INTRODUCTION
The class Trematoda is subdivided in two subclasses, Aspidogastrea and Digenea. The former group is small and comprises only four families, 12 genera and about 80 species (Roberts et al., 2013; Collins, 2017). On the other hand, digeneans are a very diverse group of parasites with more than 2500 genera and 18 000 nominal species (Kostadinova & Pérez-del-Olmo, 2014; Collins, 2017). However, there is a significant number of yet undescribed species, with some estimates suggesting that the total number of digenean species may exceed 44 000 (Carlson et al., 2020a).
Gay (1849) was the first to mention a trematode in Chile. It was a report of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (Fasciolidae) in cattle. Since then, trematodes have been reported from a variety of hosts across the country. Previously published checklists were restricted to particular groups of hosts or types of ecosystems (see Garín & González-Acuña, 2008; Muñoz & Olmos, 2008; Oyarzún-Ruiz & González-Acuña, 2021), while an overview covering the whole trematode fauna in the country is currently lacking. The aim of the present review was to analyze the data on trematodes in Chile and summarize of knowledge on their diversity, taxonomy, biology, and geographic distribution. We also outline the areas most urgently needing, attention and/or improvement in future research.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Literature search
We performed an exhaustive bibliographic review of trematodes reported from domestic and wild animals, including humans, in Chile. Data from freshwater, marine and terrestrial environments, and all invertebrate and vertebrate hosts were included in this review. To achieve this objective, we analyzed 275 research articles, one book and one book chapter from physical libraries and electronic databases such as NCBI, ScholarGoogle, Scopus and Web of Science (WOS). The time cut-off for the published data was until December 2020. The present review did not consider “grey” literature (i.e. technical reports, conference proceedings, congress posters, theses) because they are not subjected to a peer review process.
Taxonomy of hosts and parasites
The taxonomic classification for host species was stated as follows: AviBase ( https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/) for birds; FishBase ( https://www.fishbase.in/search.php) for fishes; GBIF ( https://www.gbif.org) and ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System; https://www.itis.gov/), in this order of priority, for freshwater mollusks, reptiles, amphibians and mammals; and WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species; http://www.marinespecies.org/) and SeaLifeBase ( https://www.sealifebase.ca/), in this order of priority, for marine mollusks and crustaceans. We followed Gibson et al. (2002), Jones et al. (2005), Bray et al. (2008), Roberts et al (2013), GBIF and WoRMS for the taxonomy of trematodes.
Hosts
The categorization of hosts as native, endemic, or exotic species followed Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (MMA, 2018a, b) and PNUD (2017). In addition, the diversity of native, endemic, and exotic animal species for every host group present in Chile was stated according to Valdovinos (1999), Martínez & González (2017), PNUD (2017) and Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (2018a, b; http://especies.mma.gob.cl).
Locations
The collection sites were attributed to Chilean regions represented by roman numbers and ordered according its geographical distribution from northern Chile to Chilean Patagonia following the Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile (BCN) ( https://www.bcn.cl/siit/mapoteca/regiones) and Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (MMA) (2018a): (i) Northern Chile: XV= Arica y Parinacota region (18°22′4.8″ S 70°13′1.199″ W), I= Tarapacá region (20°9′49.202″ S 69°32′46.841″ W), II= Antofagasta region (23°36′14.873″ S 69°5′3.401″ W), III= Atacama region (27°33′25.842″ S 70°0′56.477″ W), IV= Coquimbo region (30°45′16.795″ S 70°54′1.992″ W); (ii) Central Chile: V= Valparaíso region (32°35′51.392″ S 70°51′10.711″ W), RM= Metropolitan region (33°30′13.172″ S 70°45′44.692 W), VI= Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins region (34°32′4.337″ S 71°2′7.735″ W), VII= Maule region (35°35′50.022″ S 71°29′19.248″ W); (iii) Southern Chile: XVI= Ñuble region (36°37′13.518″ S 72°6′5.983″ W), VIII= Biobío region (37°20′20.907″ S 72°24′38.456″ W), IX= Araucanía region (38°40′4.424″ S 72°15′39.623″ W), XIV= Los Ríos region (39°58′27.448″ S 72°40′2.92″ W), X= Los Lagos region (42°18′3.038″ S 73°6′19.393″ W); (iv) Chilean Patagonia: XI= Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo region (46°28′16.16″ S 73°31′14.417″ W), XII= Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena region (53°21′9.906″ S 71°33′17.201″ W).
RESULTS
Over the last 120 years, there is a clear tendency for the increase of number of publications reporting trematodes in Chile, with a first peak in the 1980s and a second peak in the 2010s (Fig. 1).
Trematodes
A total of 215 taxa of trematodes belonging to two subclasses, three orders, 47 families and 127 genera have been recorded in Chile. Of these, 119 (55.35 %; 119/215) taxa were identified to species level, with three species belonging to Aspidogastrea subclass and 116 to Digenea subclass (Table 1).
The most common digenean families mentioned for particular host groups were Fellodistomidae for mollusks, Microphallidae for crustaceans, Opecoelidae for fishes, Gorgoderidae for amphibians, Echinochasmidae and Echinostomatidae for birds, and Fasciolidae for mammals. Only family Opisthogonimidae was reported from reptiles.
Complete life cycles are known for only 3 out 119 species of trematodes reported in the country, namely Fasciola hepatica, Proctoeces lintoni (Fellodistomidae) and Prosorhynchoides carvajali (Bucephalidae).
Hosts
Trematodes were reported from 159 out of 3989 potential native animal species (including 14 out of 1081 endemic species) and 12 out of 92 exotic animal species known in Chile (Table 2). So far, there are no records of trematodes from insects or classes of crustaceans other than Malacostraca.
The highest diversity of trematodes was found in representatives of the following host orders: Mytilida (9 taxa) in mollusks, order Decapoda (3 taxa) in crustaceans, order Perciformes (75 taxa) in fishes, order Anseriformes (21 taxa) in birds, and orders Carnivora and Cetacea (7 taxa each) in mammals. One order of reptiles and one order of amphibians were reported as hosts.
Geographical distribution
Taxonomic diversity of trematodes at family level across different regions of Chile is presented in Figs 2-4. A total of 428 records were plotted for all trematode families. These records represent the sum of all taxa reported for every trematode family in every region of the country. Our analysis showed certain patterns in the distribution of several digenean families. For instance, families Allocreadidae, Brauninidae, Dicrocoeliidae, Himasthlidae, Multicalycidae, Phaneropsolidae and Pleurogenidae have been recorded only in Southern Chile. Meanwhile, the Fasciolidae has been reported throughout the entire country.
Fig. 1.
Temporal tendendy in the number of publications related to trematodes in Chile.
Table 1.
Parasitic taxa isolated from each host group.
The highest diversity of trematodes was recorded on Biobío region (VIII), Southern Chile, with 98 taxa belonging to 36 families, followed by Valparaíso region (V), Central Chile, with 62 taxa belonging to 20 families. On the other hand, the region with the lower diversity of trematodes was Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins region (VI), Central Chile, with only 1 taxon (see Fig. 3).
Checklist
The checklist of the trematodes and their associated hosts is provided in the
Appendix 1 [supplementary material S1] (S1_S32_Oyarzun_Appendix.pdf). The stage of development, parasitized organs, localities and references are also stated. An additional table provides a host-parasite list the Appendix 2 [supplementary material S1] (S1_S32_Oyarzun_Appendix.pdf).
Table 2.
Number of host species per host group in Chile (top 3 rows), and number and percentage, between parenthesis, of recorded species hosting trematodes in Chile (bottom 3 rows).
Fig. 2.
Number of taxa per trematode family in Northern Chile (NC). Every color in the pie chart represents a particular family. The highest number of taxa for trematode families in every region is given between parentheses. The name of every region represented as a roman number is detailed in Material and Methods.
Fig. 3.
Number of taxa per trematode family in Central Chile (CC) and Southern Chile (SC), regions XVI, VIII and IX. Every color in the pie chart represents a particular family. The highest number of taxa for trematode families in every region was stated between parentheses. The name of every region represented as a roman number is detailed in Material and Methods.
DISCUSSION
A significant trematode diversity has been recorded from Chile since the first publication by Gay (1849). However, the identification of a number of reported taxa is questionable, therefore, the collection of new quality specimens as well as the thorough re-examination of specimens deposited in museums are necessary. A number of species reported from Chile do not have descriptions or illustrations. For instance, Proctoeces lintoni (Fellodistomidae) (originally described from Europe) was reported in native fishes from Chile without adequate descriptions (Valdivia et al., 2010; Oliva et al., 2018). In the absence of DNA sequence data, comparisons with the two native species from Chile, P. humboldti and P. sicyases, is not possible (George-Nascimento & Quiroga, 1983; Valdivia et al., 2010; Oliva et al., 2018). Taking into account the uncertainty of the identification, the information on life cycle and presence of P. lintoni in Chile should be considered with caution (Valdivia et al., 2010; Oliva et al., 2018). The same is true for Helicometrina nimia (Opecoelidae), another European fluke reported in Chile, which needs additional analysis to establish its identity (Oliva et al., 2015).
Although complete life cycles are known for only 3 species of digeneans reported from Chile, larval stages of some other species have been reported. For instance, metacercariae of Stephanoprora uruguayense (Echinochasmidae), parasitic as an adult in seabirds, have been reported from two native fish species (Torres et al., 1982, 1983, 1991, 1992a, 1993a, 2017; Viozzi et al., 2008). Although in Chile the first intermediate host of this digenean remains unknown, aquatic snails of family Hydrobiidae have been recorded as its first intermediate host in Argentina (Ostrowski de Núñez, 2007). Members of family Hydrobiidae are distributed in Chile (Valdovinos, 1999), therefore, we anticipate that future surveys may reveal the local transmission pathway of this trematode.
Fig. 4.
Number of taxa per trematode family in Southern Chile (SC), regions XIV and X, and Chilean Patagonia (CP). Every color in the pie chart represents a particular family. The highest number of taxa for trematode families in every region was stated between parentheses. The name of every region represented as a roman number is detailed in Material and Methods.
The insufficient coverage of host species diversity by parasitological studies in Chile (see Garín & González-Acuña, 2008; Muñoz & Olmos, 2008; Oyarzún-Ruiz & González-Acuña, 2021) might underestimate the complete richness of trematode species in the country. This echoes the situation of the coverage of South American fishes by parasitological studies with only 5 % of their total diversity examined for parasites so far (Choudhury et al., 2016).
Among introduced animals, cattle, and lagomorphs have been reported as hosts of F. hepatica (e.g. Alcaíno & Gorman, 1999; Courtin et al., 1975, 1979; Oyarzún-Ruiz et al., 2019b), and some salmonid fishes were reported as hosts of digeneans (Arata et al., 1977; Torres, 1995; Torres et al., 1992a). While publications on the helminth fauna of other exotic species such synanthropic rodents (Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus, and Mus musculus) do exist, there are no records of trematodes on these vertebrates (see Rojas et al., 1971; Landaeta-Aqueveque et al., 2014, 2018; Seguel et al., 2017).
Only a small proportion of studies on trematodes in Chile were performed using experimental infections (e.g. Tagle, 1944; Fernández, 1987b; Rebolledo et al., 2014; Muñoz et al., 2015). Thus, authors want to emphasize the need for performing this kind of studies, because these would help to a better understanding of the relationships between parasites and their hosts, mechanisms of transmission, pathological changes, behavioral manipulation, among others (Fried, 2000; Ostrowski de Núñe et al., 2004; Morley & Lewis, 2014; Blasco-Costa & Poulin, 2017; Karvonen et al., 2017).
The present review highlights the clear need for the broader use of molecular tools in the taxonomic studies of trematodes in Chile. Although the first study using DNA sequencing was published in 2010 (Valdivia et al., 2010), the number of works applying molecular techniques is still limited. The combined use of morphological and molecular approaches (aka integrative taxonomy) is the most promising approach to advance our knowledge of biodiversity, classification, diagnostics, and phylogenetic interrelationships of trematodes and other parasites (Kostadinova & Gibson, 2000; Kostadinova & Pérezdel-Olmo, 2014; Hoberg et al., 2015).
Another interesting and currently discussed topic is the conservation of parasites (Gómez & Nichols, 2013; Carlson et al., 2020b). Some trematodes reported in Chile have been found in endemic species, e.g. Gorgoderina valdiviensis (Gorgoderidae) in the helmeted water toad (Calyptocephalella gayi) (Puga, 1979, 1982) and Rudolphitrema chilensis (Plagiorchiidae) in the rosy ground frog (Eupsophus roseus) (Puga, 1986; Puga & Torres, 1999), with no additional reports in other hosts (see Fernandes & Kohn, 2014). In addition, hosts of these particular flukes are considered threatened species with declining populations (IUCN, 2020). Considering their host specificity, these parasites could be classified both as endemic and threatened species, and the concept of co-threatened species should be applied to these parasites (Gómez & Nichols, 2013). Likely, there are additional trematode species in not yet studied endemic hosts that would fall into the same category.
