Material examined

COLOMBIA: Holotype ♀: “Columbia” (Gen. prep. GMT Z 640) (ZMHB); FRENCH GUIANA: 1 ♀, French Guyana, Montagne des Chevaux, (N 4° 43′ 30″ / W 52° 24′ 30″), 31.iii.1997, (B. Hermier leg.) (ex Coll. B. Hermier, n° 12253) (Coll. TLMF) (Gen. prep. GMT Z 3629) (BOLD ZYGMO PPPam#sma#001-no result) (Figs 1, 28).

General remarks.

The female Holotype of P. smaragdina was described by M. Hering as a ♂. This type is deposited in ZMHB and was examined and dissected by GMT in 1976 (Gen. prep GMT Z 640). The fact that the antenna is strongly pectinated may be the reason that Hering described this female as a male. There is no significant difference between the holotype and our specimen from French Guiana.

Redescription (based on the holotype and the female from French Guiana).

Head, thorax and abdomen unicolorous, black, with violet and bluish green sheen (depending on the angle of the refractive light). Length of body: 10.2 mm, length of forewing: 12.9 mm, breadth of forewing: 3.8 mm, length of hindwing: 7.1 mm, breadth of hindwing: 2.6 mm, both antennae broken. Forewing densely covered with scales that are arranged in the form of roofing tiles, some bifurcate or even trifurcate distally but ovoid scales also present, surface of forewing strongly shiny, greenish blue, hindwing blackish violet with a slight greenish blue sheen, fringe violet. Scales on hindwing ovoid, surface of hindwing also shiny. Head in lateral view with almost flat frons that is slightly projected dorsally; frons 1.2× broader than compound eye in frontal view; compound eye black, chaetosemata chocolate brown, triangular, projected anteriorly as in specimens belonging to the tribe Artonini of Procridinae (distributed in Asia, Africa and Australia), filling the space between compound eye and ocellus; ocellus small, distance between ocellus and dorsal edge of compound eye approximately 1.8× broader than diameter of ocellus. Labial palps short, porrect. Proboscis blackish brown. Antenna bipectinate, with dorsoventrally compressed shaft, pectinations with length ca 3.0× breadth of shaft at segment 12; sensillae on pectinations (flagellomeres) extremely short.

Legs concolorous with thorax except for a narrow yellowish streak along foreleg ventrally, foreleg without epiphysis, hindtibia with a pair of very small triangular spurs.

Wing venation in forewing with r₃+r₄ stalked, in hindwing all veins free from cell, m1 absent, medial stem reduced in forewing, weakly developed distally in hindwing. Frenulum developed as a single spine.

Female genitalia (Fig. 28).

Both examined females do not show any variation in genitalia.

Ostium approximately half as broad as length of the strongly sclerotized antrum, the latter with smooth surface ventrally and with a very characteristic groove-like structure dorsally that looks like a ‘ladder’, distal end of antrum closed, with a translucent, strongly folded, bag-like structure; the insertion of the translucent ductus bursae into the antrum is situated dorso-laterally at the distal end of the ‘ladder’-like groove; the short translucent part of the ductus bursae opens into a large, translucent, spherical praebursa that has a ring-like structure; the translucent and strongly folded ductus intrabursalis inserts at the centre of this ring-like structure in the middle of the praebursa; corpus bursae small, ovoid, translucent; insertion of ductus seminalis at the point where the ductus intrabursalis enters the corpus bursae. Papillae anales small with short setae, apophyses posteriores 1.8× longer than length of papillae anales; 8th sternite translucent, apophyses anteriores very short, translucent; 8th sternite with a narrow sclerotization.

Differential diagnosis.

P. smaragdina can be confused with many Pampa species of the same size and habitus. In Pampa the genitalia are extremely diverse although these characters seem to be constant within one species. Therefore any determination has to be based on genitalia structures. There is no other species known with genitalia similar to those of P. smaragdina. The groove-like dorsal structure with ‘ladder’-like appearance in the antrum can be found in at least two other species (P. pseudoeminens Tarmann, 1984, and P. anamariae Tarmann, 1984) but these two species differ from P. smaragdina in having a characteristic yellowish pattern on the blackish blue wings.

Phenology and bionomics. Unknown.

Distribution. Colombia, French Guiana.

Material examined

FRENCH GUIANA: Holotype ♀: French Guyana, Patawa camp, Kaw, (N 4° 32′ 30″ / W 52° 9′), 21.iv.1996, light trap, (J. Cerda leg.) (ex Coll. B. Hermier, n° 10162) (Coll. TLMF) (BOLD ZYGMO PPPam#her#001-no result) (Fig. 2); Paratypes: 1 ♀, French Guyana, Patawa camp, Kaw,(N 4° 32′ 30″ / W 52° 9′), 08.x.1994, light trap, (J. Cerda leg.) (ex Coll. B. Hermier, n° 7190) (Coll. TLMF) (BOLD ZYGMO PPPam#her#002-no result) (Fig. 3); 1 ♀, French Guyana, Montagne de Kaw, pk 37.5 (N 4°35′55″ / W 52°08′43″), 03.v.2003, light trap, (D. Faure leg.) (Coll. ED) (BOLD ZYGMO PPPam#her#003-result 658bp) (Fig. 4); 1 ♀, French Guyana, road N2, pk 54, (N 4° 33′30″ / W 52° 24′), 27.iv.1997, light trap (B. Hermier leg.) (ex Coll. B. Hermier, n° 12422) (Coll. TLMF) (Gen. prep. GMT Z 3630) (BOLD ZYGMO PPPam#her#004-no result) (Figs 5, 29).

General remarks.

Only females are known so far. There is only one other species of Pampa known (an undescribed species from Costa Rica with different genitalia) that has a habitus similar to that of P. hermieri sp. nov. The white apex on the forewing is characteristic for both P. hermieri sp. nov. and the undescribed species from Costa Rica.

Description

Female.

Head, thorax and abdomen unicolorous black, opaque, sometimes with a very slight violet sheen (depending on the angle and intensity of the refractive light). Length of body: 9.3–10.9 mm, length of forewing: 11.4–12.0 mm, breadth of forewing: 3.1–3.7, length of hindwing: 6.3–7.6 mm, breadth of hindwing: 2.3–2.6 mm, length of antenna: 5.1–5.2 mm. Fore- and hindwings black, densely covered with narrow scales, forewing with white apex on upper- and underside, surface of both wings on upper- and underside opaque, matt, without sheen, fringe black. Head in lateral view with almost flat frons that is slightly projected dorsally; frons 1.2× broader than compound eye in frontal view; compound eye black, chaetosemata chocolate brown, triangular, projected anteriorly as in Artonini, filling the space between compound eye and ocellus; ocellus small, distance between ocellus and dorsal edge of compound eye approximately 1.5× broader than diameter of ocellus. Labial palps short, porrect. Proboscis brown. Antenna short, with 33 segments, bipectinate, tapering to and bluntly pointed at apex, with dorsoventrally compressed shaft, length of pectinations ca 3.0× breadth of shaft at segment 12; sensillae on pectinations (flagellomeres) extremely short.

Legs concolorous with thorax, foreleg without epiphysis, hindtibia with a pair of very small triangular spurs.

Wing venation in forewing with r₃+r₄ stalked, in hindwing all veins free from cell, m1 absent, medial stem absent in both wings. Frenulum developed as a single spine.

Female genitalia (Fig. 29).

Ostium broad, slit-shaped, approximately half as broad as length of the strongly sclerotized antrum, the latter tapering distally, with smooth surface ventrally and dorsally, without a central groove-like structure dorsally, distal end of antrum closed with a translucent, strongly folded, small, bag-like structure; the insertion of the translucent ductus into the antrum is situated dorso-laterally in the middle of antrum; no separately developed praebursa visible, the ductus bursae and corpus bursae are fused to form a long, translucent tube-like structure that has a bag-like ending distally; the fact that the ductus seminalis inserts at about 1/3 length of this tube shows us this fusion because normally the ductus intrabursalis inserts at the proximal edge of the corpus bursae. Papillae anales small with short setae, apophyses posteriores 1.2× longer than papillae anales; 8th sternite and 8th tergite fused to form a ring-like structure, apophyses anteriores extremely short, almost absent.

