Arthonia frostiicola and A. galligena are described as new to science based on collections from mountainous regions of southeastern North America. Arthonia frostiicola infects the saxicolous lichen Dirinaria frostii, producing emarginate black apothecia which erupt from within the host thallus. It is characterized by a dark hypothecium and 1-septate, obovoid ascospores which turn brownish and verruculose in age. It is known from five collections made in the southern Appalachian Mountains and Ozark Mountains in southeastern North America. Arthonia galligena produces galls in the thallus and apothecia of the corticolous lichens Lecanora masana and L. rugosella, and is apparently endemic to the high elevations of the southern Appalachian Mountains. It is characterized by a variably pigmented, pale to red-brown hypothecium and 2-septate, macrocephalic ascospores which turn brownish and verruculose in age. Keys to the species of Arthonia on Caliciales and Lecanoraceae are provided.

We describe 43 new lichen species in the family Graphidaceae, mainly from the Amazon basin: Fissurina bispora, F. diamantica, F. endothallina, F. lirelloreagens, F. reticulolirellina, Graphis inspersonorstictica, G. polystriatosubmuriformis, G. viridithallina, Heiomasia hypostictica, Leucodecton aurantiacum, Mangoldia thallolomoides, Myriochapsa negativa, M. triseptata, Myriotrema inspersosticticum, M. reticulatum, M. roseum, M. xanthonicum, Ocellularia coronatoverrucosa, O. griseosorediata, O. inspersomuriformis, O. inspersulascens, O. microschizidiata, O. norsorediata, O. pallidocolumellata, O. pedicellata, O. pertusella, O. pseudocyphellata, O. psorinspersa, O. psorsorediata, O. roseoisidiata, O. sorediopseudochapsa, O. verruciinspersa, O. vulcanica, O. wirthiotremoides, Phaeographis aureopruinosa, P. coccinea, P. fuscobilabiata, P. macrocephalica, P. norscalpturata, P. pallidoxanthonica, Rhabdodiscus lineatus, Stegobolus negativus, and Thalloloma xanthohypoleptum (the last species also from Puerto Rico). Relatively many are fertile but also form vegetative propagules. A few of the species contain no mature ascospores, but are so deviating from any other described species that we decided to describe them nonetheless. Also, we propose the following 22 new combinations for species of Graphidaceae that were previously described from Brazil and currently are accepted species but were so far assigned to the other genera: Allographa basaltica (≡ Graphis basaltica Kremp.), A. brevissima (≡ Graphis brevissima Fée), A. byrsonimae (≡ Graphina byrsonimae Redinger), A. heteroplaca (≡ Graphina heteroplaca Müll.Arg.), A. platypoda (≡ Phaeographina platypoda Zahlbr.), A. pseudoserpens (≡ Graphis pseudoserpens Chaves & Lücking), A. subargentata (≡ Graphis subargentata S.C.Feuerst., Dal Forno & Eliasaro), A. tricolorata (≡ Graphina tricolorata Redinger), Diorygma album (≡ Graphina alba Müll.Arg.), Fissurina adscripturiens (≡ Graphis adscripturiens Nyl.), F. egenella (≡ Graphina egenella Müll.Arg.), Graphis fasciata (≡ Ustalia fasciata Eschw.), Mangoldia lecideicarpa (≡ Graphina lecideicarpa Zahlbr.), O. endocrocea (≡ O. cinchonarum var. endocrocea Müll.Arg.), O. minarum (≡ Thelotrema minarum Vain.), Phaeographis atrolabiata (≡ Phaeographina atrolabiata Redinger), Phaeographis cheilomegas (≡ Graphis cheilomegas Fée), P. coriaria (≡ Phaeographina coriaria M.Wirth & Hale), P. crassa (≡ Platygramme crassa Fée), P. oxalifera (≡ Phaeographina oxalifera Redinger), P. scriptitata (≡ Phaeographina scriptitata C.W.Dodge), and Stegobolus trachodes (≡ Thelotrema trachodes Nyl.). Finally, we report several species new to Brazil or to one of the states: Allographa pitmanii new to Amapá, Cryptoschizotrema minus new to Alagoas, Glaucotrema glaucophaenum new to Amapá, Graphis pyrrhocheiloides new to Amapá, Graphis subserpentina new to Pará, Melanotrema astrolucens new to Brazil in Amazonas and Pará, Myriotrema hartii new to Amazonas, O. bullata new to Brazil in Pará, O. inspersipallens new to Brazil in Rondônia, O. jutaratiae new to Amapá, O. parvidisca new to Brazil in Amapá, O. rondoniana new to Alagoas, and Thelotrema wilsoniorum new to Brazil in Amapá.