The deposition of parasites into publicly accessible museum collections is critically important. This is especially true for the descriptions of new species (Krell, 2016). As discussed above, an illustration of such need is the situation with P. lintoni and H. nimia, (Valdivia et al., 2010; Oliva et al., 2015, 2018). Thus, the authors strongly encourage researchers to deposit their specimens, both types and vouchers, in public collections. In Chile, the museums Museo Nacional de Historia Natural and Museo de Zoología at Universidad de Concepción, have helminthological collections receiving and curating specimens.
Although there has been an increase in the number of publications on trematodes in Chile in the past decades, there is a clear need for training parasitologists who would apply modern integrative approaches, and more broadly use experimental models. There is an obvious need for geographic and taxonomic expansion of trematodological research in the country in order to investigate not yet studied regions and host species.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are thankful of Ms Silvia Oliveros and Angie Figueroa, Drs Fabiana Drago, Melissa Querido, Patricio Torres, Paulina Sepúlveda and Javier Paineán who provided us with publications. Also, to Drs C. Landaeta-Aqueveque, F. Drago and P. Torres for their revision and comments on the draft of this manuscript, to Sebastián Muñoz-Leal who reviewed the English text and to Richard Thomas for his support in the construction of Figs 2-4. Also, to the reviewers and subject editor for their useful suggestions. This publication is dedicated to professor D. González-Acuña, who passed away recently.
REFERENCES
1.
Aburto
N.,
Torres
P.,
Lamilla
J. 2008. Infection of the Yellownose Skate,
Dipturus chilensis, by
Otodistomum cestoides (Trematoda, Digenea) in Three Coastal Localities of Southern Chile.
Comparative Parasitology 75(1): 150–152.
Google Scholar
2.
Achatz
T.J.,
Pulis
E.E.,
González-Acuña
D.,
Tkach
V. V 2020. Phylogenetic Relationships of
Cardiocephaloides spp. (Digenea, Diplostomoidea) and the Genetic Characterization of
Cardiocephaloides physalis from Magellanic Penguin,
Spheniscus magellanicus, in Chile.
Acta Parasitologica 65(2): 525–534.
Google Scholar
3.
Alcaíno
H. 1985. Epizootiología de la distomatosis bovina en Chile.
Parasitología al Día 9: 22–26.
Google Scholar
4.
Alcaíno
H.A.,
Aguilar
A.M. 1985. Actividad antihelmíntica del closantel y de la combinación febantel + triclorfón en caballos fina sangre de carrera.
Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 17(2): 103–109.
Google Scholar
5.
Alcaíno
H.,
Apt
W. 1989. Algunos antecedentes sobre la fascioliasis animal y humana.
Monografías de Medicina Veterinaria 11: 14–29.
Google Scholar
6.
Alcaíno
H.,
Gorman
T. 1999. Parásitos de los animales domésticos en Chile.
Parasitología al Día 23(1-2): 33–41.
Google Scholar
7.
Alcaíno
H.,
Mozo
P. 1983. Aspectos del parasitismo en bovinos de la provincia de Linares (VII Región de Chile).
Parasitología al Día 7: 108–112.
Google Scholar
8.
Alcaíno
H.,
Silva
J. 1988. Algunos aspectos del parasitismo en bovinos de la provincia de Colchagua (VI Región de Chile).
Parasitología al Día 12: 62–67.
Google Scholar
9.
Alcaíno
H.,
Gorman
T.,
Phillips
J. 1983a. Distomatosis en equinos fina sangre de carrera en haras e hipódromos de las regiones V y Metropolitana de Chile.
Parasitología al Día 7: 37–40.
Google Scholar
10.
Alcaíno
H.A.,
Gorman
T.R.,
Guevara
G.,
Fernández
J.D. 1983b. Distomatosis y parasitosis del intestino grueso de equinos de la zona centro-sur de Chile.
Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 15(1): 27–36.
Google Scholar
11.
Alcaíno
H.,
Vega
F.,
Klein
P.,
Gorman
T.,
Apt
W. 1988. Fascioliasis en caballos y conejos silvestres (
Oryctolagus cuniculus) en la Provincia de Curicó, Chile.
Parasitología al Día 12(3): 136–140.
Google Scholar
12.
Alcaíno
H.,
Gorman
T.,
González
V.,
Vega
F.,
Apt
W. 1990. Fascioliasis en caballos, cerdos y conejos silvestres en la provincia de Talca, VII región, Chile.
Parasitología al Día 14: 9–13.
Google Scholar
13.
Alcaíno
H.,
Apt
W.,
Vega
F.,
Gorman
T.,
Apt
P. 1992. Fasciolasis animal en la VII Región de Chile: áreas de distribución e infecciones en caballos y conejos silvestres.
Parasitología al Día 16(1-2): 11–16.
Google Scholar
14.
Alcaíno
H.,
Vega
F.,
Gorman
T. 1993. Epidemiología de la Fasciolasis hepática en la VII Región, Chile.
Parasitología al Día 17: 99–106.
Google Scholar
15.
Alcaíno
H.,
Parra
L.,
Gorman
T.R. 2005. Fasciolosis en equinos fina sangre de carrera de los hipódromos de la zona central de Chile: 2002-2003.
Parasitología Latinoamericana 60(1-2): 61–64.
Google Scholar
16.
Aldana
M.,
González
K.,
Loot
G.,
Pulgar
J.,
Marquet
P.A. 2009. First intermediate host of the digenean trematode
Proctoeces lintoni (Fellodistomidae) in Chile.
Journal of Parasitology 95(6): 1408–14.
Google Scholar
17.
Aldana
M.,
Pulgar
J.M.,
Orellana
N.,
Patricio Ojeda
F.,
García-Huidobro
M.R. 2014. Increased parasitism of limpets by a trematode metacercaria in fisheries management areas of central Chile: Effects on host growth and reproduction: Management areas and parasitism.
EcoHealth 11(2): 215–226.
Google Scholar
18.
Aldana
M.,
Pulgar
J.,
Hernández
B.,
George-Nascimento
M.,
Lagos
N.A.,
García-Huidobro
M.R. 2020. Context-Dependence in parasite effects on keyhole limpets.
Marine Environmental Research 157: 104923.
Google Scholar
19.
Álvarez
V.,
Pefaur
J. 1970. Parasitismo hepático por tremátodos en “Rorcual de Rudolphi” (Cetacea) capturados en Chile.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 25: 2–5.
Google Scholar
20.
Andres
M.J.,
Curran
S.S.,
Fayton
T.J.,
Pulis
E.E.,
Overstreet
R.M. 2015. An additional genus and two additional species of forticulcitinae (Digenea: Haploporidae).
Folia Parasitologica 62(1): 25.
Google Scholar
21.
Aparicio-Rizzo
P.,
Muñoz
G. 2017. Variaciones espacio temporales de la estructura comunitaria de endoparasitos en peces intermareales de Chile central: descriptores parasitologicos, composición de especies y anidamiento.
Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 45(4): 737–747.
Google Scholar
22.
Apt
W.,
Margulis
P.,
Andreis
M. 1984. Coexistencia de Abceso hepático amebiano y fascioliasis en un adulto con hipogamaglobinemia E.
Revista médica de Chile 112: 152–156.
Google Scholar
23.
Apt
W.,
Klein
P.,
Vega
F.,
Alcaino
H.,
Retamal
C. 1988. Fascioliasis humana en población rural de la provincia de Curicó (VII Región), Chile.
Parasitología al Día 12: 155–164.
Google Scholar
24.
Apt
W.,
Aguilera
X.,
Vega
F.,
Alcaíno
H.,
Zulantay
I.,
Apt
P.,
González
V.,
Retamal
C.,
Rodríguez
J.,
Sandoval
J. 1993. Prevalencia de fascioliasis en humanos, caballos, cerdos y conejos silvestres, en tres provincias de Chile.
Boletin de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana 115(5): 405–414.
Google Scholar
25.
Apt
W.,
Aguilera
X.,
Vega
F.,
Miranda
C.,
Zulantay
I.,
Pérez
C.,
Gabor
M.,
Apt
P. 1995. Treatment of Human Chronic Fascioliasis with Triclabendazole: Drug Efficacy and Serologic Response.
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 52(6): 532–535.
Google Scholar
26.
Arata
N.,
Luengo
M.,
Segovia
P.,
Luengo
J.,
Garrido
V. 1977. Parasitismo por
Diplostomulum en truchas (
Salmo gairdneri).
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 32: 89–92.
Google Scholar
27.
Atías
A.,
Fernández
C. 1965. Un caso de fascioliasis (distomatosis) hepática con posible localización errática pulmonar.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 20: 47–49.
Google Scholar
28.
Babero
B.B.,
Cabello
C.,
Kinoed
J.E. 1979. Helmintofauna de Chile. V. parásitos del coipo,
Myocastor coypus (Molina, 1782).
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 34: 26–31.
Google Scholar
29.
Balboa
L.,
George-Nascimento
M. 1998. Variaciones ontogenéticas y entre años en las infracomunidades de parásitos metazoos de dos especies de peces marinos de Chile.
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 71(1): 27–37.
Google Scholar
30.
Balboa
L.,
George-Nascimento
M.,
Ojeda
F.P. 2001. Differential precocious sexual development of
Proctoeces lintoni (Digenea: Fellodistomidae) in three sympatric species of keyhole limpets
Fissurella spp. may affect transmission to the final host.
Journal of Parasitology 87(5): 1164–1167.
Google Scholar
31.
Barbosa
F.S.,
Barbosa
I. 1958.
Tropicorbis chilensis from Santiago, Chile, a potential intermediate host of
Schistosoma mansoni.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 13(1): 7–9.
Google Scholar
32.
Bay-Schmith
E. 1972. Un nuevo género y especie de Lecithodendriidae (Trematoda) parásito de
Lasiurus borealis bonaerensis (Lesson y Garnot, 1826) (Mammalia, Chiroptera).
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 27(1): 36–39.
Google Scholar
33.
Bell
J.A.,
González-Acuña
D.,
Tkach
V. V. 2018. First Record of
Gyrabascus (Digenea, Pleurogenidae) from
Dromiciops bozinovici D'Elia et al., 2016 (Marsupialia: Microbiotheriidae) in Chile and its Phylogenetic Relationships.
Comparative Parasitology 85(1): 58–65.
Google Scholar
34.
Blasco-Costa
I.,
Poulin
R. 2017. Parasite life-cycle studies: a plea to resurrect an old parasitological tradition.
Journal of Helminthology 91(6): 647–656.
Google Scholar
35.
Bray
R.A. 2002a. Three species of plagioporine opecoelids (Digenea), including a new genus and two new species, from marine fishes from off the coast of Chile.
Systematic Parasitology 51(3): 227–236.
Google Scholar
36.
Bray
R.A. 2002b. Family Fellodistomidae Nicoll, 1909 [pp. 261–293].
In:
Bray
R.,
Gibson
D.,
Jones
A. Keys to the Trematoda, Volume 1.
CABI Publishing and The Natural History Museum,
London, 550 pp.
Google Scholar
37.
Bray
R.A.,
Gibson
D.I.,
Jones
A. 2008. Keys to the Trematoda, Volume 3.
CABI Publishing and The Natural History Museum,
London, 848 pp.
Google Scholar
38.
Bretos
M.,
Chihuailaf
R.H. 1993. Studies on the reproduction and gonadal parasites of
Fissurella pulchra (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia).
The Veliger 36(3): 245–251.
Google Scholar
39.
Bretos
M.,
Jirón
C. 1980. Trematodes in Chilean Fissurellid Molluscs.
The Veliger 22(3): 293.
Google Scholar
40.
Bretos
M.,
Tesorieri
I.,
Álvarez
L. 1983. The Biology of
Fissurella maxima Sowerby (Mollusca: Archaeogastropoda) in Northern Chile. 2. Notes on Its Reproduction.
Biological Bulletin 165(3): 559–568.
Google Scholar
41.
Brieva
L.M.,
Oporto
J.A. 1991. Prevalencia e intensidad de la infección por tremátodos del género
Nasitrema en el delfín chileno
Cephalorhynchus eutropia (Cetacea: Delphinidae).
Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 23(1): 97–100.
Google Scholar
42.
Cañas
P.,
Lozada
E. 1987. Nota sobre un trematode digeneo endoparasítico del loco
Concholepas concholepas Bruguière 1789 (Gastropoda: Muricidae).
Parasitología al Día 11: 173–176.
Google Scholar
43.
Carlson
C.J.,
Dallas
T.A.,
Alexander
L.W.,
Phelan
A.L.,
Phillips
A.J. 2020a. What would it take to describe the global diversity of parasites?
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287(1939): 20201841.
Google Scholar
44.
