Strains of Bacillus velezensis have been successful biological control agents for various plant diseases. A novel strain – Bacillus velezensis LP16S – was recently shown to inhibit mycelial growth and spore germination in four major pathogens of sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), infests sorghum and has beneficial endosymbiotic bacteria in the insect gut. Because B. velezensis LP16S was detrimental to propagation of certain fungi, we hypothesized that B. velezensis LP16S might affect internal microbiota, thereby affecting survival and longevity of N. viridula. Adult male and female N. viridula were fed for 2 days green bean sections that were either sterile or contaminated with a derivative strain of B. velezensis LP16S (i.e., B. velezensis LP16SR). Diet significantly affected survival of the stink bugs. Mean survival of adults fed B. velezensis LP16SR (15.79 days) was significantly less than adults fed sterile beans (18.58 days). Interaction of Diet by Sex was significant, indicating that females fed B. velezensis LP16SR had significantly shorter mean survival (approximately 15 days) than did females fed sterile beans (approximately 21 days). Also, the former group had maximum longevity at 72 days while the latter group had maximum longevity of 92 days. From observed differences in mean survival and longevity, implications and future research should consider B. velezensis LP16S as a potential entomopathogen to control N. viridula.

Entomopathogenic fungi are important natural enemies of the Orthoptera, insects of great economic impact. We collected 530 live and almost 200 dead grasshoppers near Saltillo, Mexico, during 2007-2010. Less than 1% of live, incubated, and as many as 30% of dead insects were infected by Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. sensu lato (in dead insects, coinfection with Entomophaga spp.). Metarhizium acridum (Driver & Milner) Bischoff, Rehner & Humber was observed in live Schistocerca nitens Thunberg adults. Therefore, we enumerated five species of fungi from locusts and other grasshoppers at Saltillo: besides B. bassiana and M. acridum, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorokin sensu lato (all Ascomycota: Hypocreales); and Entomophaga calopteni (Bessey) Humber and Entomophaga macleodii Humber (unpublished) (Zoopagomycota: Entomophthorales). First reported in this work were M. acridum from an arid zone in the Nearctic region, S. nitens as a host of M. acridum and Entomophaga sp. in Mexico, combined infections by B. bassiana and Entomophaga spp. on melanopline grasshoppers, and new distribution records for E. calopteni in Mexico. Internal sporulation of Beauveria on large melanopline grasshoppers was observed. The impact of these natural enemies should be verified. The Chihuahuan Desert strains of M. acridum should be considered for control of North American grasshopper pests.

Los hongos entomopatógenos son importantes enemigos naturales de los ortópteros, insectos de gran impacto económico. Recolectamos 530 saltamontes vivos y cerca de 200 muertos cerca de Saltillo, México, durante 2007-2010. Menos del 1% de los insectos vivos, incubados, y hasta el 30% de los insectos muertos fueron infectados por Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. sensu lato (en insectos muertos, coinfección con Entomophaga spp.). Se observó Metarhizium acridum (Driver & Milner) Bischoff, Rehner & Humber en adultos vivos de Schistocerca nitens Thunberg. Por lo tanto, enlistamos cinco especies de hongos de langostas y otros saltamontes en Saltillo: además de B. bassiana y M. acridum, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorok. sensu lato (Ascomycota: Hypocreales); y Entomophaga calopteni (Bessey) Humber y Entomophaga macleodii Humber (sin publicar) (Zoopagomycota: Entomophthorales). Los primeros reportes en este trabajo son M. acridum, de una zona árida en la región Neártica, S. nitens como huésped de M. acridum y Entomophaga sp. en Mexico, infecciones combinadas por B. bassiana y Entomophaga spp. en saltamontes melanoplinos, y nuevos registros de distribución de E. calopteni en México. Se observó esporulación interna de Beauveria en saltamontes melanoplinos grandes. Se debe verificar el impacto de estos enemigos naturales. Las cepas del desierto de Chihuahua de M. acridum deben considerarse para el control de plagas de saltamontes de América del Norte.