Differential diagnosis.

The habitus and the genitalia of P. hermieri sp. nov. are unique. The second Pampa species with a white apex originating from Costa Rica awaits description. However, the latter has the abdominal segments 1–3 red ventrally and laterally whereas these are uniformly black in P. hermieri sp. nov.

Phenology and bionomics. Unknown.

Distribution. French Guiana.

Derivatio nominis. This species is named after Bernard Hermier (Rémire-Montjoly, French Guiana, F) who is undertaking substantial research on Heterocera and Hesperiidae in French Guiana.

Material examined

FRENCH GUIANA: Holotype ♂: French Guyana, road N2, pk 79, (N 4° 24′52″ / W 52° 18′ 30″), 30.iv.1997, light trap (B. Hermier leg.) (ex Coll. B. Hermier, n° 12364) (Coll. TLMF) (Gen. prep. GMT Z 3631) (Coll. TLMF) (BOLD ZYGMO PPPam#pse#001-no result) (Fig. 6, 30a, b). Paratypes: 1♂, French Guyana, road N2, pk 79, (N 4° 24′52″ / W 52° 18′ 30″), 30.iv.1997, light trap (B. Hermier leg.) (ex Coll. B. Hermier, n° 12411) (Coll. TLMF) (BOLD ZYGMO PPPam#pse#002-no result) (Fig. 7); 1♂, French Guyana, Route forestière de Coralie, pk 10,2 (N 4°30′30″ / W 52° 26′ 00″), 13.ix.1996, light trap (B. Hermier leg.) (ex Coll. B. Hermier, n° 11002) (Coll. TLMF) (BOLD ZYGMO PPPam#pse#003-no result) (Fig. 8); 1♂, French Guyana, Camp Patawa [Roura] (N 4° 32′30″ / W 52° 09′ 00″), 27.iv.1993, light trap (J. Cerda leg.) (Coll. B. Hermier, n° 7189) (BOLD ZYGMO PPPam#pse#004-no result) (Fig. 9); 1♂, French Guyana, Piste de Changement, pk 7 (N 4°30′18″ / W 52°24′11″), 12.ii.1997, light trap (B. Hermier leg.) (ex Coll. B. Hermier, n° 12042) (Coll. TLMF) (BOLD ZYGMO PPPam#pse#005-no result) (Fig. 10); 1♀, French Guyana, Sinnamary, [Route de Saint-Elie, Piste de la] crique Toussaint (N 5° 21′ 29.6″ / W 53° 0′ 15.3″) 12.i.1999, on flower (C. Faynel leg.) (Coll. ED) (Gen. prep. GMT Z 3632) (BOLD ZYGMO PPPam#pse#006-no result) (Fig. 11, 30c).

General remarks.

This species is externally similar to a group of small Pampa species in which the wing venation is strongly pronounced and visible as dark lines, but the wings of P. pseudovenata sp. nov. are more translucent.

Description.

Head, thorax and abdomen unicolorous greyish black, without sheen. Length of body: 8.5–9.1 mm in male, 10.2 mm in female, length of forewing: 9.0–10.0 mm in male, 10.4 mm in female, breadth of forewing: 2.9–3.1 mm in male, 3.4 mm in female, length of hindwing: 5.6–5.7 mm in male, 6.1 mm in female, breadth of hindwing: 2.2 mm in male, 2.3 mm in female, length of antenna: 4.4–4.5 mm in male, 5.2 mm in female. Both wings black, slightly translucent, weakly covered with very narrow scales, the veins stronger scaled and therefore well visible. Head in lateral view with almost flat frons that is slightly projected dorsally; frons 1.2× broader than compound eye in frontal view; compound eye black, chaetosemata chocolate brown, triangular, projected anteriorly as in Artonini, filling the space between compound eye and ocellus; ocellus small, distance between ocellus and dorsal edge of compound eye approximately 1.5× broader than diameter of ocellus. Labial palps short, porrect. Proboscis brown. Antenna short, consisting of 30 segments, bipectinate, tapering to and bluntly pointed at apex, with dorsoventrally compressed shaft, length of pectinations ca 4.5× breadth of shaft at segment 12 in male, 0.9× in female; sensillae on pectinations (flagellomeres) very long in male and short in female.

Legs concolorous with thorax, foreleg without epiphysis, hindtibia with a pair of very small triangular spurs.

Venation of forewing with r₃+r₄ stalked, in hindwing all veins free from cell, m1 absent, medial stem absent in both wings. Frenulum developed as a single spine in both sexes.

Male genitalia (Figs 30a, b)

Uncus long and slender, pointed at apex, tegument ca 1.3× longer than uncus, vinculum narrow, broadly rounded, without saccus, valve double-lobed distally, very translucent dorsally, stronger sclerotized ventrally, sacculus developed as a strongly sclerotized crest, pulvinus developed as a long band with setae of medium length, at the apex with a bundle of longer setae present, juxta broad, of same length as tegumen, without spines and other structures. Aedeagus stout, 2.5× longer than broad, vesica with one large, curved and one short, straight cornutus.

Female genitalia (Fig 30c).

The broad ostium and the triangular antrum are formed from a translucent ventral part that arises from the intersegmental skin of the 8th sternite and of the sclerotized part of the 8th sternite that forms a ring with the 8th tergite; the surface of the inner part of the ostium and antrum area is formed by the 8th sternite and has a very spiny surface with a wave-like structure that is reminiscent of the ‘ladder’-like structure found in other Pampa species (see above under P. smaragdina); the distal part of antrum narrows into a short, translucent ductus that inserts into a prominent praebursa, the proximal part of the praebursa bears a sclerotization; at that sclerotization the translucent ductus intrabursalis is inserted; corpus bursae translucent, ovoid. Papillae anales small with short setae, apophyses posteriores as long as papillae anales, apophyses anteriores absent.

Differential diagnosis.

Externally similar to P. venata (Jordan, 1913) (from Brazil) but the genitalia are different. In P. pseudoventata the aedeagus is broader and has two prominent cornuti whereas P. venata has an aedeagus without such cornuti. The genitalia of P. anisa (Hering 1924) (only female holotype from Brazil is known) and P. boliviensis (Hering, 1924) (only male holotype from Bolivia is known) are also similar. The praebursa in P. anisa is broader and shorter and has a prominent ring-like sclerotization and the aedeagus of P. boliviensis is shorter, proximally narrower than distally, with only one, strongly curved cornutus.

Phenology and bionomics. Unknown.

Distribution. French Guiana.

Derivatio nominis. This species is externally similar to Pampa venata (Jordan, 1913).

General remarks.

This genus also needs revision. Stylura is characterized by the long tails at the abdominal end (prolongations of the 8th pleurites) in both males and females, but the function of these is still unknown. The wing shape is the same as in Pampa Walker, 1854, and Harrisina Packard, 1864. Foretibia with epiphysis. The male genitalia are symmetrical (as in Pampa; in Harrisina they are strongly asymmetrical); the valva is strongly encaved distally or is even split into 2–3 smaller parts. The female genitalia have a prominent antrum with a spiny inner surface (at least dorsally), a large praebursa and a characteristic sclerotized crest that is connected to the dorsal wall of the antrum; this crest can be narrow or broad and can have a spiny surface or bear small, pointed cornuti.