Carlson
C.J.,
Hopkins
S.,
Bell
K.C.,
Doña
J.,
Godfrey
S.S.,
Kwak
M.L.,
Lafferty
K.D.,
Moir
M.L.,
Speer
K.A.,
Strona
G.,
Torchin
M.,
Wood
C.L. 2020b. A global parasite conservation plan.
Biological Conservation 250: 108596.
Google Scholar
45.
Carvajal
J.,
Durán
L.E.,
George-Nascimento
M. 1983.
Ogmogasterheptalineatusn.sp.(Trematoda:Notocotylidae) from the Chilean sea lion
Otaria flavescens.
Systematic Parasitology 5(3): 169–173.
Google Scholar
46.
Castro-Rojas
M.,
Cid-Moya
K.,
George-Nascimento
M. 2015. Consumo de oxígeno en
Perumytilus purpuratus según el parasitismo por Digenea, y efectos de la temperatura y del ciclo de emersión-inmersión sobre la liberación de cercarias.
Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 50(2): 315–321.
Google Scholar
47.
Cerda
C.,
Veloso-Frías
J.,
Lobos-Chávez
F.,
Oyarzún-Ruiz
P.,
Henríquez
A.,
Loyola
M.,
Silva-de la Fuente
M.C.,
Ortega
R.,
Letelier
R.,
Landaeta-Aqueveque
C. 2019. Morphological and molecular identification with frequency analysis of
Calicophoron microbothrioides in central Chile.
Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 28(4): 582–591.
Google Scholar
48.
Chávez
R.A.,
Gonźalez
M.T.,
Oliva
M.E.,
Valdivia
I.M. 2012. Endoparasite fauna of five Gadiformes fish species from the coast of Chile: Host ecology versus phylogeny.
Journal of Helminthology 86(1): 10–15.
Google Scholar
49.
Choudhury
A.,
Aguirre-Macedo
M.L.,
Curran
S.S.,
Ostrowski-De Núñez
M.,
Overstreet
R.M.,
Pérez-Ponce de León
G.,
Santos
C.P. 2016. Trematode diversity in freshwater fishes of the Globe II: “New World.”
Systematic Parasitology 93(3): 257–269.
Google Scholar
50.
Collins
J.J. 2017. Platyhelminthes.
Current Biology 27(7): R252–R256.
Google Scholar
51.
Corrêa
F.,
Hidalgo
C.,
Stoore
C.,
Jiménez
M.,
Hernández
M.,
Paredes
R. 2020. Cattle co-infection of
Echinococcus granulosus and
Fasciola hepatica results in a different systemic cytokine profile than single parasite infection.
Plos One 15(9): e0238909.
Google Scholar
52.
Cortés
Y.,
Muñoz
G. 2008. Infracomunidades de parásitos eumetazoos del bagre de mar
Aphos porosus (Valenciennes, 1837) (Actinopterygii: Batrachoidiformes) en Chile central.
Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 43(2): 255–263.
Google Scholar
53.
Cortés
Y.,
Muñoz
G. 2009. Metazoan Parasite Infracommunities of the Toadfish
Aphos porosus (Pisces: Batrachoidiformes) in Central Chile: How Variable Are They over Time?
Journal of Parasitology 95(3): 753–756.
Google Scholar
54.
Courtin
S.,
Ferriere
G.,
Cerda
J. 1975. Primer estudio de
Fasciola hepatica en el conejo silvestre (
Oryctolagus cuniculus) de la precordillera de Nahuelbuta.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 30(3-4): 65–67.
Google Scholar
55.
Courtin
S.,
Alcaíno
H.,
Plaza
J.,
Ferriere
G. 1979. Platelmintos del conejo silvestre (
Oryctolagus cuniculus) en la cordillera de Nahuelbuta, Chile.
Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 11(1): 23–26.
Google Scholar
56.
Curran
S.S.,
Pulis
E.E.,
Andres
M.J.,
Overstreet
R.M. 2018. Two New Species of
Saccocoelioides (Digenea: Haploporidae) with Phylogenetic Analysis of the Family, Including Species of
Saccocoelioides from North, Middle, and South America.
Journal of Parasitology 104(3): 221–239.
Google Scholar
57.
Díaz
F.,
George-Nascimento
M. 2002. Estabilidad temporal de las infracomunidades de parásitos en la borrachilla
Scartichthys viridis (Valenciennes, 1836) (Pisces: Blenniidae) en la costa central de Chile.
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 75(4): 641–649.
Google Scholar
58.
Díaz
P.E.,
Muñoz
G.,
George-Nascimento
M. 2016. A new species of
Hemipera Nicoll, 1913 (Digenea: Derogenidae) from fishes of the intertidal rocky zone of Chile.
Acta Parasitologica 61(3): 516–522.
Google Scholar
59.
Dioni
W. 1947.
Gorgoderina chilensis n. sp., Tremátodo de la vejiga urinaria del sapito vaquero,
Rhinoderma darwini D. B.
Comunicaciones Zoológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 2: 1–11.
Google Scholar
60.
Drago
F.B.,
Lunaschi
L.I.,
Hinojosa-Saez
A.C.,
González-Acuña
D. 2007. First record of
Australapatemon burti and
Paramonostomum pseudalveatum (Digenea) from
Anas georgica (Aves, Anseriformes) in Chile.
Acta Parasitologica 52(3): 201–205.
Google Scholar
61.
Dubois
G. 1981. Notes Helminthologiques V: Strigeidae Railliet, Diplostomidae Poirier et Proterodiplostomidae Dubois.
Revue suisse de Zoologie 88(1): 227–232.
Google Scholar
62.
Dubois
G.,
Rausch
R. 1960. Quatrième contribution à l'étude des Strigeides (Trematoda) nord-américains.
Bulletin de la Société Neuchâteloise des Sciences Naturelles 83: 79–92.
Google Scholar
63.
Ebmer
D.,
Navarrete
M.J.,
Muñoz
P.,
Flores
L.M.,
Gärtner
U.,
Brabec
J.,
Poppert
S.,
Taubert
A.,
Hermosilla
C. 2020. Anthropozoonotic parasites circulating in synanthropic and pacific colonies of south american sea lions (
Otaria flavescens): non-invasive techniques data and a review of the literature.
Frontiers in Marine Science 7: 847.
Google Scholar
64.
Espínola-Novelo
J.F.,
Escribano
R.,
Oliva
M.E. 2018. Metazoan parasite communities of two deep-sea elasmobranchs: the southern lanternshark,
Etmopterus granulosus, and the largenose catshark,
Apristurus nasutus, in the Southeastern Pacific Ocean.
Parasite 25: 53.
Google Scholar
65.
Faiguenbaum
J.,
Agosin
M.,
Tamargo
A. 1950. Distomatosis humana.
Revista Médica de Chile 78(6): 383–387.
Google Scholar
66.
Faiguenbaum
J.,
Feres
A.,
Donckaster
R.,
Atías
A.,
Jarpa
A.,
Niedmann
G.,
Donoso
F.,
Rubio
M.,
Meruane
J. 1962. Fascioliasis hepática humana.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 17: 7–12.
Google Scholar
67.
Fernandes
B.M.M.,
Kohn
A. 2014. South American trematodes parasites of amphibians and reptiles.
Oficina de Livros,
Rio de Janeiro, 225 pp.
Google Scholar
68.
Fernández
I.,
Oyarzún
C.,
Valenzuela
A.,
Burgos
C.,
Guaquín
V.,
Campos
V. 2016. Parásitos del pez luna
Mola mola (Pisces: Molidae). Primer registro en aguas de la costa centro sur de Chile.
Gayana 80(2): 192–197.
Google Scholar
69.
Fernández
Í.,
Moraga
R.,
Yáñez
F.,
Mansilla
M.,
Smith
C.,
Campos
V. 2019. Gastrointestinal helminths of Humboldt penguin (
Spheniscus humboldti Meyen, 1834) from south central Chile.
Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 47(1): 206–211.
Google Scholar
70.
Fernández
J. 1985. Estudio parasitológico de
Merluccius australis (Hutton, 1872) (Pisces: Merluccidae). Aspectos sistemáticos, estadísticos y zoogeográficos.
Boletín de la Sociedad de Biología de Concepción 56: 31–41.
Google Scholar
71.
Fernández
J. 1987a. Nuevos registros de parásitos en mamíferos marinos chilenos.
Parasitología al Día 11: 120–126.
Google Scholar
72.
Fernández
J. 1987b. Los parásitos de la lisa
Mugil cephalus L. en Chile: sistemática y aspectos poblacionales (Perciformes: Mugilidae).
Gayana Zoología 51: 3–58.
Google Scholar
73.
Fernández
J.,
Durán
L. 1985.
Aporocotyle australis n. sp. (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae), parasito de
Merluccius australis en Chile y su relacion con la filogenia de
Aporocotyle Odhner, 1900 en
Merluccius spp.
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 58(2): 121–126.
Google Scholar
74.
Fernández
J.C.,
Villalba
C.,
Alviña
A. 1986. Parásitos del pejegallo,
Callorhynchus callorhynchus (L.), en Chile: aspectos biológicos y sistemáticos.
Biología Pesquera 15: 63–73.
Google Scholar
75.
Fernández
V.,
Semenas
L.,
Viozzi
G.P. 2012. Parasites of the “Peladilla,”
Aplochiton zebra (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae), from Patagonia (Argentina and Chile).
Comparative Parasitology 79(2): 231–237.
Google Scholar
76.
Fernández-Cisternas
Í.,
George-Nascimento
M.,
Ojeda
F.P. 2017. Comparison of parasite diversity of intertidal fish assemblages from central California and central Chile.
Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 52(3): 505–521.
Google Scholar
77.
Figueroa
L. 1988.
Synthesium tursionis (Marchi, 1873) Price, 1932 (Digenea: Compulidae) en
Cephalorhynchus eutropia Gray, 1846 (Cetacea: Odontoceti) en la costa chilena.
Parasitología al Día 12: 185–186.
Google Scholar
78.
Figueroa
L.,
Franjola
R. 1988.
Braunina cordiformis Wolf, 1903 (Digenea: Brauninidae) en delfín chileno
Cephalorhynchus eutropia Gray, 1846 (Cetacea: Odontoceti).
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 43(3-4): 71–72.
Google Scholar
79.
Figueroa
L.,
Puga
S. 1991.
Lecithaster pacificum n. sp. (Digenea: Hemiuridae), parásito del “lenguado de ojos chicos”
Paralichthys microps (Pleuronectyformes: Bothidae) en la costa de Valdivia, Chile.
Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 23(1): 101–104.
Google Scholar
80.
Flores
K.,
George-Nascimento
M. 2009. Las infracomunidades de parásitos de dos especies de
Scartichthys (Pisces: Blenniidae) en localidades cercanas del norte de Chile.
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 82(1): 63–71.
Google Scholar
81.
Flores
K.,
López
Z.,
Levicoy
D.,
Muñoz-Ramírez
C.P.,
González-Wevar
C.,
Oliva
M.E.,
Cárdenas
L. 2019. Identification assisted by molecular markers of larval parasites in two limpet species (Patellogastropoda:
Nacella) inhabiting Antarctic and Magellan coastal systems.
Polar Biology 4: 1175–1182.
Google Scholar
82.
Franjola
R.,
Gallardo
C. 1991. Estados larvales de Digenea en
Kingiella chilenica (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Cyamiidae).
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 46(1-2): 34–35.
Google Scholar
83.
Fried
B. 2000. Maintenance, Cultivation, and Excystation of Echinostomes [pp. 100–118].
In:
Fried
B.,
Graczyk
T. K. Echinostomes as Experimental Models for Biological Research.
Springer-Science+Business Media,
B. V., USA, 273 pp.
Google Scholar
84.
García-Huidobro
M.R.,
Varas
O.,
George-Nascimento
M.,
Pulgar
J.,
Aldana
M.,
Lardies
M.A.,
Lagos
N.A. 2019. Role of temperature and carbonate system variability on a host-parasite system: Implications for the gigantism hypothesis.
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 9: 7–15.
Google Scholar
85.
García-Huidobro
M.R.,
Aldana
M.,
Varas
O.,
Pulgar
J.,
García-Herrera
C.,
Abarca-Ortega
A.,
Grenier
C.,
Rodríguez-Navarro
A.B.,
Lagos
N.A. 2020. Geographical variability and parasitism on body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet
Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda).
Marine Environmental Research 161: 105060.
Google Scholar
86.
Garcías
F.,
Mendoza
R.,
George-Nascimento
M. 2001. Variación entre años de las infracomunidades de parásitos metazoos de la corvina
Cilus gilberti (Pisces: Sciaenidae) en Chile.
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 74(4): 833–840.
Google Scholar
87.
Gardner
A.L.,
Handley Jr.
C.O. 2007. Genus
Lasiurus [pp. 457–467].
