When viewed over a period of years, the frequency and type of seasonal occupancy of overwintering monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758), at California winter groves are good indicators of whether grove conditions are being maintained, declining, or recovering. The contribution of a winter grove to the next generation of butterflies depends on the stability of grove conditions for winter aggregations. Knowing the trend of grove conditions allows proactive management of winter groves for overwintering butterflies.
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30 June 2020
The seasonal occupancy of overwintering monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), at four California winter groves reflects grove conditions for winter aggregations, survival, and contribution to the next generation of butterflies
Kingston L. H. Leong,
Robert Dees,
Holly Sletteland,
Josh Heptig,
Judy Richards,
Judy Reina
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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist
Vol. 96 • No. 2
April 2020
Vol. 96 • No. 2
April 2020
conservation
habitat management
winter aggregations
winter site