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is native to the Americas and a recent invasive pest of Africa, Asia, and Oceania. The insect causes economic damage to maize (Zea mays L.) by feeding on leaf, tassel, and ear tissue. The pest is resistant to several classes of insecticide and Bt-maize grown in certain geographic areas. Native resistance in maize combined with existing control tactics could help overcome control issues. The objective for the study was to evaluate resistance to leaf-feeding fall armyworm in maize germplasm from four countries in the historical range of the pest. Plants grown in the field and artificially infested at the seven-leaf stage were visually scored for leaf-feeding damage at 7 and 14 days post infestation. Scores for Ames 28786 (‘GIN II’) maize germplasm were not different than the resistant check, GT-FAWCC(C5). In 2020 and 2021, 14-day scores for NSL 283834 (‘Guyana 807’) (5.8 ± 0.3 and 4.9 ± 0.3, respectively) were not different than GT-FAWCC(C5) (5.3 ± 0.2 and 4.8 ± 0.3, respectively). The germplasm sources are moderately resistant to leaf feeding by fall armyworm and might be useful to breeding programs developing resistant maize. In one of 2 years of testing, NSL 283833, NSL 283890, and PI 553088 germplasms received 14-day scores <6.0, and further testing is required to determine their ability to resist leaf-feeding fall armyworm. All maize germplasms tested are tropical and require breeding to adapt progeny for additional research in temperate areas.

An indigenous subterranean termite, Reticulitermes tibialis Banks, fed on quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stakes in prescribed burn and non-burned field plots on an established sagebrush-steppe rangeland restoration study site on Red Mountain, southeastern Idaho, expanding the known distribution of the ‘arid-land subterranean termite’ species. Aspen and pine stakes in the plots as part of a 5-year wood-decay study were unexpectedly damaged by termites. Groups of 25, 15-cm-long stakes were placed horizontally on the soil surface, and groups of 25, 20-cm-long stakes were vertically inserted to a depth of 20 cm into the soil. Aspen stakes were more damaged by feeding termites than were pine stakes. Stakes inserted into soil sustained greater termite feeding and decay damage compared with stakes on the soil surface. During the first 4 years of the study, wood mass loss caused by termite feeding on stakes exceeded loss from decay. Losses from termite feeding and microbial decay were similar by the 5^th year. Differences in termite feeding damage on aspen stakes were compared with pine stakes in prescribed burn and non-burned plots. Stakes in prescribed burn plots had more mass loss than those in non-burned plots.

Phenolic compounds are a natural product of plants, many of which are foraged by insects and used for different purposes, e.g., defense against foraging, chitin hardness, antioxidants, pigment production, and antimicrobial synthesis. We extracted metabolite ethanol from P. beltrani, quantifying the total phenol content and determining its antioxidative ability by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. UPLC was used for phytochemical analysis to quantify and characterize major secondary metabolites extracted. The study shows the TPC content varied according to sex (F_1,48 = 4.37, P < 0.05), being significantly more in ethanolic extracts from females. Female-based ethanolic extracts also had greater radical scavenging ability (F_2,48 = 3.24, P < 0.05) than those from males (F_1,48 = 9.45, P < 0.05). The phytochemical profile of the compounds was consistent despite the diet or color of the insect.

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an economically important crop in the State of Guerrero. A study was done in a commercial guava orchard with a history of severe damage from fruit fly infestations, in the town of Coaxtlahuacán, municipality of Mochitlán, Guerrero. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate incorporation of recycled plastic artisan traps with chemical attractants for pest management. Treatments were the attractant CeraTrap® and the insecticide Azanim® in the traps. Infestations were evaluated every 15 days from July 2018 to February 2019, with the number of flies captured and phenology of guava plants recorded. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey means test (P ≤ 0.05). Months with most pests were July (960 adult flies) and December (1,057 adult flies); treatments with greatest efficiency as attractants were 100 ml of CeraTrap® and 150 ml of CeraTrap® (18.74 and 21.49 flies per trap, respectively).

Sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner (Hemiptera: Aphididae), can greatly reduce yield potential of sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Sugarcane aphid and its natural enemies were sampled in pesticide-free fields at Altamira, Tamaulipas, Mexico, during a 2-year period. Seven species of predators identified were: Orius sp. Wolff (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), Cycloneda sanguinea (L.), Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville, and Scymnus sp. Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); Chrysoperla sp. Steinmann (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); and Eosalpingogaster sp. Hull, and Eupeodes sp. Osten-Sacken (Diptera: Syrphidae). Five parasitoid species associated with the pest were Pachyneuron aphidis Bouché and Pachyneuron muscarum L. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and Aphelinus mali Haldeman and Aphelinus varipes Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Pachyneuron spp. parasitized 68.25%, while other parasitoids parasitized 6.44% of the aphids sampled. This research furthers understanding of already existing and ongoing parasitism/predation and enriches knowledge of natural enemies that can be used as biological control agents against M. sacchari. A. mali, P. aphidis, and P. muscarum were reported as parasitoids of M. sacchari.