In:
Gardner
A.L. Mammals of South America, Volume 1: Marsupials, Xenarthrans, Shrews, and Bats.
The University of Chicago Press,
London, 669 pp.
Google Scholar
88.
Garín
C.F.,
González-Acuña
D. 2008. Parásitos de anfibios y reptiles [pp. 303–332].
In:
Vidal
M.A., Labra A. Herpetología de Chile.
GráficAndes,
Santiago de Chile, 593 pp.
Google Scholar
89.
Gay
C. 1849. Historia física y política de Chile - Zoología, Tomo Tercero. Imprenta de Maulde y Benou, Paris, 547 pp.
Google Scholar
90.
Gehrung
E.,
Veit
O.,
Velasco
M.,
Faiguenbaum
J.,
Apablaza
A. 1967. Un caso de distomatosis (fascioliasis) hepática sin eosinofilía sanguínea.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 23: 37–39.
Google Scholar
91.
George-Nascimento
M. 1996. Populations and assemblages of parasites in hake,
Merluccius gayi, from the southeastern Pacific Ocean: stock implications.
Journal of Fish Biology 48(4): 557–568.
Google Scholar
92.
George-Nascimento
M. 2000. Geographical variations in the jack mackerel
Trachurus symmetricus murphyi populations in the southeastern Pacific Ocean as evidenced from the associated parasite communities.
The Journal of Parasitology 86(5): 929–932.
Google Scholar
93.
George-Nascimento
M.,
Arancibia
H. 1992. Stocks ecológicos del jurel (
Trachurus symmetricus murphyi Nichols) en tres zonas de pesca frente a Chile, detectados mediante comparación de su fauna parasitaria y morfometría.
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 65(4): 453–470.
Google Scholar
94.
George-Nascimento
M.,
Arancibia
H. 1994. La fauna parasitaria y la morfometría de la merluza austral
Merluccius australis (Hutton) como indicadoras de unidades de stock.
Biología Pesquera 23: 31–47.
Google Scholar
95.
George-Nascimento
M.,
Carvajal
J. 1981. Helmintos parásitos del lobo marino común
Otaria flavescens en el Golfo de Arauco, Chile.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 36: 72–73.
Google Scholar
96.
George-Nascimento
M.,
Huet
B. 1984. Una aproximación ecológica al estudio del parasitismo en el “congrio negro”
Genypterus maculatus (Tschudi) (Pisces: Ophidiidae).
Biología Pesquera 13: 23–30.
Google Scholar
97.
George-Nascimento
M.,
Iriarte
J.L. 1989. Las infracomunidades de parásitos metazoos del chancharro
Helicolenus lengerichi Norman, 1937 (Pisces, Scorpaenidae): un ensamble no interactivo de especies.
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 62(2): 217–227.
Google Scholar
98.
George-Nascimento
M.,
Moscoso
D. 2013. Variación local y geográfica de las infracomunidades de parásitos de la anchoveta
Engraulis ringens en Chile.
Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 48(1): 207–212.
Google Scholar
99.
George-Nascimento
M.,
Quiroga
G. 1983. Descripción de una nueva especie de trematodo
Proctoeces humboldti n. sp. (Fellodistomidae) parásito de las lapas
Fissurella spp. Brugière, 1789 (Mollusca: Archaeogastropoda).
Parasitología al Día 7: 100–103.
Google Scholar
100.
George-Nascimento
M.,
Balboa
L.,
Aldana
M.,
Olmos
V. 1998. Las lapas
Fissurella spp. (Mollusca: Archaeogastropoda) y el pejesapo
Sicyases sanguineus (Pisces: Gobiesocidae) son hospedadores secuenciales de
Proctoeces lintoni (Digenea: Fellodistomidae) en Chile.
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 71(2): 169–176.
Google Scholar
101.
George-Nascimento
M.,
Garcías
F.,
Muñoz
G. 2002. Parasite body volume and infracommunity patterns in the southern pomfret
Brama australis (Pisces: Bramidae).
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 75(4): 835–839.
Google Scholar
102.
George-Nascimento
M.,
Mellado
A.,
Saavedra
S.,
Carvajal
J. 2009. Variabilidad de las comunidades de parásitos metazoos del róbalo
Eleginops maclovinus (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830) (Pisces: Eleginopidae) en Chile.
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 82(2): 199–207.
Google Scholar
103.
George-Nascimento
M.,
Moscoso
D.,
Niklitschek
E.,
González
K. 2011. Variación geográfica de las comunidades de parásitos de la merluza de tres aletas
Micromesistius australis al sur de Sudamérica.
Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 46(1): 53–58.
Google Scholar
104.
George-Nascimento
M.,
López-Rodríguez
R.,
Górski
K. 2020. Geographic variation in composition of metazoan parasite infracommunities in
Galaxias maculatus Jenyns 1842 (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae) in southern Chile (38-47° S).
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 93(1): 2.
Google Scholar
105.
Gibson
D.I.,
Jones
A.,
Bray
R.A. 2002. Keys to the Trematoda, Volume 1.
CABI Publishing and The Natural History Museum,
London, 550 pp.
Google Scholar
106.
Gil
L.C.,
Díaz
A.,
Rueda
C.,
Martínez
C.,
Castillo
D.,
Apt
W. 2014. Fascioliasis hepática humana: Resistencia al tratamiento con triclabendazol.
Revista Médica de Chile 142(10): 1330–1333.
Google Scholar
107.
Gómez
A.,
Nichols
E. 2013. Neglected wild life: Parasitic biodiversity as a conservation target.
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 2: 222–227.
Google Scholar
108.
González
D.,
Daugschies
A.,
Rubilar
L.,
Pohlmeyer
K.,
Skewes
O.,
Mey
E. 2004. Fauna parasitaria de la tórtola común (
Zenaida auriculata, de Murs 1847) (Columbiformes: Columbidae) en Ñuble, Chile.
Parasitología Latinoamericana 59(1-2): 37–41.
Google Scholar
109.
González
H. 1982. Distomatosis hepática.
Parasitología al Día 6: 47–48.
Google Scholar
110.
González
H.,
Plaza
J. 1966. Hallazgo de trematodes de la familia Paramphistomidae en bovinos importados desde Australia.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 21: 19–21.
Google Scholar
111.
González
L.,
Carvajal
J. 1994. Estudio parasitológico de
Merluccius australis (Hutton, 1972) del mar interior de Aysén.
Investigación Pesquera 38: 75–85.
Google Scholar
112.
González
M.T.,
Acuña
E. 1998. Metazoan Parasites of the Red Rockfish
Sebastes capensis off Northern Chile.
Journal of Parasitology 84(4): 783–788.
Google Scholar
113.
González
M.T.,
Oliva
M.E. 2009. Is the nestedness of metazoan parasite assemblages of marine fishes from the southeastern Pacific coast a pattern associated with the geographical distributional range of the host?
Parasitology 136(4): 401–409.
Google Scholar
114.
González
M.T.,
Poulin
R. 2005a. Spatial and temporal predictability of the parasite community structure of a benthic marine fish along its distributional range.
International Journal for Parasitology 35(13): 1369–1377.
Google Scholar
115.
González
M.T.,
Poulin
R. 2005b. Nested patterns in parasite component communities of a marine fish along its latitudinal range on the Pacific coast of South America.
Parasitology 131(4): 569–577.
Google Scholar
116.
González
M.T.,
Acuña
E.,
Oliva
M.E. 2001. Metazoan Parasite Fauna of the Bigeye Flounder,
Hippoglossina macrops, from Northern Chile. Influence of Host Age and Sex.
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 96(8): 1049–1054.
Google Scholar
117.
González
M.T.,
Barrientos
C.,
Moreno
C.A. 2006. Biogeographical patterns in endoparasite communities of a marine fish (
Sebastes capensis Gmelin) with extended range in the Southern Hemisphere.
Journal of Biogeography 33(6): 1086–1095.
Google Scholar
118.
González
M.T.,
Vásquez
R.,
Acuña
E. 2008. Biogeographic Patterns of Metazoan Parasites of the Bigeye Flounder,
Hippoglossina macrops, in the Southeastern Pacific Coast.
Journal of Parasitology 94(2): 429–435.
Google Scholar
119.
González
M.T.,
Henríquez
V.,
López
Z. 2013. Variations in the fecundity and body size of digenean (Opecoelidae) species parasitizing fishes from Northern Chile.
Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 48(3): 421–429.
Google Scholar
120.
González
T.,
Acuña
E. 2000. Influence of Host Size and Sex on the Endohelminth Infracommunities of the Red Rockfish
Sebastes capensis off Northern Chile.
Journal of Parasitology 86(4): 854–857.
Google Scholar
121.
González-Acuña
D.,
Kinsella
J.M.,
Lara
J.,
Valenzuela-Dellarossa
G. 2008. Parásitos gastrointestinales en pinguino de Humbolt (
Spheniscus humboldti) y pinguino de Magallanes (
Spheniscus magellanicus) en las costas del centro y centro sur de Chile.
Parasitología Latinoamericana 63(1-4): 58–63.
Google Scholar
122.
González-Acuña
D.,
Cerda
F.,
López
J.,
Ortega
R.,
Mathieu
C.,
Kinsella
M. 2009. Checklist of the helminths of the kelp gull,
Larus dominicanus (Aves: Laridae), with new records from Chile.
Zootaxa 2297(1): 27–43.
Google Scholar
123.
González-Acuña
D.,
Moreno
L.,
Cicchino
A.,
Mironov
S.,
Kinsella
M. 2010. Checklist of the parasites of the black-necked swan,
Cygnus melanocoryphus (Aves: Anatidae), with new records from Chile.
Zootaxa 2637(1): 55–68.
Google Scholar
124.
González-Acuña
D.,
Lohse
E.,
Cicchino
A.,
Mironov
S.,
Figueroa
R.A.,
Ardiles
K.,
Kinsella
M. 2011a. Parasites of the American Kestrel (
Falco sparverius) in South-Central Chile.
The Journal of Raptor Research 45(2): 188–193.
Google Scholar
125.
González-Acuña
D.,
Silva
C.,
Soto
M.,
Mironov
S.,
Moreno
L.,
González-Gómez
P.L.,
Badrul
H.,
Kinsella
M. 2011b. Parasites of the Green-backed Firecrown (
Sephanoides sephaniodes) in Chile.
Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 82(4): 1333–1336.
Google Scholar
126.
González-Acuña
D.,
Llanos-Soto
S.,
Oyarzún-Ruiz
P.,
Kinsella
J.M.,
Barrientos
C.,
Thomas
R.,
Cicchino
A.,
Moreno
L. 2020a. Parasites of the Neotropic cormorant
Nannopterum (
Phalacrocorax)
brasilianus (Aves, Phalacrocoracidae) in Chile.
Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 29(3): e003920.
Google Scholar
127.
González-Acuña
D.,
Veloso-Frías
J.,
Missene
C.,
Oyarzún-Ruiz
P.,
Cicchino
A.,
Fuentes-Castillo
D.,
Kinsella
J.M.,
Mironov
S.,
Barrientos
C.,
Moreno
L. 2020b. External and gastrointestinal parasites of the Franklin's Gull,
Leucophaeus pipixcan (Charadriiformes: Laridae), in Talcahuano, central Chile.
Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 29(4): e016420.
Google Scholar
128.
Gorman
T.R.,
Alcaíno
H.A.,
Vidal
E.H.,
Berardi
L. 1979. Prevalencias y tendencias de la distomatosis, cisticercosis y triquinosis en la VII Región.
Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria Supp. 1: 123–128.
Google Scholar
129.
Gorman
T.R.,
Plaza
J.,
Cortés
J. 1980. Tendencia de algunas zoonosis parasitarias en porcinos y bovinos de la Zona Centro Sur de Chile.
Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 12(1): 30–43.
Google Scholar
130.
Gorman
T.,
Bravo
J.,
Lorca
M.,
Alcaíno
H.,
Ibarra
L. 1991. Diagnóstico de la Fasciolasis de equinos y porcinos mediante las pruebas de doble difusión, contrainmunoelectroforesis y hemoaglutinación indirecta.
Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 23(2): 123–130.
Google Scholar
131.
Gorman
T.,
Valdés
A.,
Fredes
F.,
Ferreira
A.,
Alcaíno
H. 1995. Reconocimiento antigénico de ovinos naturalmente infectados con
Fasciola hepatica, monitoreado a través de inmunoelectrotransferencia enzimática (Western Blotting).
Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 27(2): 33–40.
Google Scholar
132.
Grandón-Ojeda
A.,
Valdebenito
J.O.,
Moreno
L.,
Kinsella
J.M.,
Mironov
S.,
Cicchino
A.,
Barrientos
C.,
González-Acuña
D. 2018. Gastrointestinal and external parasitism in the Magellanic Horned Owl
Bubo magellanicus (Strigiformes: Strigidae) in Chile.
Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 27(2): 161–168.
Google Scholar
133.