A fundamental question in bryology is to identify what environmental factors influence bryophyte distribution in an ecosystem and how they respond to disturbances. We investigated the distribution of the moss Thuidium urceolatum and species of the liverwort Plagiochila, representing distinct life-forms (wefts and fans), in the Luquillo Forest Dynamic Plot, where the environment and disturbance history is well described. We hypothesized that if the presence of T. urcealutum and Plagiochila spp. are affected by habitat (riparian versus upland) and past land use, then there will be differences in the number and size of bryophyte patches within these areas. Using a combination of plot-level and floristic habitat sampling methods, we recorded the size and number of patches of these bryophytes in four mesohabitats, riparian and upland forest in areas of high and low past land use history. We measured canopy openness for each patch, documented the substrate it was growing on and associated vegetation. The number of patches and mean patch size was not significantly different between sites, except in upland forest with high past agricultural land use, that had fewer and smaller patches of T. urceolatum. The effects of habitat and past land used were not clear for Plagiochila spp. However, the lasting effects of past land use, after more than 80 years of conversion to protected forest, still influence the presence and size of T. urceolatum in upland forest but not in riparian zones. Riparian zones might serve as corridors for expansion of the species. Canopy openness preference was different among mesohabitats and species, the presence of T. urceolatum and Plagiochila spp. could reflect changes in canopy cover associated to recent hurricanes. Other environmental aspects likely influence the presence of these bryophytes, as rocks were the most common substrate and other mosses were the most frequent plants associated with the bryophyte patches. We propose that the observed presence and size of these bryophytes may be responding to the effects of past land use and habitat, combined with recent hurricane events, and are part of changes in plant community composition that can be used to track succession in the forest.

Lichens were investigated in two upland areas in Brazil from which lichens were described in historical times. The main aim was to recollect topotypes, but 37 species turned out to be new records for Brazil. Also, 25 new lichen species are described, all from South Brazil: Acarospora aggregata, Allographa triangularis, Arthotheliopsis corticola, Astrothelium flavocrystallinum, Astrothelium flavoinspersum, Astrothelium macrostromaticum, Caloplaca fuscospora, Caloplaca marginireflectans, Cladonia sticticocrustosa, Cladonia xanthozebrina, Dichosporidium fibrosum, Dichosporidium lanosum, Fissurina aggregata, Fuscidea lobata, Gyalidea concava, Gyalideopsis crenata, Gyalideopsis hyalinocoronata, Hypotrachyna aurantiacoreagens, Hypotrachyna cauliflora, Jamesiella clavata, Jamesiella elongata, Porina lateralis, Pseudopyrenula muriformis, Rhizocarpon sorediosubmuriforme, and Thelidium mucosoides. The collection includes two further crustose Cladonia species in this mostly fruticose genus, and almost doubles the number of species in Jamesiella. Furthermore, 149 species are reported from São Paulo state for the first time, 74 from Rio de Janeiro, 10 from Minas Gerais, and four from Espírito Santo.

A new fossil species of the leafy liverwort family Lophocoleaceae is described based on an inclusion in the late Eocene Rovno amber. Based on morphological similarity this species is assigned to the extant genus Leptoscyphus, as L. davidii sp. nov., representing the first fossil member of this genus and family. It is also the first bryophyte plant from the fossil resins being described in the Zhitomir Region.

A Japanese endemic liverwort Calypogeia asakawana S.Hatt. ex H.Inoue has been considered peculiar within the genus Calypogeia (Calypogeiaceae) due to its unique morphological characters, while the phylogenetic relationships within the family have up to now not been evaluated. To assess its sound taxonomic placement, we newly acquired DNA data for C. asakawana and the phylogenetic analysis is conducted based on the sequences of chloroplast rbcL, rps4, trnT-L-F and trnG regions. The inferred tree supports the position of C. asakawana distinct from other Calypogeia accessions, warranting description of a new genus to accommodate the species. Here we newly describe Protocalypogeia for C. asakawana and provide a revised key to the genera of Calypogeiaceae.

Plagiochila squamulosa subsp. tamas-pocsii Sajitha, Manju & Rawat, a new subspecies of P. squamulosa Mitt. of sect. Vagae Lindenb., is described from the Nelliyampathy Hills in the Western Ghats of Peninsular India. This is the first Indian record of the species P. squamulosa from outside Africa and is supportive of the close relationship between the bryophyte floras of tropical Africa and southern India. The affinities of the new subspecies with P. peradenyensis Schiffn. and P. palangiensis S.C.Srivast., K.K.Rawat & P.K.Verma are also discussed.

Checklists based on the incorporation of information provided by the many genetic studies completed over the past 25 years with traditional morphological- and ecological-based species concepts for Sphagnum species are provided for five New England states, New York, and New Jersey. Eight species that were not reported for New England by McQueen & Andrus (2007) are documented: S. balticum, S. beothuk, S. 3mississippense, S. missouricum, S. rubiginosum, and three members of the S. magellanicum complex (S. diabolicum, S. divinum, S. medium). A total of 52 species are documented for the New England region, 48 for New York, and 51 for New Jersey. Eight Sphagnum species occurring in New England are proposed to have a critically imperiled (N1) rarity ranking for the entire conterminous United States based on the number of herbarium collections made between 2000–2023.