Anisopteromalus calandrae from Veracruz, Mexico, was characterized morphologically and molecularly. Specimens associated with Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) in stored maize (Zea mays L) were collected. Morphology and the barcode region of the cytochrome oxidase 1 confirmed the identity of the parasitoid.

Components of a surrounding agricultural matrix can be important to the ecology of agroecosystems because they modulate biodiversity, abundance of pests (i.e., arthropods or weeds), and their natural enemies. Based on the assumption that organisms respond to edges, we assessed whether animals (beetles) and crop plants showed similar patterns across a gradient of perturbation and ecotones and natural habitats. Across the perturbation gradient, we analyzed (1) crop plant morphometry and (2) the structure of beetle populations in the perturbed area and natural habitats. Results showed that beetles (a bioindicator group) and A. hypochondriacus crop plants (perturbed area) responded similar to an ecotone, i.e., we found positive edge effects, but beetle richness negatively followed the gradient of perturbation affecting beetle nestedness and turnover. At the point nearest the ecotone, crop plants grew larger (e.g., panicle and plant height had the largest effects), which was consistent in time. Results supported the resource competition framework and resource distribution model in agroecosystems.

Seventeen species of curculionids were reported for the first time for the State of Durango, of which five were new records for Mexico: Centrinites strigicollis Casey, 1892; Smicronyx vestitus LeConte, 1876; Smicronyx tardus Dietz, 1894; Sibinia texana (Pierce, 1908); and Chalcodermus martini Van Dyke, 1930. Species in the subfamily Baridinae were the most abundant in the study (43.5%), with four tribes, six genera, and 10 species.

Se reportan por primera vez 17 especies de curculiónidos para el Estado de Durango; cinco de estas son nuevos registros para México: Centrinites strigicollis Casey, 1892; Smicronyx vestitus LeConte, 1876; Smicronyx tardus Dietz, 1894; Sibinia texana (Pierce, 1908); y Chalcodermus martini Van Dyke, 1930. La subfamilia Baridinae fue la más abundante (43.5%) con cuatro tribus, seis géneros, y 10 especies.

Oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq., is one of the most important oil crops in Mexico. The study aimed to record herbivory, damage, and taxonomic identity of Automeris moloneyi Druce 1897 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in nine commercial oil palm plantations at Tabasco, Mexico. In each plantation, 30 palm trees were selected in which A. moloneyi was searched for and collected every 3 months, from September 2019 to November 2020. At each sampling, the leaf surface of four fronds in the lower-middle part of the plant canopy was examined. A. moloneyi larvae fed on oil palm leaflets, abundance was low (0.003 to 0.103 larva per frond), and damage was localized (few plants). Most larvae per frond were recorded during the wettest time of the year in the study area. This is the first record of A. moloneyi in oil palm. The finding extends the geographical distribution of the species in the Neotropical region of the world. Probable factors that might be involved in low occurrence and damage of the species in the oil palm agroecosystem of the study area were discussed.

Ctenuchina and Euchromiina moths (Erebidae: Arctiinae) in the entomological collection at the University of Colima were revised and identified to species. A total of 603 specimens belonging to 40 species were examined. All wasp-moth species belonged to two subtribes: Ctenuchina (three species) and Euchromiina (37 species). A species list with collecting details is presented.

Las polillas Ctenuchina y Euchromiina (Erebidae: Arctiinae) depositadas en la colección entomológica de la Universidad de Colima fueron revisadas e identificadas. Un total de 603 ejemplares pertenecientes a 40 especies fueron examinados. Estos pertenecen a dos subtribus: Ctenuchina (tres especies) y Euchromiina (37 especies). Una lista de especies con detalles de recolecta se presenta en este trabajo.

