae (see Figs 45 and 46), the mesotibiae (see Figs 50, 51), and the aedeagi (see Figs 27, 28). The females of A. frontalis and A. trauco n. sp. are very similar, except that those of A. trauco n. sp. have a slightly longer head, with a frontal protuberance more convex than those of A. frontalis.

Achilia longispina Franz, 1996: 116 fig. 65 (aedeagus).

Type material (1 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Valparaíso: Valparaíso prov.: NHMW (coll. Franz); 1 ♂ (holotype); Mina de la Disputada (now Mina los Bronces), Anden bei Santiago de Chile; 3000-3400 m; 19.XI.1968; H. Franz.

Additional material (12 ex.): See Appendix 1.

Description: Body 1.6-1.7 mm long, entirely reddish or reddish brown, with palpi yellowish. Pubescence decumbent with long setae uniform on entire body. Head wider than long; lacking vertexal sulcus; eyes protruding and slightly pointed, longer than convex temples. Pronotum slightly wider than long, narrower than head, with maximal width at midlength; lateral outlines on anterior portion convergent, on posterior portion subparallel and sinuate; disc slightly convex, smooth and shiny with some punctures; basal margin bordered with row of contiguous shallow impressions; median antebasal fovea smaller than lateral ones. Elytra together wider than long with slightly protruding humeri; disc smooth, shiny, with two big basal foveae; sutural stria entire; discal stria extending to about elytral midlength. Legs elongate. Abdomen smooth, with some minute punctures; tergite I with basal striae slightly divergent, extending to about one-quarter of paratergal length, separated at base by more than one-third of tergal width, with some short and sparse setal brushes between striae.

Male: Head as in Figs 78 & 80-81, with deep lateral pits on each side of eyes, the latter with small median spine on upper margin (Fig. 82); frontal protuberance very large, raised, and flattened, densely covered with large punctures; clypeal area deeply hollowed laterally. Antennae (Fig. 34) with scape and pedicel distinctly longer than wide; antennomeres III-IV as long as wide; antennomeres V-VI longer than wide; antennomere VII as long as wide; antennomere VIII slightly wider than long; antennomere IX wider that long, with protruding mesal margin pointed in middle; antennomere X wider than long, wider and longer than IX, with protruding mesal margin indented and bearing numerous setae; antennomere XI longer than wide, narrower than X and longer than VIII-X combined, its surface bearing small tubercles. Metasternum with deep and broad ovoidal median impression, posterior edge of impression pubescent. Legs with ventral margin of mesotrochanters (Fig. 43) bearing short seta; profemora and mesofemora slightly thickened, finely punctured; protibiae slightly thickened; mesotibiae (Fig. 52) in middle slightly bulging and bearing tuft of short setae; metatibiae slightly thickened and sinuate on basal third. Abdominal tergites and ventrites unmodified. Aedeagus (Fig. 29) 0.26-0.27 mm long; dorsal plate ovoid with dorsal longitudinal struts divergent; copulatory pieces consisting of pair of long medial sclerites basally recurved and sclerotised and apically pointed, associated on each side with small subapical sclerite. Parameres very wide with very long seta on well-developed outer lobe; tips strongly recurved posteriorly and bearing wide and long subapical seta. Female: Similar to male except: head, metasternum, and legs unmodified; antennomeres X-XI shorter and thinner than male.

Distribution: Achilia longispina is known only from its type locality: Mina de la Disputada (now Mina los Bronces) in Central Chile, Valparaíso Province (Fig. 84: yellow stars).

Comments: The external morphology and aedeagal features of A. longispina resemble more closely A. cribratifrons Jeannel, 1962 and A. angulifrons Jeannel, 1963 than A. frontalis, as stated by Franz (1996: 116). Therefore we here exclude A. longispina from the A. frontalis group, but at this stage of the revision of the genus we prefer not to assign it to another group.

Type material (17 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Los Lagos: Chiloé prov.: NHMW (coll. Franz); 1 ♂ (holotype); Chiloé Island, Chepu; 20.II.1990; T. Cekalovic. – NHMW (coll. Franz); 5 ♂ (4 without label of locality) and 11 ♀ (10 without label of locality) (paratypes); same data; T. Cekalovic.

Comments: We have examined the types of this species and found that all the specimens (holotype and paratypes) belong without doubt to Achilia larvata (Reitter, 1885), one of the species we recently revised (Sabella et al., 2017). Therefore we here place Achilia validicorniformis Franz, 1996 as a junior synonym of A. larvata (Reitter, 1885) (syn. nov.).