In this study, we describe two new Aspidosperma species, A. castroanum and A. confertiflorum. We also reestablish Aspidosperma oliganthum as a species and provide amonograph of Aspidosperma in the state of Ceará inNortheast Brazil. We record the occurrence of Aspidosperma brasiliense, A. cuspa, A. aff. limae, A. multiflorum, A. oliganthum, A. pyrifolium, and A. subincanum, along with our two newly described species. The majority of these species are widely distributed in Northeast Brazil, except for Aspidosperma oliganthum, which has previously been recorded only in Bahia state, and our two new species, of which one is endemic only to Ceará and the other is endemic to Ceará and the neighboring Brazilian state of Piauí. Aspidosperma pyrifolium is the most widely recorded and is distributed across the Caatinga in lowland regions of Ceará, while the other species are primarily associated with plateau forests and generally have a disjunct distribution.