Dasymutilla erythrina (Say, 1836) (Mutilidae) as a visitor of Ferocactus latispinus (Briton & Rose, 1992) (Cactaceae) was reported in the Botanical Garden “Helia Bravo Hollis” Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve, Puebla, Mexico. General information about its natural history is included.

Se reporta la presencia de Dasymutilla erythrina (Say, 1836) (Mutilidae) visitando flores de Ferocactus lapispinus (Briton & Rose, 1992) (Cactaceae) en el Jardín Botánico “Helia Bravo Hollis” Reserva de la Biosfera Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, Puebla, México. Se adicionan datos sobre su historia Natural.

Thirty accessions of cotton (Gossypium) in the INIFAP genebank in the Iguala Experimental Field were analyzed for resistance to eriophyid mites. Vegetative structures such as leaves and petioles and reproductive structures such as the bract calyx with galls were collected from cotton plants. Galls were cut into cross section to locate mites; taxonomic keys were used to identify the mites. Damage to accessions of cotton was evaluated on a scale of six classes. Damage by eriophyid mites was analyzed with PROC RANK, subjecting it to analysis of variance with PROC GLM, and mean comparison by Tukey (P = 0.05) using statistical software SAS^® 9.2. Eriophyidae was reported associated with formation of galls in cotton. Severity of damage was 0 to 85%, but cotton accessions TOA-06, FZ-06, GOS-16, GOS-34, TOA-09, TOA-02, GOS-17, TOA-04, and TOA-05 were resistant. More studies of biology and ecology and molecular analysis are needed to better understand and develop management strategies against mites in cotton.

Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, was found infesting organic hemps crops at the municipality of Gualaceo-Azuay. In Ecuador, hemp recently is being cultivated for medical purposes. However, lack of information of the main pests related to the crop makes implementation of management strategies difficult. Tetranychus urticae is a phytophagous mite attacking many crops worldwide. The first report of the occurrence of the pest is important for public and private institutions involved in production of hemp to manage the mite. Future research should be focused on searching for an effective biological control agent for use in organic hemp crops where synthetic agrochemicals are not allowed.

Nine species of oribatid mites in nine genera and nine families were reported for the first time from Central Mexico: Arphthicarus gyros Niedbała, 2004, Nanhermannia elegantissima Hammer, 1958, Camisia khencensis Hammer, 1961, Epieremulus geometricus (Berlese, 1916), Peloribates (P.) muscicola Hammer, 1961, Lucoppia burrowsi (Michael, 1890), Scheloribates (Bischeloribates) bidactylus Hammer, 1961, Parapirnodus prosopis Martínez, Fernández and Monetti, 1996, and Pergalumna (P.) ventralis (Willmann, 1932). This work increased the number of oribatid mite records for Queretaro (eight species), Michoacan (13 species), and Mexico City (15 species).

During 2020, producers of Hass avocado (Persea americana Mill.) in the central region of Veracruz State detected atypical damage associated with infestation by thrips. Larvae and adults were feeding on developing fruits, causing wounds in the epidermis, producing necrotic spots, and reducing commercial value. Insects were collected from affected fruits, mounted, and identified using specialized keys. Images of damage were obtained, and numbers of affected trees and fruits were quantified. Thrips specimens were identified as Pseudophilothrips perseae (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) with an incidence of 1.6% in the orchard examined. Damage by P. perseae in this work differed from that usually caused by other thrips species that feed and oviposit on tender tissues of avocado trees. We reported for the first time, damage caused by P. perseae in developing avocado fruits. More study is necessary to determine distribution and potential to increase in abundance and affect crop production.