Henríquez
V.,
González
M.T. 2014. Patterns of variation in parasite component communities and infracommunities of a littoral fish species from the northern coast of Chile.
Journal of Helminthology 88(1): 89–96.
Google Scholar
134.
Henriquez
V.P.,
Gonzalez
M.T.,
Licandeo
R.,
Carvajal
J. 2011. Metazoan parasite communities of rock cod
Eleginops maclovinus along southern Chilean coast and their use as biological tags at a local spatial scale.
Journal of Fish Biology 79(7): 1851–1865.
Google Scholar
135.
Hermosilla
C.,
Silva
L.M.R.,
Navarro
M.,
Taubert
A. 2016. Anthropozoonotic endoparasites in free-ranging “urban” South American sea lions (
Otaria flavescens).
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2016: 7507145.
Google Scholar
136.
Hidalgo
C.,
Stoore
C.,
Hernández
M.,
Paredes
R. 2020.
Fasciola hepatica coinfection modifies the morphological and immunological features of
Echinococcus granulosus cysts in cattle.
Veterinary Research 51(1): 76.
Google Scholar
137.
Hinojosa-Sáez
A.,
González-Acuña
D.,
George-Nascimento
M. 2009. Parásitos metazoos de
Anas georgica Gmelin, 1789 (Aves: Anseriformes) en Chile central: especificidad, prevalencia y variaciones entre localidades.
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 82(3): 337–345.
Google Scholar
138.
Hoberg
E.P.,
Agosta
S.J.,
Boeger
W.A.,
Brooks
D.R. 2015. An integrated parasitology: Revealing the elephant through tradition and invention.
Trends in Parasitology 31(4): 128–133.
Google Scholar
139.
Hurtado-Ormeño
C.,
George-Nascimento
M. 2016. Factors accounting for variations in the parasitism by metacercariae (Digenea, Microphallidae) in the amphipod
Apohyale hirtipalma (Gammaridea) in the Southeastern Pacific coast.
Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 51(1): 81–88.
Google Scholar
140.
Inzunza
Á.,
Torres
P.,
Franjola
R. 1989. Nuevos hospedadores para
Helicometrina nimia Linton, 1910 (Digenea: Opecoelidae) en la costa centro sur de Chile.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 44: 41–43.
Google Scholar
142.
Jiménez
M.,
Stoore
C.,
Hidalgo
C.,
Corrêa
F.,
Hernández
M.,
Benavides
J.,
Ferreras
M.C.,
Sáenz
L.,
Paredes
R. 2020. Lymphocyte populations in the adventitial layer of hydatid cysts in cattle: relationship with cyst fertility status and
Fasciola hepatica co-infection.
Veterinary Pathology 57(1): 108–114.
Google Scholar
143.
Jones
A.,
Bray
R.A.,
Gibson
D.I. 2005. Keys to the Trematoda, Volume 2.
CABI Publishing and The Natural History Museum,
London, 768 pp.
Google Scholar
144.
Kanev
I.,
Vassilev
I.,
Dimitrov
V.,
Radev
V. 1994. Life-cycle, delimitation and redescription of
Catatropis verrucosa (Frölich, 1789) Odhner, 1905 (Trematoda: Notocotylidae).
Systematic Parasitology 29(2): 133–148.
Google Scholar
145.
Karvonen
A.,
Faltýnková
A.,
Choo
J.M.,
Valtonen
E.T. 2017. Infection, specificity and host manipulation of
Australapatemon sp. (Trematoda, Strigeidae) in two sympatric species of leeches (Hirudinea).
Parasitology 144(10): 1346–1355.
Google Scholar
146.
Kostadinova
A.,
Gibson
D. 2000. The systematics of the echinostomes [pp. 31–58].
In:
Fried
B.,
Graczyk
T.K. Echinostomes as experimental models for biological research.
Springer Science+Business Media,
B. V., USA, 273 pp.
Google Scholar
147.
Kostadinova
A.,
Pérez-del-Olmo
A. 2014. The systematics of the Trematoda [pp. 21–44].
In:
Toledo
R.,
Fried
B. Digenetic Trematodes.
Springer Science+Business Media,
New York, 474 pp.
Google Scholar
148.
Krell
F.T. 2016. Taxonomy: Preserve specimens for reproducibility.
Nature 539(7628): 168–168.
Google Scholar
149.
Lam
S. 1982. Distomatosis hepática masiva.
Revista Chilena de Pediatría 53: 39–41.
Google Scholar
150.
Landaeta-Aqueveque
C.,
Notarnicola
J.,
Correa
J.P.,
Yáñez-Meza
A.,
Henríquez
A.,
Cattan
P.E.,
Botto-Mahan
C.,
Torres-Pérez
F. 2014. First record of
Litomosoides pardinasi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in native and exotic rodents from Chile.
Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85(4): 1032–1037.
Google Scholar
151.
Landaeta-Aqueveque
C.,
Robles
M.D.R.,
Henríquez
A.,
Yáñez-Meza
A.,
Correa
J.P.,
González-Acuña
D.,
Cattan
P.E. 2018. Phylogenetic and ecological factors affecting the sharing of helminths between native and introduced rodents in Central Chile.
Parasitology 145(12): 1570–1576.
Google Scholar
152.
Lasiak
T. 1991. Bucephalid trematode infections in mytilid bivalves from the rocky intertidal of Southern Chile.
Journal of Molluscan Studies 58(1): 29–36.
Google Scholar
153.
Leiva
N.,
George-Nascimento
M.,
Muñoz
G. 2015. Carga parasitaria en crustáceos decápodos de la costa central de Chile: ¿existe alguna asociación con la abundancia de los hospedadores definitivos?
Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 43(4): 726–738.
Google Scholar
154.
Leiva
N.V.,
López
Z.,
González
M.T.,
Muñoz
G. 2017. Determining Intermediate Hosts for Opecoelidae and Microphallidae Species (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) in the Southeastern Pacific Coast, Using Molecular Markers.
Journal of Parasitology 103(1): 132–137.
Google Scholar
155.
Leiva
N. V,
Muñoz
G.,
González
M.T. 2020. Geographic and ontogenetic variations in parasite communities of intertidal fish species from the south-eastern Pacific coast.
Journal of Helminthology 94: e124.
Google Scholar
156.
Leyan
V.,
Franjola
R.,
Oberg
C. 1979. Hallazgo de trematodos del género
Echinochasmus en un perro doméstico (
Canis familiaris) en Valdivia, Chile.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 34: 44–46.
Google Scholar
157.
Llanos-Soto
S.,
Córdoba
M.,
Moreno
L.,
Kinsella
J.M.,
Mironov
S.,
Cicchino
A.,
Barrientos
C.,
Martín-Ordenes
J.S.,
González-Acuña
D. 2019. External and intestinal parasites of the Austral thrush
Turdus falcklandii (Aves, Turdidae) in central Chile.
Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 28(3): 432–442.
Google Scholar
158.
Loot
G.,
Aldana
M.,
Navarrete
S.A. 2005. Effects of human exclusion on parasitism in intertidal food webs of central Chile.
Conservation Biology 19(1): 203–212.
Google Scholar
159.
Loot
G.,
Blanchet
S.,
Aldana
M.,
Navarrete
S.A. 2008. Evidence of Plasticity in the Reproduction of a Trematode Parasite: The Effect of Host Removal.
Journal of Parasitology 94(1): 23–27.
Google Scholar
160.
López
Z.,
Cárdenas
L.,
González
M.T. 2014. Metazoan Symbionts of the Yellow Clam,
Mesodesma donacium (Bivalvia), in Southern Chile: Geographical Variations.
Journal of Parasitology 100(6): 797–804.
Google Scholar
161.
Lotz
J.M.,
Font
W.F. 2008. Family Phaneropsolidae Mehra, 1935 [pp. 545–562].
In:
Bray
R.,
Gibson
D.,
Jones
A. Keys to the Trematoda, Volume 3.
CABI Publishing and The Natural History Museum,
London, 848 pp.
Google Scholar
162.
Luengo
J.,
Arata
N.,
Luengo
M.,
Araya
N. 1984. Estudio anatomopatológico de hígado de equinos con fascioliasis.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 39: 43–46.
Google Scholar
163.
Luque
J.,
Oliva
M. 1993. Trematodes of marine fishes from the Peruvian Faunistic Province (Peru and Chile), with description of
Lecithochirium callaoensis n. sp. and new records.
Revista de Biología Marina 28(2): 271–286.
Google Scholar
164.
Mackenzie
K.,
Longshaw
M. 1995. Parasites of the hakes
Merluccius australis and
M. hubbsi in the waters around the Falkland Islands, southern Chile, and Argentina, with an assessment of their potential value as biological tags.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52(Suppl. 1): 213–224.
Google Scholar
165.
MacKenzie
K.,
Brickle
P.,
Hemmingsen
W.,
George-Nascimento
M. 2013. Parasites of hoki,
Macruronus magellanicus, in the Southwest Atlantic and Southeast Pacific Oceans, with an assessment of their potential value as biological tags.
Fisheries Research 145: 1–5.
Google Scholar
166.
Manfredi
M.T.,
Oneto
M. 1997.
Phagicola longa (Heterophyidae) in dogs from Chile: morphological findings and taxonomical problems.
Parassitologia 39(1): 9–11.
Google Scholar
167.
Martínez
D.,
González
G. 2017. Aves De Chile: Guía de Campo y breve Historia Natural.
Ediciones del Naturalista,
Santiago, 540 pp.
Google Scholar
168.
Millán
M.,
Wagenknecht
R.,
Cárdenas
A.,
Carrasco
C. 2008. Parásitos de
Fasciola hepatica intracoledociano.
Revista Chilena de Cirugía 60(4): 332–335.
Google Scholar
169.
MMA 2018a. Biodiversidad de Chile: Patrimonio y desafíos, Tomo I. Tercera edición.
In:
Figueroa
A.,
Rovira
J.,
Flores
S.,
Tala
C.,
Avilés
R.,
Orellana
J.C.,
Ferreyra
J.,
Díaz
P.,
Cohen
R.
Ministerio de Medio Ambiente,
Santiago de Chile, 393 pp.
Google Scholar
170.
MMA 2018b. Biodiversidad de Chile: Patrimonio y desafíos, Tomo II. Tercera edición.
In:
Figueroa
A.,
Rovira
J.,
Flores
S.,
Tala
C.,
Avilés
R.,
Orellana
J.C.,
Ferreyra
J.,
Díaz
P.,
Cohen
R.
Ministerio de Medio Ambiente,
Santiago de Chile, 264 pp.
Google Scholar
171.
Montenegro
D.,
Jones
B.,
González
M.T. 2012. Report of pathogens and parasites in
Perumytilus purpuratus from San Jorge Bay, Antofagasta, Chile.
Revista de Biologia Marina Y Oceanografia 47(2): 345–350.
Google Scholar
172.
Montenegro
D.,
Romero
M.S.,
González
M.T. 2020. Morphological and molecular characterization of larval digenean trematodes (
Parvatrema: Gymnophallidae) and their pathological effects on the clam
Leukoma thaca (=
Protothaca thaca) (Bivalvia: Veneridae) (Molina, 1782) from northern Chile.
Parasitology International 80: 102238.
Google Scholar
173.
Morales
M.A.,
Luengo
J.,
Vasquez
J. 2000. Distribución y tendencia de la fasciolosis en ganado de abasto en Chile, 1989-1995.
Parasitología al Día 24(3-4): 115–118.
Google Scholar
174.
Morley
N.J.,
Lewis
J.W. 2014. Temperature stress and parasitism of endothermic hosts under climate change.
Trends in Parasitology 30: 221–227.
Google Scholar
175.
Muñoz
G. 2005. Metacercarias de la familia Microphallidae (Trematoda: Digenea) en el anfípodo
Hyale grandicornis en la costa de Maule, Chile Central.
Parasitología Latinoamericana 60(3-4): 165–169.
Google Scholar
176.
Muñoz
G. 2014. Parasites communities in the clingfish
Gobiesox marmoratus from central Chile.
Acta Parasitologica 59(1): 108–114.
Google Scholar
177.
Muñoz
G. 2019. Parasite community of the tadpole codling
Salilota australis (Günther, 1878) (Gadiformes: Moridae) from the southern Chile and its comparison with its closest relatives.
Neotropical Helminthology 13(2): 181–191.
Google Scholar
178.
Muñoz
G. 2020. Comunidades de parásitos de
Patagonotothen cornucola (Pisces: Nototheniidae) de pozas rocosas intermareales del estrecho de Magallanes.
Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia 48(1): 37–45.
Google Scholar
179.
Muñoz
G.,
Bott
N.J. 2011. A new species of
Prosorhynchoides (Trematoda, Bucephalidae) from the intertidal rocky zone of central Chile.
Acta Parasitologica 56(2): 140–146.
Google Scholar
180.