Three species have been described so far in the genus Stylura, viz. S. forficula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855) (type species of genus) (Brazil), S. brasiliensis Costa Lima, 1928 (Brazil), and S. cirama (Druce, 1896) (Guatemala, Costa Rica). Herrich-Schäffer's type specimen has not been traced and according to O. H. H. Mielke (Curitiba, Brazil), it does not exist anymore (in litteris via H. Thöny, Poté, Brazil, 10.08.1996). M. Hering determined specimens in the ZMHB as Stylura forficula and used them for his key on American Zygaenidae (Hering, 1925). At that time Stylura was supposed to be a monotypic genus with one species only, occurring from Mexico to southern Brazil. However, in 1928 Costa Lima described a second species, viz. Stylura brasiliensis Costa-Lima, 1928, based on a single ‘male’ specimen from Brazil. The type is deposited in Instituto Oswaldo Cruz in Rio de Janeiro (Mielke & Casagrande, 1999, 2001). So far it has not been possible to examine and dissect this type-specimen. While undertaking revisional work in the BMNH, another Stylura species was recognised by GMT, viz. S. cirama (Druce, 1896) (described as Harrisina). The male holotype from Guatemala has been examined. A second specimen of this species was found in Costa Rica by D. Janzen (Fig. 13). It is a male as is the holotype. Two additional female specimens of Stylura, one collected in Brazil (Pará) in 2002 by C. Faynel and one in Paraguay by Ulf Drechsel (Asuncion) in 2011, have been examined. As a consequence it can be said that none of the females of Stylura dissected so far, including the specimens determined by Hering as S. forficula, are identical with the specimen from French Guiana.

One female specimen is deposited in the collection of ED which could be conspecific with Herrich-Schäffer's Laemocharis forficula. We therefore provide a short description and figure of this specimen and its genitalia.

Material examined

BRAZIL: 1 ♀: Pará, Route de Vigia, [on the road from Santo Antonio de Tauá to Vigia, vic. Bom Jesus, 18 m], xii.2002, during day (P. Jauffrey leg.) (Gen. prep. GMT Z 3628) (Coll. ED) (BOLD ZYGMO PPSty#for#001- result 658bp) (Fig. 12, 31a−c).

General remarks.

This female specimen from Brazil could be the true Stylura forficula. However, as the type of this species has never been examined no one can say what S. forficula really is. As already stated by Tarmann (1984:135), the designation of a neotype is necessary, but for that a series of males and females is needed. So far all examined specimens of Stylura represent different species or their conspecificity cannot be proved because they are of different sexes.

Description.

Female.

Head, thorax and abdomen unicolorous black, with a slight greenish sheen, especially on head and thorax. The characteristic tails at the abdominal end are broken. Length of body: 9.3 mm, length of forewing: 11.8 mm, breadth of forewing: 3.7, length of hindwing: 6.4 mm, breadth of hindwing: 2.0 mm, length of antenna: 5.0 mm. Both wings black, densely covered with narrow scales, fringe black. Head in lateral view with almost flat frons that is slightly projected dorsally; frons 2.0× broader than compound eye in frontal view; compound eye black, chaetosemata greyish brown, triangular, projected anteriorly, filling half the space between compound eye and ocellus; ocellus small, distance between ocellus and dorsal edge of compound eye approximately 2.0× broader than diameter of ocellus. Labial palps short, porrect. Proboscis brown. Antenna with 39 segments, bipectinate, tapering to and pointed at apex, with dorsoventrally compressed shaft, length of pectinations ca 3.0× breadth of shaft at segment 12; sensillae on pectinations (flagellomeres) extremely short.

Legs concolorous with thorax, with a few yellowish scales laterally, foreleg with epiphysis, hindtibia with a pair of very small triangular spurs.

Venation of forewing with r₃+r₄ stalked, in hindwing all veins free from cell, m1 absent, medial stem absent in both wings. Frenulum developed as one spine. Female genitalia (Figs 31a−c).

Ostium ovoid, almost slit-shaped, the strongly sclerotized antrum long and slender, with a nose-like prolongation ventro-distally, the surface of the ostium and the whole antrum densely covered with small spines; the antrum inserts into the large, translucent, heart-shaped praebursa with a band-like dorsal structure that continues as a sclerotized crest which bears four small teeth; ductus intrabursalis translucent; corpus bursae absent (cut off during preparation). Papillae anales with short setae, apophyses posteriores as long as papillae anales; 8th sternite and 8th tergite both strongly sclerotized, forming a ring-like structure, apophyses anteriores extremely short, almost absent.

Discussion.

A differential diagnosis and comparison with other described species is impossible as the types of S. forficula and S. brasiliensis have never been examined and it is not even known whether they are males or females. From S. cirama, the third described species, we only know of two males. There is a strong difference between S. guyanensis sp. nov. (described below) and all other Stylura species where we know females in the female genitalia. There is one female in ZMHB determined by M. Hering (Gen. prep. GMT Z 693) as S. forficula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855) which has a similar character combination as the specimen from French Guiana described above, but the antrum is much shorter and the crest that bears small teeth (only spines in S. guyanensis sp. nov.) is more pronounced and longer. The two specimens cannot be conspecific. The same structural combination is again known from a female in the ZMHB which M. Hering determined as Harrisina innocens Hering, 1925. According to its genitalia this specimen is clearly a Stylura species (Gen. prep. GMT Z 718), but it is different from the two specimens mentioned above. Fortunately, Hering did not include this specimen in the type-series of H. innocens. Obviously he already had doubts of its conspecificity with that species. Moreover, the female described below from Paraguay is also rather similar in genitalia structure. All other specimens of Stylura examined so far are males. In the case of S. cirama (Druce, 1896), both known males are smaller and have broader wings. Conspecificity with other males so far examined can be excluded because of the huge genitalia differences. Conspecificity of S. cirama with one of the examined females is most unlikely.

The female from Paraguay in the collection of TLMF is possibly conspecific with Stylura brasiliensis Costa-Lima, 1928. We therefore provide a short description of this specimen and figure its habitus and genitalia.

Phenology and bionomics of S. forficula. Unknown.

Distribution of S. forficula. Unknown.

Material examined

PARAGUAY: 1 ♀: Department Central, Asuncion, 100 m (W 57°37′ / S 25°17′), 07.iv.2012 (U. Drechsel leg.) (Gen. prep. GMT Z 3685) (Coll. TLMF) (BOLD ZYGMO PPSty#bra#001- result 658bp) (Figs 14, 32 a, b).

General remarks.

Externally similar to and perhaps conspecific with S. brasiliensis Costa Lima, 1928, and in accordance with the original description of that species.

Description.

Head, thorax and abdomen unicolorous. Tails broad proximally, slender distally, length of extended tail embedded in Euparal on the genitalia slide preparation: 10.5 mm. Length of body: 7.8 mm, length of forewing: 10.0 mm, breadth of forewing: 2.9 mm, length of hindwing: 5.5 mm, breadth of hindwing: 1.9 mm, length of antenna: 4.9 mm. Both wings black, densely covered with narrow scales, fringe black. Head in lateral view with almost flat frons that is slightly projected dorsally; frons ca 2.0× broader than compound eye in frontal view; compound eye black, chaetosemata black, triangular, projected anteriorly, filling half the space between compound eye and ocellus; ocellus small, distance between ocellus and dorsal edge of compound eye approximately 2.5× broader than diameter of ocellus. Labial palps short, porrect. Proboscis blackish brown. Antenna with 30 segments, bipectinate, tapering to and pointed at apex, with dorsoventrally compressed shaft, length of pectinations ca 2.5× breadth of shaft at segment 12; sensillae on pectinations (flagellomeres) extremely short.

Legs concolorous with thorax, foreleg with epiphysis, hindtibia with a pair of very small triangular spurs. Venation of forewing with r₂+(r₃+r₄) arising from one point at cell, r₃+r₄ stalked, in hindwing all veins free from cell, asymmetrical, m1 absent in left wing but present as a vein for 0.75× its length on right hindwing, medial stem present as a short vein in cell distally in the prolongation of m₂, absent in hindwing. Frenulum developed as a single spine.

Female genitalia ((Figs 32a, b).

