Poupartiopsis spondiocarpus, a modest-sized tree of littoral forests of eastern Madagascar, is recognized as a distinct genus and described. Emended descriptions and circumscriptions of the recognized subfamilies Spondioideae and Anacardioideae are provided, as are separate keys to the genera of Spondioideae based on flowering and fruiting material and a table of diagnostic characters for distinguishing the genera. Molecular phylogenetic analysis and structural data including leaf architecture, floral morphology, and endocarp structure place Poupartiopsis in the Spondioideae, one of two subfamilies in Anacardiaceae.