A synonymic survey of Cichorieae genera accepted for the purpose of the Euro Med Project is presented. Combinations that are required in the genera Andryala, Crepis, Helminthotheca, Lactuca, Leontodon, Scorzonera, Sonchus and Tragopogon, but do not so far exist, are validated. Nomenclatural considerations are offered with regard to four taxa, the correct names of which are Crepis pontana, Leontodon saxatilis subsp. rothii, Picris rhagadioloides and Reichardia dichotoma.

A synonymic survey of genera of Gnaphalieae and Inuleae accepted for the purpose of the Euro Med Project is presented. Names and combinations that are required in the genera Aliella, Allagopappus, Chiliadenus, Dittrichia, Filago, Gnomophalium (gen. nov.), Helichrysum, Laphangium, Leontopodium, Limbarda, Pallenis and Pulicaria, but do not so far exist, are validated. Conyza candida, the basionym of Inula candida, is typified.

A synonymic survey of genera in the Senecioneae accepted for the purposes of the Euro Med Project is presented, and new combinations that are required in the genera Adenostyles, Doronicum, Senecio and Tephroseris (including a new subspecies), as well as Xanthium in the Heliantheae, are validated. Five validations concerning Cardueae taxa, three in Centaurea, one in Psephellus, and one in Rhaponticum, are appended. A synopsis of accepted genera (including many exotic aliens) in nine minor tribes (Arctoteae, Calenduleae, Eupatorieae, Gundelieae, Helenieae, Heliantheae, Mutisieae, Plucheeae, Vernonieae) completes the generic survey of European and Mediterranean Compositae.

Artemisia pancicii is a widely recognized species, occurring in S Moravia (Czech Republic), Lower Austria and Burgenland (Austria), and the vicinity of Deliblato (Vojvodina, Serbia), but it is shown that its name has never been validly published. The species is therefore described as new. Data on the history of its discovery, relationships and present distribution are given.

Based on plants from the locus classicus, the type and other herbarium material, Ranunculus aspromontanus, usually related to the SW Mediterranean R. spicatus group, is shown by morphological and karyological investigations to be closely allied to the NW Mediterranean R. monspeliacus. Whereas the hitherto unknown chromosome number of 2n = 16 is common in the R. spicata group and R. monspeliacus, the combination of deflexed sepals at anthesis and a beak equalling the nutlet in length is decisive for the relationship to the latter species. Closer morphological comparison revealed that R. aspromontanus is best treated as a subspecies of R. monspeliacus. The corresponding combination is validated.

Silene (sect. Saxifragoides) notarisii, usually wrongly synonymised with S. saxifraga or S. multicaulis, is shown to be a species allied to but separate from S. saxifraga and endemic to the Central Apennines, Italy. The name S. notarisii is lectotypified and reliable morphological differences to S. multicaulis, S. parnassica and S. saxifraga are pointed out.

The first Floristic inventory of the beech forests in the Greek Rodopi is presented. The investigation included pure beech (Fagus sylvatica L. s.l.) stands as well as mixed stands of beech with Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra, Picea abies, Abies ×borisii-regis, Quercus petraea subsp. medwediewii and Q. frainetto. The floristic catalogue is based on the floristic data of 584 phytosociological beech forests relevés and on a supplementary floristic inventory. Published information of records from inside beech forests has also been taken into account. For each taxon information is given about its spatial and altitudinal distribution and constancy in the Greek Rodopi as well as about its ecological preferences. The floristic catalogue is divided in two parts. The first part includes the taxa that constitute the beech forest community. The second part includes taxa that appear randomly in the beech forests. Three species, Hieracium praecurrens, Pyrola media and Verbascum lanatum, are recorded for the first time from Greece.

Amorphophallus mangelsdorffii is described as a species new to science and illustrated. It is closely related to A. antsingyensis as indicated by the spiny (echinate) pollen exine, and both are more closely related to each other than to the other three endemic species of Madagascar. A. mangelsdorffii differs from A. antsingyensis mainly by the small stigma, much shorter pollen exine spinulae, a reflexed and twisted spathe lamina, a much less dissected leaf blade with relatively large leaflets and, in contrast to all other Malagasy species, its flowering simultaneous with the leaf at the end of the rainy season. A key to all Malagasy species of Amorphophallus is provided.