Ostium ovoid, with inner surface of dorsal wall (part of 8th sternite) densely covered with small spines; antrum strongly sclerotized, tube-like, 3× as long as broad, with strongly spiny inner surface, with a short prolongation ventrally; connection to praebursa developed as a very short, translucent, folded tube; praebursa ovoid with a band-like dorsal structure proximally and one larger and six smaller, short pointed teeth; ductus intrabursalis translucent, folded; corpus bursae small, ovoid, translucent. Papillae anales with short setae, apophyses posteriores small, shorter than length of papillae anales; 8th sternite and 8th tergite weakly sclerotized, almost translucent, apophyses anteriores absent.

In this specimen the glandula sebacea is very long, tube-like and spirally curled and Petersen's gland is very well developed, forming a pair of narrow tubes that end in ovoid, sack-like bulbs.

Differential diagnosis.

Externally similar to and perhaps conspecific with S. brasiliensis Costa Lima, 1928, and in accordance with the original description of that species. At present its conspecificity cannot be proved because the holotype of S. brasiliensis could not be dissected. Moreover, the latter may be a male as stated in the original description. According to the female genitalia the ground structure is remarkably similar to that of the Stylura species described above, but that specimen is much larger and in the genitalia the antrum 4× as long as broad, the ventro-distal prolongation is much more pronounced and the band-like sclerotized structure in the praebursa bears only 4 very small pointed teeth. Rather similar are the two females in ZMHB (Gen. prep. GMT Z 693 and Gen. prep. GMT Z 718) (see also above), but they are also clearly different in the genitalia.

Phenology and bionomics of S. brasiliensis. Unknown.

Distribution of S. brasiliensis. Unknown.

Material examined

FRENCH GUIANA: Holotype ♀: [Sinnamary, Route de Saint-Elie, Piste de la] crique Toussaint (N 5° 21′ 29.6″ / W 53° 0′ 15.3″), 12.i.1999, on flower, (C. Faynel leg.) (Gen. prep. GMT Z 3627) (Coll. TLMF) (BOLD ZYGMO PPSty#guy#001- no result) (Figs 15, 33).

General remarks.

This female specimen from French Guiana is significantly different in genitalia characters from all Stylura specimens examined so far. We do not believe that it is conspecific with any of the known species and therefore it is here newly described.

Description.

Head, thorax and abdomen unicolorous. Tails broad proximally, slender distally, length of the extended tail embedded in Euparal on the genitalia slide preparation: 11.0 mm. Length of body: 11.4 mm, length of forewing: 12.7 mm, breadth of forewing: 3.6 mm, length of hindwing: 7.2 mm, breadth of hindwing: 2.4 mm, length of antenna: 5.6 mm. Foreand hindwings black, densely covered with narrow scales, fringe black. Head in lateral view with frons almost flat, slightly projected dorsally; frons ca 2.0× broader than compound eye in frontal view; compound eye black, chaetosemata greyish brown, triangular, projected anteriorly, filling half the space between compound eye and ocellus; ocellus small, distance between ocellus and dorsal edge of compound eye approximately 2.0× broader than diameter of ocellus. Labial palps short, porrect. Proboscis dark brown. Antenna with 42 segments, bipectinate, tapering to and pointed at apex, with dorsoventrally compressed shaft, length of pectinations ca 2.5× breadth of shaft at segment 12; sensillae on pectinations (flagellomeres) extremely short.

Legs concolorous with thorax, foreleg with epiphysis, hindtibia with a pair of very small triangular spurs.

Wing venation of forewing with r₃+r₄ stalked, in hindwing all veins free from cell, m1 absent, medial stem present as a short vein in cell distally in the prolongation of m3, absent in hindwing. Frenulum developed as a single spine.

Female genitalia (Fig. 33).

Ostium ovoid, almost slit-shaped, with the inner surface densely covered with small spines; antrum very short, sclerotized, with smooth surface ventrally but with strongly spiny inner surface dorsally; praebursa ovoid with a band-like dorsal structure that can be considered as a continuation of the spiny dorsal sclerotization of the antrum; ductus intrabursalis translucent; corpus bursae ovoid, translucent. Papillae anales with short setae, apophyses posteriores small, shorter than papillae anales; 8th sternite and 8th tergite weakly sclerotized, forming a ring-like structure that is entirely covered with small spines, apophyses anteriores absent.

Differential diagnosis.

As large as and externally similar to S. cf. forficula (Herrich-Schäffer, [1855]) (Fig. 12). S. cirama (Druce, 1896) (Fig. 13) and S. brasiliensis Costa-Lima, 1928, are smaller in size. The former also has broader wings (comparison of the genitalia is not possible as only males are known), while the latter is different in genitalia. Other species of the same size that are already known from South America differ in genitalia. There is no other Stylura known so far that has a completely spiny abdominal end (8th sternite and tergite) and a band-like spiny sclerotization that extends from the ostium through the antrum to the praebursa dorsally.

Phenology and bionomics. Unknown.

Distribution. French Guiana.

Derivatio nominis. Named after is origin, French Guyana (spelling in French language).

General remarks.

The monotypic genus Harrisinopsis is characterised as follows: habitus similar to Pampa Walker, 1854, Harrisina Packard, 1864, and especially Monalita Tremewan, 1973, but with slightly less narrow wings than in the two former genera and without any translucent parts on the wings and longer hindwings compared with the last-mentioned genus. The proboscis is reddish orange. The frenulum of the female consists of two bristles whereas both Pampa and Harrisina have only one bristle in the female. The genitalia of the male are characterised by a small uncus that consists of a central hook and is accompanied by a pair of strongly sclerotized socii that exceed the length of the uncus; valve without projections, vinculum very broad, without saccus, pulvinus well developed. The most striking character is a pair of long, slightly curved, strongly sclerotized movable projections with pointed apex and with a hairy base situated on a translucent folded diaphragm on top of the juxta. Aedeagus slender, strongly sclerotized basally, with a sclerotization on vesica.

According to the DNA barcoding results (Fig. 47) and based on the comparison of male genitalia characters (Figs 34a, b, 35a, b, 36a, b, 37a, b, 38a, b) it is doubtful whether the two genera Harrisinopsis and Monalita can be treated as different genera. Several characters that were so far thought to be characteristic for Harrisinopsis (see above) are shared with at least one of the known species of Monalita. However, at the moment there is simply too little information available for a clear decision (e.g. only one sex known, no information on the early instars, no larva host-plants known). We therefore treat Harrisinopsis and Monalita here still as two genera following Tarmann (1984).

Material examined

BRAZIL: Holotype ♂, ‘Amazonas’ (BMNH), 1♂ Paratype, ‘Amazonas’ (BMNH); 1♀, Lower Amazonas, Rio Manés, Massauary (Hahnel leg.) (Gen. prep. GMT Z 696) (ZMHB) published as ♂ by Hering (1924: 277); 1♀, Brazil, Villa Bella (Hahnel leg.) (determined and labelled as ‘Typus ♀′ by M. Hering) (ex Coll.Staudinger) (ZMHB). PERU: 1♂, Holotype of H. tessmanni, SE Peru, Mt. Allegre, Rio Pachitea (G. Tessmann leg.) (Gen. prep. GMT Z 629) (Coll. ZMHB). FRENCH GUIANA: 1♂, French Guyana, road N2 pk 41 (N 4°38′ / W 53°22′), 09.v.1997, light trap (B. Hermier leg.) (ex Coll. B. Hermier, no 12617) (Coll. TLMF) (Gen. prep GMT Z 3621) (BOLD ZYGMO PPHsn#rob#001-no result) (Fig. 16, 34a, b); 1 ♂, French Guyana, Kaw, pk 38.5 (W 52°07′07″/ N 4°31′32″), 08.viii.2002, light trap (D. Camus leg.) (ex Coll. J. Cerda) (Coll. ED) (Gen. prep GMT Z 3624) (BOLD ZYGMO PPHsn#rob#002- result 658bp) (Fig. 17, 35a, b).

Description of the two males from French Guiana.

Head, thorax and abdomen unicolorous, dark greenish brown, with a brilliant sheen. Length of body: 8.0–9.5 mm, length of forewing: 12.0–14.0 mm, breadth of forewing: 4.0 mm (in both males!), length of hindwing: 6.0–7.0 mm, length of antenna: 6.0–7.0 mm.