Muñoz
G.,
Castro
R. 2012. Comunidades de parásitos eumetazoos de peces labrisómidos de Chile central.
Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 47(3): 565–571.
Google Scholar
181.
Muñoz
G.,
Delorme
N. 2011. Variaciones temporales de las comunidades de parásitos en peces intermareales de Chile central: hospedadores residentes vs temporales.
Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 46(3): 313–327.
Google Scholar
182.
Muñoz
G.,
Olmos
V. 2008. Revisión bibliográfica de especies endoparásitas y hospedadoras de sistemas acuáticos de Chile.
Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia 43(2): 173–245.
Google Scholar
183.
Muñoz
G.,
Randhawa
H.S. 2011. Monthly variation in the parasite communities of the intertidal fish
Scartichthys viridis (Blenniidae) from central Chile: Are there seasonal patterns?
Parasitology Research 109(1): 53–62.
Google Scholar
184.
Muñoz
G.,
Zamora
L. 2011. Ontogenetic Variation in Parasite infracommunities of the Clingfish
Sicyases sanguineus (Pisces: Gobiesocidae).
Journal of Parasitology 97(1): 14–19.
Google Scholar
185.
Muñoz
G.,
Garcías
F.,
Valdebenito
V.,
George-Nascimento
M. 2001. Parasitofauna y alimentación de
Notothenia c.f.
angustata Hutton, 1875 (Pisces: Nototheniidae) en el intermareal de dos localidades del Golfo de Arauco, Chile.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 56(1-2): 29–33.
Google Scholar
186.
Muñoz
G.,
Valdebenito
V.,
George-Nascimento
M. 2002. La dieta y la fauna de parásitos metazoos del torito
Bovichthys chilensis Regan 1914 (Pisces: Bovichthydae) en la costa de Chile centro-sur: Variaciones geográficas y ontogenéticas.
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 75(4): 661–671.
Google Scholar
187.
Muñoz
G.,
López
Z.,
Cárdenas
L. 2013a. Morphological and molecular analyses of larval trematodes in the intertidal bivalve
Perumytilus purpuratus from central Chile.
Journal of Helminthology 87(3): 356–363.
Google Scholar
188.
Muñoz
G.,
Torres
P.,
Valdés
J.,
Rodríguez
A. 2013b. Spatiotemporal variation in the prevalence of trematodes in the bivalve
Perumytilus purpuratus.
Acta Parasitologica 58(2): 155–166.
Google Scholar
189.
Muñoz
G.,
Valdivia
I.,
López
Z. 2015. The life cycle of
Prosorhynchoides carvajali (Trematoda: Bucephalidae) involving species of bivalve and fish hosts in the intertidal zone of central Chile.
Journal of Helminthology 89(5): 584–592.
Google Scholar
190.
Muñoz
G.,
George-Nascimento
M.,
Bray
R.A. 2017. Two new species of digeneans (Lecithasteridae and Haploporidae) of the intertidal blenny
Scartichthys viridis (Valenciennes) from the central coast of Chile.
Acta Parasitologica 62(1): 50–62.
Google Scholar
191.
Muñoz
G.,
Vildoso
F.,
George-Nascimento
M. 2018. Parasite community of a temporal notothen fish from intertidal rocky pools in south-central Chile: Is it similar to other fish from the same habitat?
Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 53(2): 209–221.
Google Scholar
192.
Muñoz
L.,
Rubilar
L.,
Zamora
D.,
Sepúlveda
O.,
Rehhof
C.,
Ortiz
R. 2008. Fasciolosis en equinos fina sangre de carrera del Club Hípico Concepción, Chile.
Parasitología Latinoamericana 63(1-2-3-4): 88–91.
Google Scholar
193.
Muñoz
L.,
Sepúlveda-Calderón
P.,
Villaguala-Pacheco
C.,
Aqueveque
C.L. 2020. Copro-prevalence of
Fasciola hepatica in Chilean breed horses in the province of Concepción, Chile.
Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 29(2): e019019.
Google Scholar
194.
Muñoz
P.,
Fredes
F.,
Raffo
E.,
González-Acuña
D.,
Muñoz
L.,
Cid
C. 2011. New report of parasite-fauna of the free-tailed bat (
Tadarida brasiliensis, Geoffroy, 1824) in Chile.
Veterinary Research Communications 35: 61–66.
Google Scholar
195.
Muñoz-Muga
P.,
Muñoz
G. 2010. Parasite communities of
Scartichthys viridis (Pisces: Blenniidae) from Central Chile: locality vs. host length.
Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 45(1): 165–169.
Google Scholar
196.
Niklitschek
E.J.,
Secor
D.H.,
Toledo
P.,
Lafon
A.,
George-Nascimento
M. 2010. Segregation of SE Pacific and SW Atlantic southern blue whiting stocks: Integrating evidence from complementary otolith microchemistry and parasite assemblage approaches.
Environmental Biology of Fishes 89(3): 399–413.
Google Scholar
197.
Ñacari
L.A.,
Oliva
M.E. 2016. Metazoan parasites of deep-sea fishes from the South Eastern Pacific: Exploring the role of ecology and host phylogeny.
Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 115: 123–130.
Google Scholar
198.
Ñacari
L.A.,
Sepulveda
F.A.,
Escribano
R.,
Bray
R.A.,
Oliva
M.E. 2018. Morphological and molecular characterisation of digenean parasites of the Galápagos sheephead
Semicossyphus darwini (Jenyns) with the re-description of
Labrifer secundus Manter, 1940 (Lepidapedidae) from the Humboldt Current Large Marine Eco.
Systematic Parasitology 95(4): 391–401.
Google Scholar
199.
Oberg
C.,
Díaz
L.,
Valenzuela
G. 1974. Parásitos identificados en bovinos, ovinos, suinos y equinos en el laboratorio de enfermedades parasitarias de la escuela de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Austral de Chile, 1963-1973.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 29(3-4): 99–102.
Google Scholar
200.
Oberg
C.,
Franjola
R.,
Leyán
V. 1979. Helmintos del perro doméstico (
Canis familiaris) en la ciudad de Valdivia, Chile.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 34: 21–26.
Google Scholar
201.
Oliva
M.E. 1982. Parásitos en peces marinos de la zona de Antofagasta.
Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar 6: 45–51.
Google Scholar
202.
Oliva
M. 1984a. Nuevos registros de trematodos digeneos en peces marinos de Antofagasta.
Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar 8: 9–15.
Google Scholar
203.
Oliva
M. 1984b.
Proctoeces chilensis nueva especie (Trematoda, Strigeatoidea, Fellodistomidae), parasito en
Sicyases sanguineus Muller & Troschel, 1843 (Pisces: Teleostei).
Boletín de la Sociedad de Biología de Concepción 55: 87–92.
Google Scholar
204.
Oliva
M.,
Carvajal
J. 1984.
Lobatostoma anisotremum new species, (Trematoda: Aspidogastrea), parasitic in the teleost fish
Anisotremus scapularis from Chile.
Bulletin of Marine Science 35(2): 195–199.
Google Scholar
205.
Oliva
M.,
Diaz
M. 1988. Aspectos cuantitativos de la infección por
Proctoeces humboldti (Trematoda: Fellodistomidae) en la lapa
Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Archaeogastropoda).
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 61(1): 27–33.
Google Scholar
206.
Oliva
M.,
Guerra
C. 1987. Infección por
Lecithochirium sp. (Trematoda: Hemiuridae) en
Gymnothorax porphyrea (Pisces: Teleostei) del Archipiélago de Juan Fernández.
Estudios Oceanológicos 6: 103–107.
Google Scholar
207.
Oliva
M.,
Muñoz
M.A. 1985.
Helicometra fasciata (Rudolphi, 1819) y
Helicometrina nimia Linton, 1910 (Trematoda: Opecoelidae) en peces marinos de la II Región, Chile.
Parasitología al Día 9: 107–111.
Google Scholar
208.
Oliva
M.,
Zegers
J. 1988. Variaciones intraespecíficas del adulto de
Proctoeces lintoni Siddiqi & Cable, 1960 (Trematoda: Fellodistomidae) en hospedadores vertebrados e invertebrados.
Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 23(3): 189–195.
Google Scholar
209.
Oliva
M.E. 1993. Effect of an adult trematode,
Proctoeces lintoni (Fellodistomidae), on the gonadosomatic index of
Fissurella limbata (Archaeogastropoda).
Acta Parasitologica 38(4): 155–156.
Google Scholar
210.
Oliva
M.E. 1999. Metazoan parasites of the jack mackerel
Trachurus murphyi (Teleostei, Carangidae) in a latitudinal gradient from South America (Chile and Peru).
Parasite 6(3): 223–230.
Google Scholar
211.
Oliva
M.E. 2001. Metazoan parasites of
Macruronus magellanicus from southern Chile as biological tags.
Journal of Fish Biology 58(6): 1617–1622.
Google Scholar
212.
Oliva
M.E. 1994. Parasites of the chilean jack mackerel
Trachurus symmetricus murphyi (Pisces: Carangidae).
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 89(3): 363–364.
Google Scholar
213.
Oliva
M.E.,
Alvarez
C. 2011. Is a vertebrate a better host for a parasite than an invertebrate host? Fecundity of
Proctoeces cf
lintoni (Digenea: Fellodistomidae), a parasite of fish and gastropods in northern Chile.
Parasitology Research 109(6): 1731–1734.
Google Scholar
214.
Oliva
M.E.,
Ballón
I. 2002. Metazoan parasites of the Chilean hake
Merluccius gayi gayi as a tool for stock discrimination.
Fisheries Research 56(3): 313–320.
Google Scholar
215.
Oliva
M.E.,
Diaz
M.A. 1992. An ecological approach to the study of infection of
Proctoeces lintoni (Digenea, Fellodistomidae) in the keyhole limpet,
Fissurella limbata Sowerby, 1835 (Archaeogastropoda) from northern Chile.
Acta Parasitologica 37(3): 115–118.
Google Scholar
216.
Oliva
M.E.,
González
M.T. 2004. Metazoan parasites of
Sebastes capensis from two localities in northern Chile as tools for stock identification.
Journal of Fish Biology 64(1): 170–175.
Google Scholar
217.
Oliva
M.E.,
Huaquin
L.G. 2000. Progenesis in
Proctoeces lintoni (Fellodistomidae), a parasite of
Fissurella crassa (Archaeogastropoda) in a latitudinal gradient in the Pacific coast of South America.
The Journal of Parasitology 86(4): 768–772.
Google Scholar
218.
Oliva
M.E.,
Luque
J.L. 1989. The genus
Lobatostoma (Trematoda: Aspidocotylea) in the pacific coast of South America, with description of
Lobatostoma veranoi new species, parasite of
Menticirrhus ophycephalus (Teleostei: Sciaenidae).
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 84(2): 167–170.
Google Scholar
219.
Oliva
M.E.,
Sánchez
M.F. 2005. Metazoan parasites and commensals of the northern Chilean scallop
Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819) as tools for stock identification.
Fisheries Research 71(1): 71–77.
Google Scholar
220.
Oliva
M.E.,
Vásquez
A.M. 1999. Effects of the Digenea
Proctoeces lintoni (Fellodistomidae) in the proportion of hemolymphatic cells in
Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Archaeogastropoda).
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 94(6): 827–828.
Google Scholar
221.
Oliva
M.E.,
Vega
A.A. 1994. Effect of
Proctoeces lintoni (Digenea) on the fecundity of
Fissurella crassa (Archaeogastropoda).
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 89(2): 225.
Google Scholar
222.
Oliva
M.E.,
Castro
R.E.,
Burgos
R. 1996. Parasites of the Flatfish
Paralichthys adspersus (Steindachner, 1867) (Pleuronectiformes) from Northern Chile.
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 91(3): 301–306.
Google Scholar
223.
Oliva
M.E.,
Olivares
A.N.,
Diaz
C.D.,
Pasten
M. V. 1999. Parasitic castration in
Concholepas concholepas (Gastropoda: Muricidae) due to a larval digenean in northern Chile.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 36(1): 61–65.
Google Scholar
224.
Oliva
M.E.,
González
M.T.,
Acuña
E. 2006. Metazoan parasite fauna as a biological tag for the habitat of the Flounder
Hippoglossina macrops from Northern Chile, in a depth gradient.
Journal of Parasitology 90(6): 1374–1377.
Google Scholar
225.
Oliva
M.E.,
Fernández
I.,
Oyarzún
C.,
Murillo
C. 2008. Metazoan parasites of the stomach of
Dissostichus eleginoides Smitt 1898 (Pisces: Notothenidae) from southern Chile: A tool for stock discrimination?
Fisheries Research 91(2-3): 119–122.
Google Scholar
226.
Oliva
M.E.,
Valdivia
I.M.,
Cárdenas
L.,
George-Nascimento
M.,
Gonzalez
K.,
Guiñez
R.E.,
Cuello
D. 2010. Molecular and experimental evidence refuse the life cycle of
Proctoeces lintoni (Fellodistomidae) in Chile.