Algunas especies de Scolytinae han tomado importancia en el cultivo de aguacate al ser vectores de hongos fitopatógenos. El presente estudio se realizó en tres huertos de aguacate ubicados en diferentes altitudes para conocer la diversidad y riqueza de escolitinos en Coatepec Harinas, Estado de México, especies de que pueden ser vectores de hongos fitopatógenos considerados cuarentenarios. Se recolectaron 1,714 escolitinos de 22 géneros y 49 especies en trampas tipo Lindgren cebadas con atrayentes a base de etanol, alfa-copaeno, y querciverol. De éstos, 27 son nuevos registros para el Estado de México. La prueba de índices de Shannon-Wiener (H′), Margalef (D _Mg), y de equidad de Pielou (J′), registraron la mayor diversidad de especies de escolitinos en Meyuca de Morelos (1890 msnm) con H′ = 2.075, D _Mg = 5.014, y J′ = 0.5836, y la mínima en San Martín El Salto (2470 msnm), con H′ = 0.4495, D _Mg = 2.304, y J′ = 0.1660. Los géneros Xyleborus, Monarthrum, Corthylus, y Gnathotrichus registraron la mayor riqueza específica, y la abundancia más alta correspondió a Corthylus flagellifer Blandford, Corthylus luridus Blandford, Xyleborus volvulus Fabricius, Phloeocleptus cristatus Wood, y Araptus schwarzi Blackman, individuos que representaron el 85% de captura. Riqueza y abundancia que corresponde en mayor proporción a escarabajos ambrosiales, potenciales vectores de hongos fitopatógenos, por lo que se recomienda el monitoreo frecuente y determinar la dinámica poblacional y su relación con los factores ambientales.

Some species of Scolytinae have become important in avocado production because they can be vectors of phytopathogenic fungi. The present study was done in three avocado orchards at different altitudes to record the diversity and richness of Scolytinae at Coatepec Harinas, State of Mexico. Scolytinae that might be vectors of fungi associated with phytopathogenic fungi are considered quarantined. Scolytinae (1,714) were collected in Lindgren traps baited with attractants based on ethanol, alpha-copaeno, and querciverol, of 22 genera and 49 species, of which 27 are new for the State of Mexico. Significant differences were recorded between the sites, and the Shannon-Wiener index (H′), Margalef (D Mg), and Pielou equity (J′) indices tests recorded the greatest diversity of Scolytinae at Meyuca de Morelos (1890 masl) with H′ = 2.075, D Mg = 5.014, and J′ = 0.5836, and the minimum at San Martín El Salto (2470 masl), with H́ = 0.4495, D Mg = 2.304, and J′ = 0.1660. The genera Xyleborus, Monarthrum, Corthylus, and Gnathotrichus had the greatest species richness. Greatest highest abundance corresponded to Corthylus flagellifer Blandford, Corthylus luridus Blandford, Xyleborus volvulus Fabricius, Phloeocleptus cristatus Wood, and Araptus schwarzi Blackman, individuals that accounted for 85% of the total captures. Richness and abundance corresponded in greater proportion to ambrosial beetles, potential vectors of phytopathogenic fungi. Therefore, frequent monitoring is recommended to determine population dynamics and their relationship with environmental factors.

La yaca, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., es un cultivo reciente en México de producción principalmente para exportación. El barrenador de ramas, Neoptychodes trilineatus L., es la principal plaga. Se determinaron la incidencia de larvas en ramas y severidad, distribución espacial, y fluctuación poblacional de los adultos en Nayarit, México. El adulto se alimenta de brotes tiernos y de la cáscara de frutos en desarrollo, mientras que la larva barrena las ramas. Con una incidencia media de dos larvas por kilogramo de madera seca se le encuentra durante todo el año, a excepción de diciembre. La mayor infestación ocurre en septiembre con 5.4 larvas por kilogramo de madera. El 84.7% de los árboles presentaron síntomas de daños por barrenador. Con una incidencia media de 0.92 adultos por árbol, se recolectaron en abril, mayo, julio, agosto, noviembre, enero, y febrero. En enero se detectó la mayor infestación con tres adultos por árbol. La mayor presencia ocurrió en la región de Tecuitata con 1.7 adultos por árbol, seguido de Jalcocotán con 1.1 adultos por árbol.

Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., in Mexico is a recent crop for the export market. The branch borer, Neoptychodes trilineatus L., is the main pest of the crop. The objectives were to determine the incidence of larvae in branches and severity, spatial distribution, and population fluctuation of adults at Nayarit, Mexico in 2018-2019. Adults feed on tender shoots and skin of developing fruits, while larvae bore the branches. With an average incidence of two larvae per kilogram of wood, they were found throughout the year, except in December. The greatest infestation occurred in September with 5.4 larvae per kilogram of wood. Eighty-five percent of the trees showed symptoms of borer damage, with a mean incidence of 0.92 adult per tree. Adults were collected in April, May, July, August, November, January, and February. In January, the largest infestation was detected with three adults per tree. The greatest presence occurred in the Tecuitata region with 1.7 adults per tree, and 1.1 at Jalcocotán.