Head, thorax and abdomen densely covered with scales arranged in the form of roofing tiles, scales not bifurcate distally but with a denticulate margin.

Head in lateral view with almost flat frons that is slightly projected dorsally; frons 1.5× broader than compound eye in frontal view; compound eye black, chaetosemata triangular, chocolate brown; ocellus small, distance between ocellus and dorsal edge of compound eye approximately 2× broader than diameter of ocellus. Labial palps short, curved upwards, parallel to and almost touching the head capsule. Proboscis orange. Antenna bipectinate, pointed distally, tapering towards apex, with dorsoventrally compressed shaft, length of pectinations ca 3.0× breadth of shaft at segment 12; sensillae on pectinations (flagellomeres) of medium length, 2× broader than diameter of the shaft of the flagellomeres; number of antennal segments 45–47. Legs concolorous with thorax, foreleg with epiphysis, hindtibia with a pair of very small triangular spurs.

Wings opaque, densely covered with scales, dark greenish brown, with a brilliant sheen on both wings and on upper- and underside; venation of forewing with r3+r4 stalked, in hindwing all veins free from cell, medial stem developed in both wings. Frenulum developed as a very strong spine, retinaculum very prominent. Fringe dark brown with green sheen, consisting of long slender scales, longer at the anal part of hindwing.

Male genitalia (Figs 34a, b: 35a, b).

See under ‘general remarks’ above.

Female genitalia. The only female dissected so far had an abdomen that was partly eaten by Anthrenus sp. (Coleoptera). As a consequence, only the papillae anales and some translucent tubes are preserved and a description is not possible.

Phenology and bionomics.

Both specimens from French Guiana were taken in light-traps, one of the latter with a MV lamp.

Distribution. Brasil, Peru, French Guiana.

General remarks.

Monalita Tremewan, 1973, is a replacement name for Lamontia Kaye, 1923 (preoccupied). The type species is Lamontia calibana Kaye, 1923. Only the holotype is known but this has not been traced. In the original description it is not stated whether it is a male or a female. However, the type specimen is figured on pl. 1, fig. 18, in the original description and shows a habitus typical of the female and with slender antennae. We therefore conclude it is a female.

In our examinations we surprisingly found that the three males from French Guiana, which have a more or less identical habitus, represent two different species. The only female available from French Guiana can be specifically associated based on the DNA barcoding result. However, there is no proof that one of them is not conspecific with M. calibana from Trinidad. Nevertheless, although there is a minor risk that one of the two species is in fact M. calibana, we describe them below.

Monalita is characterized by Harrisinopsis-like wingshape with very long, distally pointed forewings, very short hindwings and a short body. However, in Monalita the forewings are partly translucent in the male and at least semitranslucent in the female, the translucent parts weakly covered with very narrow, needle-like scales, the darker parts with broader, more densely arranged scales. This character combination provides the specimens with the characteristic Monalita habitus which was already mentioned in the original description by Kaye (1923). In the female the frenulum consists of two bristles, as in Harrisinopsis. In the two different species mentioned in this paper one has an epiphysis developed on the foretibia like Harrisinopsis, in the other the epiphysis is absent. In the forewing r3+r4 are stalked, in the hindwing m1 is reduced; a medial stem is present as a vein, at least distally, in both wings.

Material examined

FRENCH GUIANA: Holotype ♂: Kaw, pk 37 (W 52°07′40″/ N 4°32′01″), 07.vii.2000, light trap (D. Faure leg.) (Gen. prep GMT Z 3625) (Coll. TLMF) (BOLD ZYGMO PPMon#fau#001- result 658bp) (Figs 18, 36a, b). Paratype ♂: French Guyana, route de l'Anse, Sinnamary (N 05°22′33″ / E 52°57′47″), 24.ii.2000, during the day (C. Faynel leg.) (Coll. ED) (Gen. prep GMT Z 3622) (BOLD ZYGMO PPMon#fau#002- result 658bp) (Figs 19, 37a, b).

General remarks.

This species has a well-developed epiphysis on the foretibia (see also ‘general remarks’ under genus Monalita)

Description.

Head and thorax black, with slightly violet tinge; abdomen unicolorous black. Length of body: 7.1–7.2 mm, length of forewing: 12.9–13.0 mm, breadth of forewing: 3.4–3.9 mm, length of hindwing: 5.8–6.0 mm, breadth of hindwing: 3.0–3.1 mm, length of antenna: 5.5–5.7 mm. Forewing black, but only the proximal part between costa, subcosta and r1, the base of the cell, and the space caudad of CuP is densely covered with narrow scales, the rest of the wing is very weakly scaled with needle-shaped scales giving the specimen the translucent appearance in the distal part of the wing, a characteristic habitus of Monalita, fringe black. Head in lateral view with almost flat frons that is projected dorsally; frons ca 1.5× broader than compound eye in frontal view; compound eye black, chaetosemata greyish black, triangular, projected anteriorly, filling half the space between compound eye and ocellus; ocellus of medium size, distance between ocellus and dorsal edge of compound eye approximately as broad as diameter of ocellus. Labial palps short, porrect. Proboscis yellowish brown. Antenna with 40 segments, bipectinate, tapering to and pointed at apex, with dorsoventrally compressed shaft, length of pectinations ca 4.0× breadth of shaft at segment 12; sensillae on pectinations (flagellomeres) of medium length (approximately as long as breadth of shaft of flagellomeres).

Legs concolorous with thorax, foreleg with epiphysis, hindtibia with a pair of very small triangular spurs.

Venation of forewing with r₃+r₄ stalked, r₂ and (r₃+r₄) arising from one point at cell, in hindwing all veins free from cell, m1 absent, medial stem present as a full vein in both wings.

Male genitalia (Figs 36a, b, 37a, b).

Uncus short with broad base, pointed distally, a welldeveloped, tongue-shaped gnathos present; tegumen double lobed, the lobes somewhat quadrangular, vinculum narrow, without pronounced saccus; distal part of valva translucent medially, slightly sclerotized dorsally and ventrally, sacculus strongly sclerotized, a prominent, distally pointed process at half length of valve ventrally, pulvinus well developed, with a row of long setae; transtilla well developed as a bridgelike structure with a narrow central ridge; juxta long, approximately half length of valve. Aedeagus long and slender (approximately 8.5× longer then broad), almost straight, only slightly curved upwards, vesica with a sclerotized structure that is half the length of the aedeagus, consisting of a complicated shape. 8th sternite of abdomen with a characteristic, doublepointed, sclerotized distal end.

Differential diagnosis:

Externally very similar to M. laguerrei sp. nov. (see Figs 20, 38a, b), but clearly different in the male genitalia. Moreover, M. laguerrei sp. nov. lacks the tibial epiphysis, the antennal pectinations are longer and the 8th abdominal sternite is trapezoid and without a double-pointed sclerotization.

Phenology and bionomics. unknown.

Distribution. French Guiana.

Derivatio nominis. This species is named after Denis Faure (Kourou, French Guiana, F) who collected the holotype.

Material examined

FRENCH GUIANA: Holotype ♂: piste de Kaw, pk 40+2, 260m (N 4°32′53″ / E 52°07′49″), 24.vii.–01.viii.2003 (M. Laguerre leg.) (Coll. TLMF) (Gen. prep GMT Z 3623) (BOLD ZYGMO PPMon#lag#001-result 658bp) (Figs 20, 38a, b). Paratype ♀: 1♀, French Guyana, Papinabo, Kourou (N 05°09′47″ / E 52°38′38″), 28.vii.2003, light trap (D. Faure) (Coll. ED) (Gen. prep GMT Z 3626) (BOLD ZYGMO PPMon#sp1#001- result 307bp) (Figs 21, 39).

General remarks.

This species lacks the epiphysis on the foretibia (see also ‘general remarks’ under genus Monalita)

Description.

Male.