As in two former instalments the present notes summarize contributions by various authors, focussing on the chorology and ecology of Cypriot vascular plants. This third instalment includes data on 84 taxa. Aira elegantissima subsp. ambigua, Euphorbia taurinensis, Plantago major subsp. intermedia, Ranunculus repens and Trifolium grandiflorum are new for the island or at least documented for the first time in detail. Tordylium maximum is not an element of the island's flora; the only record is based on a misidentified specimen. Taxonomic considerations result in the validation of the new combinations Limonium cyprium and Phlomis cypria subsp. occidentalis.

Scorzonera (sect. Nervosae) karabelensis, a subscapigerous, calcicolous perennial from the Karabel Geçidi in the Western Taurus range, SW Anatolia, Turkey, allied to S. pisidica and S. ulrichii, is described as a species new to science and illustrated. Its habitat conditions, conservation status and phytogeographic significance are considered. A key to all facultatively or consistently subscapigerous, entire-leaved Scorzonera species growing in the mountains of Turkey is provided. Critical comparison revealed that the recently described S. gokcheoglui and S. aytatchii are conspecific with S. ulrichii and S. rigida, respectively, and that the populations of S. pygmaea from the Çankırı and Zonguldak vilayets cannot be separated as a distinct subsp. nutans. Additional data on the conservation status of S. ulrichii are given.

Indigofera brachyphylla from the Province of Jizan, Saudi Arabia, is described as a new species and illustrated. It is unique among other known species of this genus by the combination of small leaflets, distinct tetragonal pods, long, delicate, persistent peduncles, a blister-like gland on the ventral side of the petiolule, smooth, tetragonal seeds and linear stipules.

During the work on Astragalus for Flora Iranica several new species of A. sect. Ammodendron were discovered. They are described here: A. akhundzadahensis, A. ammodendroides, A. bazarganii, A. biarjmandicus, A. darrehbidensis, A. nowroozii, A. pseudoarvatensis, A. similissimus, A. strictissimus, A. tenuiramosus and A. zurmatensis. A key for all species of the section occurring in the Flora Iranica area is provided.

Conioselinum (Umbelliferae-Apioideae) and related taxa of the Old World are critically revised. In total, 18 species are accepted in Conioselinum, three of which are distributed in North America, one in Europe and sixteen in Asia. Carpoanatomical examination showed that some species of Ligusticum described from China are closer to C. tataricum (the type of the name Conioselinum) and other known species of that genus than to L. scoticum (the type of the name Ligusticum); consequently seven new names in Consioselinum are validated: C. nematophyllum, C. pseudoangelica, C. sinchianum, C. sinomedicum, C. smithii, C. tenuisectum and C. tenuissimum. Three new species are described: C. nepalense from Nepal, C. reflexum from SW China and C. shanii from central China.

DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal ITS and from the chloroplast trnL-trnF regions of 47 species of all six subgenera and 13 sections of Saussurea were analysed. The cladogram resulting from ITS sequence data indicates that Saussurea in its present circumscription is paraphyletic. S. sect. Elatae and S. subg. Jurinocera together are sister to the genus Jurinea. The affinities of S. subg. Frolovia are unclear, while representative species of the remaining four subgenera and ten sections form a strongly supported monophyletic group. Within this clade, the delimitation of S. subg. Eriocoryne and S. subg. Amphilaena against S. subg. Saussurea is not evident. The trnL-trnF intergenic spacer sequences show a remarkable synapomorphy, a 21bp insertion, for Jurinea cyanoides, S. deltoidea, S. ceratocarpa and S. frolovii, supporting the paraphyly of Saussurea. These results correspond to differences in morphological characters of achenes and pappus, which also suggest that S. sect. Elatae, S. subg. Jurinocera and S. subg. Frolovia are not closely related to the remainder of the genus. Consequently, S. sect. Elatae is separated as the new genus Himalaiella, and the small generic segregates Frolovia and Lipschitziella are resurrected. A synopsis of these three genera is presented and the new combinations Himalaiella abnormis, H. afghana, H. albescens, H. auriculata, H. chenopodiifolia, H. chitralica, H. deltoidea, H. foliosa, H. heteromalla, H. nivea, H. peguensis, Frolovia frolovii and F. gorbunovae are validated.

