We surveyed 39 tributaries of the Tallapoosa River drainage in Alabama in an effort to increase the available knowledge of its crayfish fauna. The survey yielded six crayfish species: Cambarus (Depressicambarus) englishi, C. (Depressicambarus) halli, C. (Depressicambarus) latimanus, Orconectes (Tubericambarus) holti, Procambarus (Pennides) spiculifer, and P. (Pennides) versutus. Cambarus englishi and C. halli are endemic to the Piedmont Plateau province of the Tallapoosa drainage, where they were syntopic with each other and with C. latimanus and P. spiculifer. The genus Orconectes has not previously been reported from anywhere within this drainage. Orconectes holti and P. versutus were found only in the Coastal Plain, where O. holti was syntopic with P. spiculifer, but not with P. versutus. The two Procambarus species occupied mutually exclusive sites. Crayfishes were present at sites with lower pH, lower conductivity, shallower riffles, lower stream order, and lower link magnitude than occurred at sites where no crayfish were found. The presence of one or more individual species was significantly correlated with specific environmental factors.