This specimen is worn. Head, thorax and abdomen unicolorous, black. Length of body: 7.0 mm, length of forewing: 12.2 mm, breadth of forewing: 3.7, length of hindwing: 6.3 mm, breadth of hindwing: 3.2 mm, length of antenna: 5.9 mm. Forewing black proximally, densely covered with narrow scales, the rest of the wing very weakly scaled with needleshaped scales giving the specimen a translucent appearance in the distal part of the wing characteristic of the habitus of Monalita, fringe (as far as visible) black. Head in lateral view with almost flat frons that is projected dorsally; frons ca 1.5× broader than compound eye in frontal view; compound eye black, chaetosemata greyish black, triangular, projected anteriorly, filling half the space between compound eye and ocellus; ocellus of medium size, distance between ocellus and dorsal edge of compound eye approximately as broad as diameter of ocellus. Labial palps short, porrect. Proboscis yellow. Antenna with 41 segments, bipectinate, tapering to and pointed at apex, with dorsoventrally compressed shaft, length of pectinations ca 5.0× breadth of shaft at segment 12; sensillae on pectinations (flagellomeres) of medium length (approximately as long as breadth of shaft of flagellomeres).

Legs concolorous with thorax, foreleg without epiphysis, hindtibia with a pair of very small triangular spurs.

Wing venation in forewing with r3+r4 stalked, in hindwing all veins free from cell, m1 absent, medial stem present as a full vein in both wings.

Male genitalia (Figs 38a, b).

Uncus short with broad base, rounded distally, gnathos not developed; tegumen double lobed, the lobes short and rectangular, vinculum narrow, without pronounced saccus; valva strongly sclerotized, only slightly translucent medially, sacculus without process, pulvinus prolongated to form a strongly sclerotized finger that bears short tooth-like setae distally; transtilla well developed; the most surprising character is the similar pair of long, slightly curved, strongly sclerotized movable projections with pointed apex and with a hairy base situated on top of the juxta, as found in Harrisinopsis (see above) but with the difference that at the base of these processes there is a group of long spines (that are easily shed during preparation). Aedeagus short, strongly sclerotized, with a ball-shaped proximal and a slender distal part (only 2× longer then broad), vesica with one cornutus that is half length of aedeagus and with a broad proximal and slender distal part. 8th sternite of abdomen with a ‘normal’ trapezoid sclerite (without a double-pointed sclerotization as in M. faurei sp. nov., see above).

Female.

Larger than the male and with broader wings. The scales on the translucent parts of the forewing are slightly broader than in the male and more densely arranged. Therefore the wing is more semitranslucent in these areas compared with the males. Head, thorax and abdomen unicolorous, black. Length of body: 9.8 mm, length of forewing: 15.5 mm, breadth of forewing: 4.9 mm, length of hindwing: 7.9 mm, breadth of hindwing: 4.6 mm, length of antenna: 6.8 mm. Head in lateral view with almost flat frons that is slightly projected dorsally; frons ca 2.0× broader than compound eye in frontal view; compound eye black, chaetosemata blackish brown, triangular, projected anteriorly, filling half the space between compound eye and ocellus; ocellus small, distance between ocellus and dorsal edge of compound eye approximately 2.0× broader than diameter of ocellus. Labial palps short, porrect. Proboscis light brown. Antenna with 40 segments, bipectinate, tapering to and pointed at apex, with dorsoventrally compressed shaft, length of pectinations ca 2.0× breadth of shaft at segment 12; sensillae on pectinations (flagellomeres) extremely short.

Legs concolorous with thorax, foreleg without epiphysis, hindtibia with a pair of very small triangular spurs.

Wing venation strongly asymmetrical in both wings. Forewing with r3+r4 stalked, left forewing with an additional cross vein between Cu1 and Cu2, hindwing with Sc free, connected to cell by a very short cross vein, right hindwing with all veins free from cell, m1 absent, left hindwing with Sc+rr stalked; medial stem present. Frenulum developed as two spines.

Female genitalia (Fig. 39).

Ostium rounded, with a sclerotized ring-like structure, no sclerotized antrum developed; ductus bursae translucent, broad, leading directly into the translucent, ovoid corpus bursae, no praebursa; 8th sternite and 8th tergite very strongly sclerotized, forming a broad ring around the papillae anales and the anus, just interrupted by the ostium ring; papillae anales large, with short setae, apophyses posteriores narrow, as long as length of papillae head, apophyses anteriores absent.

Differential diagnosis.

Externally very similar but clearly different in the male genitalia from M. faurei sp. nov. (see Figs 36a, b). M. laguerrei sp. nov. lacks the tibial epiphysis, the antennal pectinations are longer and the 8th abdominal sternite is trapezoid and without a doublepointed sclerotization.

Phenology and bionomics. Unknown.

Distribution. French Guiana.

Derivatio nominis. This species is named after Michel Laguerre (Léognan, F) who is a specialist of Arctiinae and who collected the holotype.

General remarks.

This genus includes some small species with very narrow wings which are externally similar to species of the genera Urodopsis Jordan, 1913, and Pampa Walker, 1854. The wings are densely scaled and can be uniformly black, or black and brown with a yellow pattern. Wing venation in forewing with all veins free from cell, with a full set of veins or with r₅ or m₁ reduced; the distal margin of the cell is developed as a full cross vein (often reduced and ‘open’ in Urodopsis); medial stem absent, a prominent anal loop present. In the hindwing m1 reduced, with only two anal veins in the type species P. angustula Felder, 1874, but with three veins in all other known species (vic. P. invaria (Walker, 1854); P. tristis Hering, 1932; P. dantasi (Schaus, 1892), should they turn out to be really congeneric.

In Tarmann (1984: 144) only a provisional diagnosis of the male genitalia was given as the type species P. angustula Felder, 1874, was known only from the female holotype. Following Hering (1925, 1932), the other three species were provisionally placed together with P. angustula. The diagnosis of the female genitalia, based on the holotype of P. angustula in Tarmann (1984: 145), is incorrect. The two additional specimens from French Guiana show that the female of this species has not only a very complicated praebursa but also a well developed corpus bursae (that is obviously lost in the holotype). The female genitalia have a strongly sclerotized antrum with a constriction where it is inserted into the long and slender praebursa; at that point two bracelet-shaped sclerotizations are developed; corpus bursae large, spherical and translucent. As in all the allied genera the spermatophore is deposited in the praebursa, as can be seen on one of the genitalia slide preparations.

Material examined

[BRAZIL]: Holotype ♀: ‘Amazonenstrom’, (Felder collection; Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1) (Gen. prep GMT Z 1104, BMNH No. 1325) (Coll. BMNH); FRENCH GUIANA:1 ♀, French Guyana, Kaw, pk 42, 190 m (N 4°31′08″ / W 52°05′21″), 28.vii.1987, malaise trap, (J. Cerda leg.) (ex Coll. J. Cerda) (Coll. TLMF) (Gen. prep. GMT Z 3638) (BOLD ZYGMO PPPyc#ang#001- result 658bp) (Fig. 22); 1♀, French Guyana, Piste Soumourou, Kourou, 11m (N 5°07′18″ / W 52°43′55″), xii.2002, malaise trap, (D. Faure leg.) (ex Coll. J. Cerda) (Coll. ED) (BOLD ZYGMO PPPyc#ang#002- result 658bp) (Fig. 23);

General remarks.

All characters of the two specimens from French Guiana agree with those of the holotype.

Redescription.

Length of body: 9.0 mm, length of forewing: 10.7–11.0 mm, breadth of forewing: 2.8–2.9 mm, length of hindwing: 5.2 mm, length of antenna: 7.4–8.0 mm.

Head, thorax and abdomen densely covered with scales of different breadth, arranged in the form of roofing tiles, scales partly slightly bifurcate distally or with a denticulate margin; scales on hindwing needle-shaped, producing a semitranslucent hindwing.