El picudo de la espina del nopal, Cylindrocopturus biradiatus Champion, es una especie de interés agrícola asociada con Opuntia spp., en gran parte de México. En este estudio se determinó que los adultos tienen hábitos solitarios y se alimentan de los cladodios en la primavera. Las hembras colocan un huevo en la base de las espinas y las larvas se alimentan del tejido interno que origina a la espina, e invernan como tales. Se determinó que esta especie presenta tres estadios larvarios. Las larvas construyen una cámara de pupación debajo de la espina y la emergencia de los adultos ocurre a inicios de la primavera. Se adiciona a Guerrero, Hidalgo, y Oaxaca como nuevos sitios de distribución de C. biradiatus.

The cactus spine weevil, Cylindrocopturus biradiatus Champion, is a species of agricultural interest associated with Opuntia spp. in a large part of the Mexican territory. In this study we observed that adults have solitary habits and feed on cladodes in the spring. The female lays an egg at the base of the spines and the larva feeds on internal tissue of the cladode from which a spine originates, spending the winter inside as larva. Our results showed that C. biradiatus has three larval stages. There is a gallery chamber under the spine built by the larva to pupate inside and emerge as an adult in early spring. Guerrero, Hidalgo, and Oaxaca are new distribution sites for C. biradiatus.

Presence and abundance of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama are influenced by multiple biotic and abiotic components. We used trapping at the Regional Control Area (ARCO) to study the impact of temperature and rainfall on D. citri. The study during 2015-2018 was at ARCO 3 in the municipalities of Ciudad Victoria and Güémez, Tamaulipas, Mexico. D. citri was collected by yellow sticky traps, and temperature and precipitation were recorded every month. The previously ordered data were analyzed by multiple correspondence. Temperatures between 22 to 28°C and rainfall less than 22 mm in the study area were optimal for D. citri.

En campo, la presencia y abundancia de Diaphorina citri es influenciada por múltiples componentes bióticos y abióticos. En el presente trabajo se determinó la participación de la temperatura y precipitación pluvial en la abundancia poblacional de D. citri. El trabajo fue desarrollado durante el periodo 2015-2018 en el Área Regional de Control (ARCO) número 3 localizada en los municipios de Ciudad Victoria y Güémez, Tamaulipas, México. En el ARCO, el trampeo de D. citri se realizó con trampas pegajosas amarillas y se registró la temperatura y precipitación por mes. Los datos previamente ordenados fueron sometidos a un análisis de correspondencia múltiple. Se encontró que temperaturas entre 22 a 28°C y precipitaciones menores a 22 mm fueron las óptimas para mantener altas poblaciones de D. citri en la zona de estudio.

Se evaluó la capacidad del adulto de Exochomus bicolor Fernández-García y Milán-Vargas como depredador de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama y Coccus viridis Green. Exochomus bicolor consume todos los estadios ninfales de D. citri. El tiempo letal medio (TL₅₀) (tiempo durante el cual fue consumido el 50% de los individuos) sobre D. citri fue de 2.86 h y el TL₉₀ de 8.23 h. Para C. viridis, el TL₅₀ fue de 2.01 h y el TL90 de 6.91 h. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio demuestran que E. bicolor posee características que favorecen su función como enemigo natural de D. citri y C. viridis.

Adults of Exochomus bicolor Fernández-García and Milán-Vargas can prey on Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Coccus viridis Green. Exochomus bicolor consumed all the nymphal stages of D. citri. The mean lethal time (LT₅₀) (time during which 50% of individuals were consumed) for D. citri was 2.86 hours and the LT₉₀ was 8.23 hours, and for C. viridis, the LT50 was 2.01 hours and the LL₉₀ was 6.91 hours. These results show that E. bicolor can function as a biological control agent in the management of D. citri and C. viridis.