Parasitology Research 106(3): 737–740.
Google Scholar
227.
Oliva
M.E.,
Valdivia
I.M.,
Chavez
R.A.,
Molina
H.,
Cárdenas
L. 2015. Molecular and Morphological Evidence Demonstrating Two Species of
Helicometrina Linton 1910 (Digenea: Opecoelidae) in Northern Chile.
Journal of Parasitology 101(6): 694–700.
Google Scholar
228.
Oliva
M.E.,
Espinola
J.F.,
Ñacari
L.A. 2016. Metazoan parasites of
Brama australis from southern Chile: A tool for stock discrimination?
Journal of Fish Biology 88(3): 1143–1148.
Google Scholar
229.
Oliva
M.E.,
Valdivia
I.M.,
Cárdenas
L.,
Muñoz
G.,
Escribano
R.,
George-Nascimento
M. 2018. A new species of
Proctoeces and reinstatement of
Proctoeces humboldti George-Nascimento and Quiroga 1983 (Digenea: Fellodistomidae) based on molecular and morphological evidence.
Parasitology International 67(2): 159–169.
Google Scholar
230.
Oliva-Moreno
M.,
Guerra-Correa
C. 1988.
Lecithochirium selkiriensis n. sp. (Trematoda: Hemiuridae), parásito de
Gymnothorax porphyreus (Pisces: Teleostei).
Revista Ibérica de Parasitología 48: 373–378.
Google Scholar
231.
Olmos
V.,
George-Nascimento
M. 1997. El gremio de larvas de Digenea en el caracol del sur de Chile
Chilina dombeyana: ¿qué indica la tasa metabólica de los hospedadores parasitados?
Revista Chilena De Historia Natural 70(2): 109–118.
Google Scholar
232.
Olmos
V.L.,
Victoriano
P.,
Habit
E.,
Valdovinos
C. 2003. Parásitos de peces nativos de la cuenca del Río Laja (Chile Central) y alcances sobre sus ciclos de vida.
Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 35(2): 195–203.
Google Scholar
233.
Olmos
V.,
Muñoz
G. 2006. Estado de conocimiento de los parásitos Eumetazoos de organismos Dulceacuícolas de Chile.
Gayana 70(1): 122–139.
Google Scholar
234.
Osorio
C.,
Castillo
M. 1984. Almejas comestibles (
Venus antiqua) infectadas por tremátodos.
Parasitología al Día 8: 117–118.
Google Scholar
235.
Osorio
C.,
Díaz
H.,
Ríos
M. 1986. Prevalencia de
Proctoeces humboldti George-Nascimento & Quiroga 1983 (Digenea, Fellodistomidae) en la población de
Fissurella maxima Sowerby 1835 (Mollusca, Gastropoda) de Los Vilos, Chile.
Revista de Biología Marina 22(2): 157–168.
Google Scholar
236.
Ostrowski de Núñez
M.,
Flores
V.,
Viozzi
G.,
Kreiter
A. 2004.
Stephanoprora uruguayense Holcman-Spector et Olagüe, 1989 (Digenea, Echinostomatidae) from Argentina, and comments on species of
Stephanoprora from birds of the Neotropical Region.
Acta Parasitologica 49(4): 292–299.
Google Scholar
237.
Ostrowski de Núñez
M. 2007. Life cycle of
Stephanoprora uruguayense (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in Argentina.
Journal of Parasitology 93(5): 1090–1096.
Google Scholar
238.
Oyarzún-Ruiz
P.,
González-Acuña
D. 2021. Checklist and state of knowledge of helminths in wild birds from Chile: an update.
Austral Journal of Veterinary Sciences 53(1): 63–72.
Google Scholar
239.
Oyarzún-Ruiz
P.,
Muñoz-Alvarado
P.,
Raffo
E. 2016. Helminths of
Milvago chimango temucoensis (Aves: Falconiformes) from Los Ríos Region, Chile: New Records for Neotropical Raptors.
Helminthologia 53(4): 336–353.
Google Scholar
240.
Oyarzún-Ruiz
P.,
Barrientos
V.,
Rodríguez
R.,
Almonacid
A.,
Barrientos
O.,
Painean
J.,
Ortiz
C.,
Ratto
M. 2017. Identificación y cuantificación de parásitos en Llamas (
Lama glama) de Valdivia, Chile.
Parasitologia Latinoamericana 66(3): 364.
Google Scholar
241.
Oyarzún-Ruiz
P.,
Muñoz
P.,
Paredes
E.,
Valenzuela
G.,
Ruiz
J. 2019a. Gastrointestinal helminths and related histopathological lesions in black-necked swans
Cygnus melancoryphus from the Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary, Southern Chile.
Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 28(4): 613–624.
Google Scholar
242.
Oyarzún-Ruiz
P.,
Alvelo
C.,
Vera
F.,
Moroni
M. 2019b. Histopathological findings of
Fasciola hepatica infection in non-native European hare (
Lepus europaeus) in Southern Chile.
Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 28(1): 145–150.
Google Scholar
243.
Oyarzún-Ruiz
P.,
Di Cataldo
S.,
Cevidanes
A.,
Millán
J.,
González-Acuña
D. 2020. Endoparasitic fauna of two South American foxes in Chile:
Lycalopex culpaeus and
Lycalopex griseus.
Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 29(3): e006220.
Google Scholar
244.
Pardo-Gandarillas
M.C.,
Garcías
F.,
George-Nascimento
M. 2004. La dieta y fauna de endoparásitos del pejesapo
Gobiesox marmoratus Jenyns, 1842 (Pisces: Gobiesocidae) en el litoral central de Chile están conectadas pero no correlacionadas.
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 77(4): 627–637.
Google Scholar
245.
Pardo-Gandarillas
M.C.,
González
K.,
Ibáñez
C.M.,
George-Nascimento
M. 2008. Parasites of two deep-sea fish
Coelorynchus chilensis (Pisces: Macrouridae) and
Notacanthus sexspinis (Pisces: Notacanthidae) from Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile.
Marine Biodiversity Records 1: e76.
Google Scholar
246.
Paré
J.A.,
Black
S.R. 1999. Schistosomiasis in a Collection of Captive Chilean Flamingos (
Phoenicopterus chilensis).
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 13(3): 187–191.
Google Scholar
247.
Pequeño
G.,
Valdebenito
V.,
Muñoz
G. 2011.
Pseudopentaceros richardsoni (Osteichthyes: Pentacerotidae) en el Océano Pacífico suroriental: Morfometría, parásitos y comentarios sobre la familia en el área.
Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 46(2): 275–280.
Google Scholar
248.
Pinto
H.A.,
Brant
S. V.,
de Melo
A.L. 2014.
Physa marmorata (Mollusca: Physidae) as a natural intermediate host of
Trichobilharzia (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae), a potential causative agent of avian cercarial dermatitis in Brazil.
Acta Tropica 138: 38–43.
Google Scholar
249.
PNUD. 2017. Catálogo de las especies exóticas asilvestradas/naturalizadas en Chile.
Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB) Universidad de Concepción, Proyecto GEF/MMA/PNUD Fortalecimiento de los Marcos Nacionales para la Gobernabilidad de las Especies Exóticas Invasoras: Proyecto Piloto en el Archipiélago de Juan Fernández,
Santiago de Chile, 61 pp.
Google Scholar
250.
Povilitis
A. 1998. Characteristics and conservation of a fragmented population of huemul
Hippocamelus bisulcus in central Chile.
Biological Conservation 86(1): 97–104.
Google Scholar
251.
Puente
S. 1963. Distomatosis coledociana. Primer caso observado en Arica.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 18: 107–108.
Google Scholar
252.
Puga
S. 1979.
Gorgoderina valdiviensis sp. nov., un nuevo tremátodo digénico (Gorgoderidae) parasito de la rana chilena (
Caudiverbera caudiverbera).
Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 14(4): 227–232.
Google Scholar
253.
Puga
S. 1982. Two platyhelminths from
Caudiverbera caudiverbera (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in southern Chile.
Herpetological Review 13(1): 13–14.
Google Scholar
254.
Puga
S. 1986.
Rudolphitrema chilensis sp. nov. un nuevo tremátodo digénico parásito del anuro chileno
Eusophus roseus (Leptodactylidae).
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 41(1-2): 13–16.
Google Scholar
255.
Puga
S.,
Figueroa
L. 1989.
Pirupalkia queulensis n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Callodistomidae) en el pez
Cilus montti (Pomadasyidae).
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 44: 43–45.
Google Scholar
256.
Puga
S.,
Figueroa
L. 1993.
Lepocreadium valdiviensis nov. sp. (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) parásito de
Paralichthys microps “lenguado de ojos chicos” en el sur de Chile.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 48: 55–57.
Google Scholar
257.
Puga
S.,
Torres
P. 1999. Helminths parasites of
Eupsophus roseus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Southern Chile.
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 94(6): 725–726.
Google Scholar
258.
Rebolledo
M.,
Landaeta
M.F.,
Muñoz
G. 2014. Efecto del endoparásito
Prosorhynchoides sp. (Trematoda: Bucephalidae) en la capacidad de nado sostenido del baunco
Girella laevifrons (Osteichthyes: Kyphosidae).
Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 49(3): 625–630.
Google Scholar
259.
Reyes
P.,
Hüne
M. 2012. Peces del Sur de Chile.
Ocho Libros Editores,
Santiago de Chile, 500 pp.
Google Scholar
260.
Riffo
R. 1991. La fauna de parásitos metazoos del lenguado de ojo grande
Hippoglossina macrops Steindachner, 1876 (Pisces: Bothidae): una aproximación ecológica.
Medio Ambiente 11(2): 54–60.
Google Scholar
261.
Riffo
R. 1994. Composición taxonómica y características cuantitativas de la fauna de parásitos metazoos del congrio dorado
Genypterus blacodes Schneider 1801.
Medio Ambiente 12(1): 27–31.
Google Scholar
262.
Riffo
R. 1995. Análisis comparativo de la fauna de parásitos metazoos de dos especies de lenguados congenéricos y sintópicos:
Paralichthys microps Gunther 1881 y
Paralichthys adspersus Steindachner 1867 (Pleuronectiformes: Bothidae) en la Bahía Concepción.
Medio Ambiente 12(2): 51–59.
Google Scholar
263.
Riffo
R.,
Nuñez
M. 2000. La fauna de parásitos metazoos del rollizo
Mugiloides chilensis (Pisces: Mugiloididae): la importancia de las relaciones ecológicas del hospedador.
Medio ambiente (Valdivia) 13(2): 89–96.
Google Scholar
264.
Roberts
L.S.,
Janovy Jr.
J.,
Nadler
S. 2013. Foundations of Parasitology. 9th ed.
McGraw-Hill Company,
New York, 697 pp.
Google Scholar
265.
Rodríguez
L.,
George-Nascimento
M. 1996. La fauna de parásitos metazoos del bacalao de profundidad
Dissostichus eleginoides Smitt, 1898 (Pisces: Nototheniidae) en Chile central: aspectos taxonómicos, ecológicos y zoogeográficos.
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 69(1): 21–33.
Google Scholar
266.
Rojas
A.,
Villarroel
F.,
Díaz
F.,
Rubio
P.,
Schenone
H. 1971. Investigación de triquinosis y capilariasis hepática en
Rattus norvegicus del Matadero Municipal de Santiago (Chile).
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 26(1-2): 65–66.
Google Scholar
267.
Rojas
J.R.,
Torres
P.,
Pequeño
G. 1999. Acanthocolpid metacercariae in the sea bass from Alejandro Selkirk Island, Chile.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35(1): 90–93.
Google Scholar
268.
Romero
J.,
Villaguala
C.,
Quiroz
F.,
Landaeta-Aqueveque
C.,
Alfaro
G.,
Pérez
R. 2019. Flukicide efficacy against
Fasciola hepatica of Triclabendazole and Nitroxynil in cattle of the central valley of Chile.
Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 28(1): 164–167.
Google Scholar
269.
Salinas
X.,
González
M.T.,
Acuña
E. 2008. Metazoan parasites of the thumb grenadier
Nezumia pulchella, from the southeastern Pacific, off Chile, and their use for discrimination of host populations.
Journal of Fish Biology 73(3): 683–691.
Google Scholar
270.
Sanhueza
C.,
Álvarez
M. 1981. Zoonosis comprobadas en animales beneficiados en los mataderos del país durante 1979.
Boletín de Vigilancia Epidemiológica 7: 2–4.
Google Scholar
271.
Sapunar
J.,
Donckaster
R. 1966. Peritoneoscopías en fascioliasis hepática humana.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 21: 21.
Google Scholar
272.
Sapunar
J.,
Donckaster
R. 1967. Fascioliasis hepática humana. Laparoscopía en períodos de invasión y estado.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 22: 90–96.