Head with a flat brown occiput and in lateral view with almost a flat whitish frons that is only slightly projected dorsally; frons 1.2× broader than compound eye in frontal view; compound eye black, chaetosemata triangular, brown, extending between compound eye and ocellus, as found in the tribe Artonini; ocellus small, distance between ocellus and dorsal edge of compound eye approximately 1.2× broader than diameter of ocellus. Labial palps yellow, short, slightly curved upwards. Proboscis yellow. Antenna brown, with a bluish sheen, bipectinate, pointed distally, tapering towards apex, with dorsoventrally compressed shaft, length of pectinations ca 2.5× breadth of shaft at segment 12; sensillae on pectinations (flagellomeres) very short and only present on the ventral side, as broad as diameter of the shaft of the flagellomeres; number of antennal segments 33.

Thorax brown dorsally, yellow ventrally. Legs brown laterally, yellow centrally, foreleg without epiphysis, hindtibia with one longer and one shorter small triangular spurs.

Forewing opaque, densely covered with scales, brown, with a yellow costal streak proximally in the two specimens from French Guiana and a more yellow central field in the holotype. Hindwing semitranslucent, yellow proximally, brown distally. Wing venation as described in generic diagnosis above. Frenulum developed as a single spine. Fringe dark brown.

Female genitalia. Ostium lip-shaped, sclerotized, antrum strongly sclerotized, S-folded proximally, with a constriction at the insertion into the long and slender praebursa; at that point a bracelet-shaped sclerotization consisting of two needle-shaped spines with a dart-head like tip that is directed towards the opening of the praebursa (Figs 40a, 40c); ductus intrabursalis short and translucent, with a welldeveloped, large, spherical translucent corpus bursae. Papillae anales small with short setae, apophyses posteriores very short; 8th sternite sclerotized, fused with the ostium, apophyses anteriores very short, translucent; 8th sternite translucent except for a small sclerotization on top of the papillae anales.

Phenology and bionomics. Both specimens were taken in malaise traps.

Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana.

General remarks.

Tarmann (1984: 146) only treated this genus provisionally, as the female holotype of the type species Seryda cincta could not be dissected. This type specimen should be deposited in Coll. Saunders in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History (vide Jordan, 1913: 26) but it has still not been traced. Without comparing the structures of the female holotype with our material we cannot be certain that the following species belongs to Seryda. Tarmann (1984) included the following species in Seryda: S. cincta Walker, 1856, S. actinota Jordan, 1913, S. isa Jordan, 1913, and S. glaucotis (Hampson, 1907). There is no clear generic diagnosis available.

In our material from French Guiana there is a male and a female that have the wing shape and venation of Seryda (sensu Tarmann 1984). Initially we thought these two specimens represent the male and female of one species but a detailed examination of the external characters shows that they belong to two different species. The genitalia of each are very characteristic and were previously unknown to the authors. We therefore provisionally place these two new species in the genus Seryda.

As a provisional diagnosis of the genus we describe the following characters that are present in these two specimens and which do not disagree with the characters mentioned by Walker (1856), Jordan (1913), Hering (1925), Alberti (1954) and Tarmann (1984):

Small species with narrow wings, hindwings approximately 2/3 length of forewings; head with strongly pectinated antenna in male, weakly pectinated antenna in female; fore tibia with or without epiphysis; wings with full number of veins in forewing, in hindwing m1 reduced, all veins free from cell, medial stem in forewing absent, in hindwing present as a short vein in cell distally; male frenulum consisting of a single large spine, female frenulum consisting of two smaller bristles. Male genitalia with short, slender uncus, a double-lobed tegumen, a valva without processes on sacculus, a slender, rounded vinculum without a prominent saccus and a well-developed pulvinus with long setae; aedeagus straight, tube-like, vesica with various spines and spicules. Female genitalia with strongly sclerotized antrum but without praebursa; the spermatophore is therefore deposited in the corpus bursae.

Material examined

FRENCH GUIANA: Holotype ♂: Kaw, pk 8, 165 m (N 4°40′38″ / W 52°18′19″), 09.ii.2000, during day (J.-Y. Gallard leg.) (Gen. prep. GMT Z 3633) (Coll. TLMF) (BOLD ZYGMO PPSer#gal#001 - result 307bp) (Fig. 24).

General remarks. See under genus Seryda.

Description.

Head and thorax black, with slightly violet tinge; abdomen unicolorous black. Wings black, with a few violet scales scattered in the proximal part of the wing. Length of body: 5.9 mm, length of forewing: 9.0 mm, breadth of forewing: 3.1, length of hindwing: 5.1 mm, breadth of hindwing: 2.3 mm, length of antenna: 5.2 mm. Head capsule in lateral view flat, not projected dorsally; frons ca 1.2× broader than compound eye in frontal view; compound eye black, ventrally slightly narrower to each other in frontal view than dorsally; chaetosemata greyish black, triangular, projected anteriorly, filling half the space between compound eye and ocellus; ocellus small, distance between ocellus and dorsal edge of compound eye approximately 2.0× broader than diameter of ocellus. Labial palps very short. Proboscis yellowish brown. Antenna with 42 segments, bipectinate, tapering to and pointed at apex, with dorsoventrally compressed shaft, length of pectinations ca 3.0× breadth of shaft at segment 12; sensillae on pectinations (flagellomeres) of medium length (approximately as long as breadth of shaft of flagellomeres).

Legs concolorous with thorax, foreleg with epiphysis, hindtibia with a pair of very small triangular spurs. Frenulum consisting of a single large bristle.

Venation in forewing and hindwing with all veins free from cell, m1 absent in hindwing, medial stem absent in forewing, present in hindwing.

Male genitalia (Figs 41a, b).

Uncus short with broad base, pointed distally, the distal part at first broader, then vertically interrupted and ending tooth-like distally; tegumen double lobed, vinculum narrow, without pronounced saccus; valva rounded distally, translucent medially, slightly sclerotized dorsally and ventrally, sacculus not strongly pronounced, without process; pulvinus well developed, shortly stalked, with a row of long setae; juxta with a pair of ovoid patches bearing small spines and a row of spines medio-distally (seen in figure with aedeagus!). Aedeagus approximately 4.5× longer then broad, almost straight, vesica with various other spines of different lengths. 8th sternite of abdomen triangular.

Differential diagnosis.

This species differs from S. cincta (only female holotype known) and S. isa (only male holotype known) by the uniformly black abdomen (partly red in S. cincta and S. isa), from S. isa also in male genitalia (S. isa with strongly pointed valva), and from S. actinota (only female holotype known) by the lack of prominently visible black veins because of the presence of additional scales. S. glaucotis (only male holotype known) has a shiny black proboscis whereas that of S. gallardi sp. nov. is yellowish brown. S. confusa sp. nov. is separated by the lack of a foretibial epiphysis.

Phenology and bionomics. Unknown.

Distribution. French Guiana.

Derivatio nominis. This species is named after Jean-Yves Gallard (Cayenne, French Guiana, F) who collected the holotype.

Material examined

FRENCH GUIANA: Holotype ♀: Route forestière de Coralie, pk 10,2 (N 4°30′30″ / W 52°26′), 14.ii.1999, light trap, (B. Hermier leg.) (ex Coll. B. Hermier 16151) (Coll. TLMF) (Gen. prep. GMT Z 3634) (BOLD ZYGMO PPSer#con#001 - no result) (Fig. 25).

General remarks. See under genus Seryda.

Description.

Head, thorax and abdomen unicolorous black, with a tinge of blue on head, thorax and at base of wings. Forewing black, opaque, hindwing also black, but more translucent because of needle-shaped and not so densely arranged scales. Length of body: 7.8 mm, length of forewing: 10.0 mm; breadth of forewing: 3.4 mm; length of hindwing: 6.1 mm, breadth of hindwing: 2.5 mm; length of antenna: 5.3 mm. Head capsule in lateral view with slightly protruding frons that is not projected dorsally; frons ca 1.2× broader than compound eye in frontal view; compound eye black; chaetosemata brown, triangular, projected anteriorly, filling half the space between compound eye and ocellus; ocellus small, distance between ocellus and dorsal edge of compound eye approximately 2.0× broader than diameter of ocellus. Labial palps short, porrect. Maxillary palps well visible; eye lash and maxillary palps with white scales. Proboscis dark brown. Antenna with 28 segments, bipectinate, basal segments beginning with short pectinations that become progressively longer until the 11th segment where they reach 1.5× breadth of shaft, segments 11 to 20 equal in length, 21 to 28 tapering to and pointed at apex, shaft dorsoventrally compressed; sensillae on pectinations (flagellomeres) extremely short, more or less indiscernable.