Se evaluaron insecticidas sintéticos y naturales con alta efectividad biológica y con reducido impacto sobre insectos no blanco, para el control del psílido asiático de los cítricos (PAC), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), en una huerta de limón Persa. Spirotetramat (75 g IA/ha), fenpiroximate (25.5 g IA/ha), y clorantraniliprol (20 g IA/ha) mostraron una mortalidad de 83.9, 85.1, y 86.6% sobre las ninfas del PAC. Ciantraniliprol a dosis de 30 y 40 g IA/ha produjo 100% de mortalidad. Flupiradifurone a 75, 112.5, y 150 g IA/ha mostró mortalidad de 91.2, 96.6, y 100%. Buprofezin 668.9 y 891.9 g IA/ha provocó mortalidad de 92.3 y 100%. Tolfenpirad a dosis de 79.5, 119.3, y 159 g IA/ha provocó mortalidad de 93.1, 100, y 100%. Los resultados obtenidos amplían el abanico de alternativas insecticidas para el manejo preventivo de la resistencia del psílido asiático de los cítricos, algunos de ellos con reducido impacto sobre organismos no blanco.

Synthetic and natural insecticides with high biological effectiveness and reduced impact on non-target insects were evaluated for the control of the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), in a Persian lime orchard. Spirotetramat (75 g AI/ha), fenpyroximate (25.5 g AI/ha), and chlorantraniliprole (20 g AI/ha) showed mortality of 83.9, 85.1, and 86.6% on ACP nymphs. While ciantraniliprole at doses of 30 and 40 g AI/ha produced 100% mortality. Flupyradifurone at doses of 75, 112.5, and 150 g AI/ha showed mortality of 91.2, 96.6, and 100% mortality. Buprofezin 668.9 and 891.9 g AI/ha caused mortality of 92.3 and 100%. Tolfenpyrad at doses of 79.5, 119.3, and 159 g AI/ha caused mortality of 93.1, 100, and 100%. These results expand the range of insecticide alternatives for the preventive management of the resistance of the Asian citrus psyllid, some of them having a reduced impact on non-target organisms.

El género Mesoamericaleyrodes Carapia-Ruiz gen. nov. es descrito, incluyendo la especie Mesoamericaleyrodes nayarit Carapia-Ruiz sp. nov. encontrada en Tepic, Nayarit sobre el envés de las hojas de Lonchocarpus (Papilionaceae), y M. michoacan Carapia-Ruiz sp. nov. hallada en Pichilingillos, Michoacán en el envés de las hojas de Piscidia grandiflora (Donn.Sm.) S.F. Bake (Papilionaceae). Se ilustra con microfotografías de estructuras morfológicas de puparías del género y especies. Se discute la separación con grupos cercanos.

The genus Mesoamericaleyrodes Carapia-Ruiz gen. nov. is described, including the species Mesoamericaleyrodes nayarit Carapia-Ruiz sp. nov. found at Tepic, Nayarit on the underside of Lonchocarpus (Papilionaceae) leaves, and M. michoacan Carapia-Ruiz sp. nov. found at Pichilingillos, Michoacan, on the underside of Piscidia grandiflora (Donn.Sm.) S.F. Bake (Papilionaceae) leaves. Microphotographs of morphological structures of the genus and species puparia are provided. Separation from other near groups is discussed.

Nativa de América Central, la guanábana, Annona muricata L., se cultiva principalmente en la región tropical de América. Con el incremento en superficie e importancia económica, su cultivo presenta limitantes principalmente de plagas y enfermedades. El objetivo es reunir la información disponible para integrar un mejor manejo de plagas en este cultivo, se presenta un listado de insectos y ácaros asociados con el cultivo. Solo se incluyen las especies en asociación con el cultivo por observación directa o emergencia del adulto en los insectos holometábolos de alguna estructura de la planta. Se mencionan las especies de insectos y ácaros cuya identificación taxonómica se revisó por especialistas, consultas en base de datos y/o uso de claves. Se obtuvieron 116 especies de insectos y dos de ácaros en asociación alimenticia con A. muricata. Se presentan ocho órdenes de insectos con 33 familias y uno de ácaros con dos familias. Destaca el orden Hemiptera con 14 familias y 69 especies. Existe mayor cantidad de insectos barrenadores, masticadores y chupadores de frutos (57%) en comparación con otras estructuras de la planta. El insecto de mayor importancia es Bephratelloides por los daños que causa y su amplia distribución. Le sigue en importancia Cerconota anonella Sepp distribuida principalmente en Centro y Sudamérica. Predominan los adultos con 75% causando daños. El 50% de las plagas mencionadas dañan solo una estructura del cultivo (frutos) no obstante, creemos que se requieren mayores observaciones en este sentido. Especies que no tienen amplia distribución como Optatus palmaris Pascoe y Maconellicocus hirsutus Green pueden causar graves daños en el cultivo. La distribución de las especies plaga es tropical y subtropical en asociación con la distribución y origen de la guanábana.

