Oxynetra stangelandi Grishin & Burns, new species, from high elevations of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica, is most similar to Oxynetra hopfferi Staudinger, known from mountains of central and southern Costa Rica and western Panama. These hesperiid species differ mainly in body color pattern and in DNA barcodes. We compare their barcodes, nucleotide by nucleotide, together with barcodes of a congener and a species of the related genus Olafia, and use the barcode data to show phylogenetic relationships. We describe the new species, its discovery, its male and female genitalia, and its life history as a cloud forest herbivore of Prunus annularis (Rosaceae). In ACG, no other skippers feed on this plant species, and no other skippers of the tribe Pyrrhopygini feed on plants in the family Rosaceae. Various stages of O. stangelandi belong to mimicry complexes. Although our adults, which are reared from wild-caught caterpillars, are split between the sexes (4 males, 6 females), there are scarcely any females of Oxynetra in the world's museums.

The Mitchell's satyr butterfly, Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii French 1889 is a federally-listed endangered species found in parts of the eastern United States of America. Because of its endangered status, considerable research efforts have been devoted to understanding its biology, ecology, and its conservation. Despite these efforts, information about N. m. mitchellii has not been summarized for more than a decade. Here we summarize and expand upon the work conducted by governmental and not-for-profit agencies that have produced reports that are not easily accessible to researchers or interested lepidopterists. In addition to summarizing the literature, we present data from feeding trials and also demonstrate that microclimates exist that may be exploited by larvae. We conclude by identifying key areas of needed research and describe steps imperative to the recovery the Mitchell's satyr.

A population of Parides ascanius butterflies was studied for 12 months in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. The population size was approximately 10–20 individuals with a maximum of 50 individuals. Sex ratio was biased, with males dominating in most months. The residence time was 12.7 ± 10.1 days for males, with a maximum of 28 days. Males travel distances of up to 400 m, but most individuals were recaptured within 150 to 250 m of their original capture site. Our results show that P. ascanius has a relatively long adult life span and maintains high population numbers, suggesting that habitat loss rather than population attributes explains its rarity and endangered status.

A new species, Cremastobombycia chromolaenae, is described from Florida and Texas, USA. The larva is a leaf miner on Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and H. Robinson, a 2–3 m tall perennial shrub of the family Asteraceae, whose native range extends from southern Florida south to northern Argentina (Fig. 1). The plant is also known to occur in Africa, Asia, and Australia where it is considered exotic and in some countries has become a major weed. The larvae of C. chromolaenae are hypometamorphic and possess two distinct larval body forms and feeding behaviors—an early stage sap-feeding form with a flattened body and prognathous mouthparts and a later stage tissue-feeding form with a more cylindrical body and possessing hypognathous mouthparts. Based on head capsule counts and measurements, the larvae undergo five instars, with the first three instars being of the sap-feeding form and the last two tissue-feeding instars. The larval mine begins as a short, serpentine track which enlarges to a rounded, whitish, and eventually tentiform blotch. Cremastobombycia chromolaenae may have value as a biocontrol agent in those areas where the host plant has become a major problem.

Two new species, Antaeotricha baboquivariensis and Antaeotricha duckworthi, are described from southeastern Arizona. Photographs are included of the type imagoes and their associated genitalia. Habitat images and a distribution map for the two new taxa are provided.

A large sample of trapped adult males of Hyalophora euryalus, H. columbia gloveri, and intergrades from a hybrid zone between these taxa were scored for seven categories of wing damage. A total of 6.1% of 471 adults showed wing damage consistent with bird strikes. Among categories of wing damage, a significantly higher frequency of strikes involved the HW discal spot and the apical eye spot. Patterns of wing damage and behavior of adults when threatened were evaluated in the context of formal models of wing markings as anti-predator mechanisms. Discal spots may act to intimidate predators, while apical eye spots may deflect attacks away from the body. Certain markings are highly conserved and concordant with DNA-based saturniid phylogeny.