Legs concolorous with thorax, foreleg without epiphysis, hindtibia with a pair of very small triangular spurs.

Venation in forewing and hindwing with all veins free from cell, m1 absent in hindwing, medial stem absent in forewing, present as a short vein in distal part of cell in hindwing. Frenulum consisting of two bristles.

Female genitalia (Figs 42a, b).

Ostium ovoid, sclerotized, antrum cup-shaped, strongly sclerotized, leading into a strongly folded ductus bursae that ends in a broad plate that is fused with the translucent corpus bursae; ductus seminalis inserted into that sclerotization. Papillae anales of medium size, fused dorsally, with short setae, without apophyses posteriores; 8th sternite with a pair of very characteristic ovoid grooves at dorsal edge of ostium; 8th sternite weakly sclerotized.

Differential diagnosis.

S. confusa sp. nov. differs from all other Seryda species by the absence of a foretibial epiphysis. From S. cincta (only female holotype known) and S. isa (only male holotype known) it differs also by the uniformly black abdomen (partly red in S. cincta and S. isa), and from S. actinota (only female holotype known) by the lack of prominently visible black veins because of the additional scales and by the female genitalia. From S. gallardi sp. nov. it is also separated by the semitranslucent hindwings and shorter antennae.

Phenology and bionomics. Uunknown.

Distribution. French Guiana.

Derivatio nominis. This species is named after the confusing situation regarding the genus Seryda Walker, 1856.

Addition.

There are three further specimens in the material examined that cannot be determined at the moment. They are externally very similar and share most external characters. The two males are figured and all three specimens are described below. According to the male genitalia they should belong to Pampa Walker, 1854, but these are somewhat deformed, aberrant or damaged and a clear diagnosis is impossible. It is also not possible to decide whether these three specimens are conspecific or represent two or three different species.

Material examined

FRENCH GUIANA: 1 ♂, Route forestière de Coralie, pk 10,2 (N 4°30′30″ / W 52°26′), 13.ix.1996, light trap, (B. Hermier leg.) (ex Coll. B. Hermier 11515) (Coll. TLMF) (Gen. prep. GMT Z 3635) (BOLD ZYGMO PPpam#sp1#001- no result) (Fig. 26); 1 ♂, Piste de Kaw, pk 12, (N 4°38′35″ / W 52°70′47″), 24.vii.2000 (M. Laguerre leg.) (Coll. TLMF) (Gen. prep. GMT Z 3636) (BOLD ZYGMO PPpam#sp1#002- result 269bp) (Fig. 27); 1♀, Route forestière de Coralie, pk 7.5 (N 4°29′47″ / W 52°23′34″) 25. vii. 2003 (M. Laguerre leg.) (Coll. TLMF) (BOLD ZYGMO PPpam#sp1#003- result 658bp) (Gen. prep. GMT Z 3637).

Description.

Small species.

Male 1 (Figs 26, 43a, b).

Head, thorax and abdomen unicolorous brownish black. Wings black. Length of body: 7.1 mm, length of forewing: 8.0 mm, breadth of forewing: 2.7, length of hindwing: 4.9 mm, breadth of hindwing: 2.1 mm, length of antenna: 4.6 mm. Head capsule in lateral view flat, slightly projected dorsally; frons ca 1.5× broader than compound eye in frontal view; compound eye black; chaetosemata greyish brown, triangular, projected anteriorly, filling half the space between compound eye and ocellus; ocellus small, distance between ocellus and dorsal edge of compound eye approximately 1.5× broader than diameter of ocellus. Labial palps short. Proboscis dark brown. Antenna with 26 segments, bipectinate, tapering to and pointed at apex, with dorsoventrally compressed shaft, length of pectinations ca 5.0× breadth of shaft at segment 12; sensillae on pectinations (flagellomeres) very long (approximately longer than breadth of shaft of flagellomeres).

Legs concolorous with thorax, foreleg without epiphysis, hindtibia with a pair of very small triangular spurs. Frenulum consisting of a single large bristle.

Venation of forewing with r₂+(r₃+r₄) stalked, hindwing with all veins free from cell, m1 absent, medial stem absent in both wings.

Male genitalia with distal end of uncus broad, tegumen long and slender, vinculum band-like (partly broken), valva with a double-lobed distal end, with sclerotized, broad sacculus, pulvinus developed as a long band-like structure with setae and an extra bundle of longer setae distally; aedeagus slender (approximately 7× longer than broad), slightly bent downwards, vesica with two short cornuti.

Male 2 (Fig. 27).

Head, thorax and abdomen unicolorous brownish black. Wings black. Length of body: 7.7 mm, length of forewing: 8.0 mm, breadth of forewing: 2.7 mm, length of hindwing: 4.9 mm, breadth of hindwing: 2.1 mm, length of antenna: 4.7 mm. Head capsule in lateral view flat, slightly projected dorsally; frons ca 1.5× broader than compound eye in frontal view; compound eye black; chaetosemata greyish brown, triangular, projected anteriorly, filling half the space between compound eye and ocellus; ocellus small, distance between ocellus and dorsal edge of compound eye approximately 1.5× broader than diameter of ocellus. Labial palps short. Proboscis dark brown. Antenna with 26 segments, bipectinate, tapering to and pointed at apex, with dorsoventrally compressed shaft, length of pectinations ca 5.0× breadth of shaft at segment 12; sensillae on pectinations (flagellomeres) very long (approximately longer than breadth of shaft of flagellomeres).

Legs concolorous with thorax, foreleg without epiphysis, hindtibia with a pair of very small triangular spurs. Frenulum consisting of a single large bristle.

Wing venation in forewing with r₂+(r₃+r₄) stalked, hindwing with all veins free from cell, m1 absent, medial stem absent in both wings.

Genitalia damaged. Uncus long and slender, pointed distally, tegumen and vinculum, destroyed, valva with double-lobed distal end, with sclerotized sacculus, pulvinus developed as a long band-like structure with setae and an extra bundle of longer setae distally; aedeagus slender (approximately 7× longer than broad), slightly bent downwards, vesica with one cornutus.

Female (Fig. 44)

Head, thorax and abdomen unicolorous brownish black. Wings black. Length of body: 7.7 mm, length of forewing: 8.5 mm, breadth of forewing: 2.4 mm, length of hindwing: 4.8 mm, breadth of hindwing: 2.1 mm, length of antenna: 4.8 mm. Head in lateral view flat, slightly projected dorsally; frons ca 2.0× broader than compound eye in frontal view; compound eye black; chaetosemata greyish brown, triangular, projected anteriorly, filling half the space between compound eye and ocellus; ocellus small, distance between ocellus and dorsal edge of compound eye approximately 2.5× broader than diameter of ocellus. Labial palps short. Proboscis dark brown. Antenna with 25 segments, bipectinate, tapering to and pointed at apex, with dorsoventrally compressed shaft, length of pectinations ca 2.0× breadth of shaft at segment 12; sensillae on pectinations (flagellomeres) very long (approximately longer than breadth of shaft of flagellomeres).

Legs concolorous with thorax, foreleg without epiphysis, hindtibia with a pair of very small triangular spurs. Frenulum consisting of one small bristle.

Venation of forewing with r₂+(r₃+r₄) stalked, hindwing with all veins free from cell, m1 absent, medial stem absent in both wings.

Genitalia with translucent, ovoid ostium, antrum also translucent, spherical, strongly folded, ductus bursae very slender, translucent, no praebursa, corpus bursae ovoid, translucent, papillae anales of medium size with short apophyses posteriores, 8th sternite and 8th tergite sclerotized, apophyses anteriores invisible.