Native to Central America, soursop, Annona muricata L., is cultivated mainly in the tropical region of the Americas. With the increase in surface area and economic importance, its cultivation has limitations mainly due to pests and diseases. We summarized available information to integrate a better pest management in this crop, creating a list of insects and mites associated with the crop. Only species in association with cultivation by direct observation or adult emergence in holometabolous insects from some plant structures are included. Insects and mites whose taxonomic identification was reviewed by specialists, database queries, and/or use of keys are mentioned. In total, 116 species of insects and two of mites are recorded associated with A. muricata, in eight orders of insects with 33 families and one of mites with two families. Hemiptera had 14 families and 69 species. There were more boring, chewing, and fruit-sucking insects (57%) than on other plant structures. The most important insect was Bephratelloides because of damage it causes and its wide distribution. It was followed in importance by Cerconota anonella Sepp, distributed mainly in Central and South America. Adults dominate with 75% of damage. Fifty percent of the pests damaged only fruits, but we believe more observations are required. Species that do not have a wide distribution such as borer weevil, Optatus palmaris Pascoe, and pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicocus hirsutus Green, can cause serious damage to the crop.

Se describe una nueva especie de Coleoptera: Rutelinae, Lagochile occidentalis, capturada con carpotrampas aéreas de una zona de ecotono con elementos de bosque de encino, bosque de pino, bosque mesófilo, de montaña y bosque tropical subcaducifolio en Jalisco. Se proveen ilustraciones de los caracteres distintivos de las especies del género presentes en México, así como de la variación cromática dorsal.

A new species of Coleoptera: Rutelinae beetle, Lagochile occidentalis, collected with aereal fruit traps from an ecotone zone with oak, pine, tropical subdeciduous, and cloud forest in Jalisco is described. Diagnostic characters are illustrated for the species, and its dorsal chromatic variation.

Anthonomus phoradendrae Anderson and Cionomimus insolens (Dietz) were collected at Sierra de Zapalinamé, Arteaga, Coahuila, Mexico, from mistletoe plants, Phoradendron densum Torr. Ex Trel. (Santalaceae), which is hemiparasitic on Juniperus angosturana R.P. Adams and Juniperus flaccida Schlechtendal at Sierra Madre Oriental.

Se recolectaron Anthonomus phoradendrae Anderson y Cionomimus insolens (Dietz) en la Sierra de Zapalinamé de Arteaga, Coahuila, Mexico, en plantas del muérdago Phoradendron densum Torr. ex Trel., de la familia Santalaceae, planta hemiparásita en Juniperus angosturana R.P. Adams y Juniperus flaccida Schlechtendal en la Sierra Madre Oriental.

Se reporta la fluctuación de picudo del chile, Anthonomus eugenii Cano, en tres municipios de Puebla, México, la cual se observó desde el inicio de la floración en abril hasta post cosecha en diciembre, con la mayor población en agosto. El monitoreo directo e indirecto a través de trampas cebadas con feromona fueron igualmente útiles para detectar las primeras poblaciones de A. eugenii.

Fluctuation in abundance of pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano, was reported from three municipalities of Puebla, Mexico, observed from the beginning of flowering in April until post-harvest in December with most abundance in August. Direct and indirect monitoring with pheromone-baited traps were equally useful in early detection of pepper weevil.

Se presenta el primer registro de interacciones entre dos especies de hormigas nativas y dos especies introducidas en México con la mosca negra (Aleurocanthus woglumi (Ashby, 1915)), especie introducida de importancia económica en cítricos en México, en un cultivo in-situ de palmilla (Chamaedorea radicalis Mart.) en Tamaulipas, México. Se reportan cinco observaciones de comportamientos de cuidado hacía las moscas.

The interactions between two native and two introduced ant species with the introduced black fly citrus pest (Aleurocanthus woglumi (Ashby, 1915)), was recorded over palmilla (Chamaedorea radicalis Mart.) plants at Tamaulipas, Mexico. Five observations of ant care behavior toward the fly pest are reported.