Google Scholar
273.
Sapunar
J.,
Gallo
G.,
Csendes
A.,
Sapunar
J. 1983. Fascioliasis hepática diagnosticada por colangiografía endoscópica.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 38: 17–20.
Google Scholar
274.
Sapunar
J.,
Braghetto
I.,
Díaz
J.C.,
Brahm
J.,
Apt
W.,
Carreño
L.,
Poniachick
J. 2001. Fascioliasis hepática que simularon tumores hepáticos.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 56(3-4): 59–65.
Google Scholar
275.
Schell
S.C. 1985. Handbook of Trematodes of North America, North of Mexico.
University Press of Idaho,
Idaho, 263 pp.
Google Scholar
276.
Schenone
H.,
Rojas
A. 1988. Epidemiología de la fascioliasis animal en Chile. Tendencia de las tasas de infección, por regiones, en cinco especies de mamíferos de consumo beneficiados en mataderos del país 1977-1986.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 43: 68–70.
Google Scholar
277.
Seguel
M.,
Muñoz
F.,
Paredes
E.,
Navarrete
M.J.,
Gottdenker
N.L. 2017. Pathological Findings in Wild Rats (
Rattus rattus) Captured at Guafo Island, Northern Chilean Patagonia.
Journal of Comparative Pathology 157(2-3): 163–173.
Google Scholar
278.
Sepúlveda
F.,
Marín
S.L.,
Carvajal
J. 2004. Metazoan parasites in wild fish and farmed salmon from aquaculture sites in southern Chile.
Aquaculture 235(1-4): 89–100.
Google Scholar
279.
Sepúlveda
M.S.,
Alcaíno
H. 1993. Fauna helmintológica en el lobo fino de Juan Fernández,
Arctocephalus philippii (Peters, 1866).
Parasitología al Día 17: 19–24.
Google Scholar
280.
Shimazu
T.,
Urawa
S.,
Coria
C.O. 2000. Four species of digeneans, including
Allocreadium patagonicum sp. n. (Allocreadiidae), from freshwater fishes of Patagonia, Argentina.
Folia Parasitologica 47(2): 111–117.
Google Scholar
281.
Siegmund
I.,
Franjola
R.,
Torres
P. 1997. Diplostomatid metacercariae in the brain of silversides from Lake Riñihue, Chile.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33(2): 362–364.
Google Scholar
282.
Stoore
C.,
Andrade
C.,
Hidalgo
C.,
Corrêa
F.,
Jiménez
M.,
Hernandez
M.,
Paredes
R. 2018.
Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst location is modified by
Fasciola hepatica infection in cattle.
Parasites & vectors 11(1): 542.
Google Scholar
283.
Suárez-Villota
E.Y.,
Quercia
C.A.,
Nuñez
J.J.,
Gallardo
M.H.,
Himes
C.M.,
Kenagy
G.J. 2018. Monotypic status of the South American relictual marsupial
Dromiciops gliroides (Microbiotheria).
Journal of Mammalogy 99(4): 803–812.
Google Scholar
284.
Subercaseaux
B.,
Tapia
S.,
Guglielmetti
A.,
Stanley
W.,
Muñoz
N. 1985. Brote epidémico de fascioliasis hepática humana en Valparaíso.
Parasitología al Día 9(1): 10–14.
Google Scholar
285.
Szidat
L. 1962.
Steganoderma oviformis n. sp. (Trematoda) del intestino de
Aplochiton zebra Jenyns.
Neotropica 8(26): 67–72.
Google Scholar
286.
Szidat
L. 1969. Structure, Development, and Behaviour of New Strigeatoid Metacercariae from Subtropical Fishes of South America.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 26(4): 753–786.
Google Scholar
287.
Tagle
I. 1942. Parásitos de los animales domésticos en Chile determinados en el Instituto de Investigaciones Veterinarias.
Agricultura Técnica 13(2): 93–108.
Google Scholar
288.
Tagle
I. 1944. Observaciones sobre la evolución de la
Fasciola hepatica Linneo 1758. Comprobación del huésped intermediario en Chile.
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 46-47(1): 232–241.
Google Scholar
289.
Tagle
I. 1966. Parásitos de los animales domésticos en Chile.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 21(4): 118–123.
Google Scholar
290.
Threlfall
W.,
Carvajal
J. 1986.
Otodistomum cestoides (van Beneden, 1871) from two species of skates taken in Chilean waters.
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 81(3): 341–342.
Google Scholar
291.
Torres
P. 1995. Some Trematode, Nematode, and Acanthocephalan parasites of rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss, introduced into Chile.
Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 62(2): 257–259.
Google Scholar
292.
Torres
P.,
Neira
A. 1991. A new species of
Limnoderetrema (Trematoda, Digenea) from the freshwater Atherinid fish
Basilichthys australis Eigenmann, 1927 from the south of Chile.
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 86(4): 433–436.
Google Scholar
293.
Torres
P.,
Hott
A.,
Boehnwald
H. 1972. Protozoos, helmintos y artrópodos en gatos de la ciudad de Valdivia y su importancia en el hombre.
Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 4: 20–29.
Google Scholar
294.
Torres
P.,
Ramos
M.,
Carrasco
L.,
Neumann
M.,
Franjola
R.,
Navarrete
N.,
Figueroa
L. 1974. Protozoos, helmintos y artrópodos del perro doméstico en la ciudad de Valdivia, Chile.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 29: 18–23.
Google Scholar
295.
Torres
P.,
Hauser
M.,
Santibáñez
J.,
Marín
F.,
Gesche
W.,
Montefusco
A. 1980. Búsqueda de
Diphyllobothrium y otros parásitos intestinales en la población humana y carnívoros domésticos del sector del lago Calafquén, Chile.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 35(3-4): 55–61.
Google Scholar
296.
Torres
P.,
Figueroa
L.,
Saldivia
A.,
Barrientos
J. 1982. Gastrointestinal Helminths of Fish-eating birds from the Valdivia River, Chile.
Journal of Parasitology 68(6): 1157.
Google Scholar
297.
Torres
P.,
Figueroa
L.,
Saldivia
A. 1983.
Stephanoprora denticulata (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae) en gaviotas del sur de Chile.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 38(1-2): 33–34.
Google Scholar
298.
Torres
P.,
Franjola
R.,
Cubillos
V.,
Miranda
J.C.,
Vera
R. 1988. Parasitismo en ecosistemas de agua dulce en Chile 1. Presencia de metacercarias del género
Stephanostomum (Digenea: Acanthocolpidae) en peces.
Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B 35(1-10): 169–177.
Google Scholar
299.
Torres
P.,
Ruiz
E.,
Gesche
W.,
Montefusco
A. 1991. Gastrointestinal helminths of fish-eating birds from Chiloe Island, Chile.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 27(1): 178–179.
Google Scholar
300.
Torres
P.,
Contreras
A.,
Cubillos
V.,
Gesche
W.,
Montefusco
A.,
Rebolledo
C.,
Mira
A.,
Arenas
J.,
Miranda
J.C.,
Asenjo
S.,
Schlatter
R. 1992a. Parasitismo en peces, aves piscívoras y comunidades humanas ribereñas de los lagos Yelcho y Tagua-Tagua, X Región de Chile.
Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 24(1): 77–92.
Google Scholar
301.
Torres
P.,
Oporto
J.A.,
Brieva
L.M.,
Escare
L. 1992b. Gastrointestinal helminths of the cetaceans
Phocoena spinipinnis (Burmeister, 1865) and
Cephalorhynchus eutropia (Gray, 1846) from the southern coast of Chile.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28(2): 313–315.
Google Scholar
302.
Torres
P.,
Schlatter
R.,
Montefusco
A.,
Gesche
W.,
Ruiz
E.,
Contreras
A. 1993a. Helminth parasites of piscivorous birds from lakes in the south of Chile.
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 88(2): 341–343.
Google Scholar
303.
Torres
P.,
Contreras
A.,
Revenga
J.,
Fritz
N. 1993b. Helminth parasites in fishes from Valdivia and Tornagaleones river estuaries in the south of Chile.
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 88(3): 491–492.
Google Scholar
304.
Torres
P.,
Franjola
R.,
Montefusco
A. 1996. Infección estacional por metacercarias de
Diplostomum (
Austrodiplostomum)
mordax (Szidat y Nani, 1951) y
Tylodelphys destructor Szidat y Nani, 1951 en el pejerrey chileno,
Basilichthys australis Eigenmann, 1927 (Pisces: Atherinidae) en el lago Riñihue, Chile.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 51(1): 15–19.
Google Scholar
305.
Torres
P.,
Leyan
V.,
Lamilla
J. 2017. Cyst Stages of Gordiids (Nematomorpha) and Other Eukaryotic Parasites from the Inanga,
Galaxias maculatus (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae), in the Lingue River, Southern Chile.
Comparative Parasitology 84(1): 72–79.
https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-84.1.72 Google Scholar
306.
Valderrama
K.,
Oliva
M.,
Campos
B.,
Brown
D. 2004. Parasitic castration of
Eurhomalea lenticularis (Bivalvia: Veneridae) by a digenetic trematode: Quantitative histological analysis.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 59(2): 151–158.
Google Scholar
307.
Valdivia
I.M.,
Cardenas
L.,
Gonzalez
K.,
Jofré
D.,
George-Nascimento
M.,
Guiñez
R.,
Oliva
M.E. 2010. Molecular evidence confirms that
Proctoeces humboldti and
Proctoeces chilensis (Digenea: Fellodistomidae) are the same species.
Journal of Helminthology 84(4): 341–347.
Google Scholar
308.
Valdivia
I.M.,
Criscione
C.D.,
Cárdenas
L.,
Durán
C.P.,
Oliva
M.E. 2014. Does a facultative precocious life cycle predispose the marine trematode
Proctoeces cf.
lintoni to inbreeding and genetic differentiation among host species?
International Journal for Parasitology 44(3-4): 183–188.
Google Scholar
309.
Valdovinos
C. 1999. Biodiversidad de moluscos chilenos: base de datos taxonómica y distribucional.
Gayana 63(2): 111–164.
Google Scholar
310.
Valdovinos
C.,
Balboa
C. 2008. Cercarial dermatitis and lake eutrophication in south-central Chile.
Epidemiology & Infection 136(3): 391–394.
Google Scholar
311.
Valenzuela
G. 1979. Estudio epidemiológico sobre el desarrollo de huevos de
Fasciola hepatica en el medio ambiente de Valdivia, Chile.
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 34(1-2): 31–35.
Google Scholar
312.
Valenzuela
G.,
Quintana
I. 1998. Evolución de huevos de
Fasciola hepatica en el medio ambiente en Temuco, IX Región de Chile.
Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 30(1): 109–114.
Google Scholar
313.
Valenzuela
G.,
Fuentealba
L.,
Henriquez
O. 1979. Acción de la temperatura ambiente sobre el desarrollo de huevos de
Fasciola hepatica en Valdivia. Período Invierno-Primavera.
Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria Suplem. 1: 134–139.
Google Scholar
314.
Valenzuela
G.,
Araya
A.,
Oyarzún-Ruiz
P.,
Muñoz
P. 2018. Helmintofauna del cisne de cuello negro
Cygnus melancoryphus (Aves: Anatidae) del Santuario de la Naturaleza Carlos Anwandter, Valdivia, Chile.
Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 89(2): 568–571.
Google Scholar
315.
Venturelli
A.,
Monje
M.,
Assef
V.,
Venturelli
F. 2003. Fasciolasis hepática.
Cuadernos de Cirugía 17(1): 43–46.
Google Scholar
316.
Vergara
L.A.,
George-Nascimento
M. 1982. Contribucion al estudio del parasitismo en el congrio colorado
Genypterus chilensis (Guichenot, 1848).
Boletín Chileno de Parasitología 37(1-2): 9–14.
Google Scholar
317.
Villalba
C.,
Fernández
J. 1985. Parásitos de
Mola ramsayi (Giglioli, 1883) (Pisces: Molidae) en Chile.
Boletín de la Sociedad de Biología de Concepción 56: 71–78.
Google Scholar
318.
Villalba
C.,
Fernández
J. 1986a. Tres nuevas especies de
Aporocotyle Odhner, 1900 (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) parásitas de
Genypterus spp. en Chile (Pisces: Ophidiidae).
Revista de Biología Marina 22(2): 125–139.
Google Scholar
319.
Villalba
C.,
Fernández
J. 1986b. Dos nuevas especies de tremátodos parásitos de peces marinos en Chile.
Parasitología al Día 10: 45–51.
Google Scholar
320.
Viozzi
G.,
Flores
V.,
Marín
S.L.,
Mancilla
M.,
Carvajal
J. 2008. Parasites of the Red Jollytail,
Brachygalaxias bullocki (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae), from the Maullín River, Patagonia, Chile.
Comparative Parasitology 75(2): 326–328.
Google Scholar