Stachyphrynium longispicatum from S Thailand and adjacent parts of peninsular Malaysia and S. lancifolium from NW Borneo (Brunei and Sarawak) are described as new species and illustrated.

Four species, seven nothospecies and seven varieties of Potentilla are described as new to science and some of them are illustrated. P. bidentula (without any close relationship), P. pycnophylla (closely related to P. papuana), one nothospecies (P. ×pantotricha) and three new varieties are described from New Guinea. One new variety is described from Sumatra, one from Sulawesi. P. spectabilis (of the P. fruticosa complex) is a new species from SE Tibet (Xizang). A new variety of P. peduncularis is described from Nepal, one nothospecies (P. ×aurantiaca) from Kashmir. P. hubsugulica (related to P. evestita) is described from N Mongolia, three nothospecies (P. ×ala-arczae, P. ×bishkekensis and P. ×solitaria) and one variety are described from the former Soviet Central Asia. One hybrid, previously found in the Russian Far East and E Mongolia, has been obtained now by experimental crossing and is described as P. ×recensita. From Canada the hybrid of P. hyparctica × P. litoralis is described as P. ×tundricola.

The musciform Selaginella species with broad lateral leaves, which form a well defined group, are revised for the West Indies. Six species are recognized, of which three localised endemics of Cuba are described as new to science: S. undata, from the mountainous southeastern region (Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa Massif, Holguín, Santiago de Cuba and Guantánamo provinces), S. cristalensis, restricted to the Sierra Cristal (Holguín and Santiago de Cuba provinces), and S. orbiculifolia, only known from the Alturas de Trinidad (central Cuba, Cienfuegos and Sancti Spiritus provinces). Illustrations for and a key to all six species are provided.

The forthcoming Cleomaceae treatment for the Flora de la República de Cuba will recognise three species in Cleome sect. Physostemon, one of them endemic and one with two endemic subspecies, instead of the nine species (seven endemic) that had been previously described. Four new combinations, two at subspecies level and two varietal, are made. A key for all recognised taxa is presented and their distribution is mapped.

Based on recent bryophyte collections 19 new records are added to the bryophyte flora of the island of Socotra (Hadhramout governorate, Yemen), increasing the hitherto known number of species to 74 (one hornwort, 30 liverworts, 43 mosses). Outstanding among the new finds are the xerotropical, palaeo-African liverworts Frullania schimperi (Frullaniaceae), Radula comorensis (Radulaceae), Riccia argenteolimbata (Ricciaceae), as well as the pantropical moss Braunia secunda (Hedwigiaceae), which are shortly described and illustrated. In addition, one hornwort, Anthoceros punctatus, and the family Grimmiaceae (Grimmia laevigata, G. longirostris, G. trichophylla) are reported for the first time from the Socotra archipelago. Finally, an updated checklist for Socotra is given, including all accepted names and synonyms from the literature applied to Socotra.

Four new foliicolous lichen species are described from the Biosphere Reserve “La Amistad” (Cordillera de Talamanca), Costa Rica: Byssoloma carneum with yellowish apothecia and crystalline exciple; Fellhanera tubulifera with tubular, campylidia-like pycnidia; Porina flavopapillata with subglobose, reddish perithecia provided with short, irregular, yellowish squamules and 15-septate ascospores; and Trichothelium chlorinum with minute, greenish perithecia provided with short, irregular setae and 3-septate ascospores. Based on new collections, Badimia tuckermanii is emended to cover an essentially neotropical taxon and excluding the paleotropical B. elixii.

Based on unpublished original material of C. G. Ehrenberg, Monas semen, the basionym of Gonyostomum semen, is lectotypified and the current taxonomic concept of that species, distributed in acidic waters in Europe and North America, confirmed. Its prolonged absence from Berlin waters, from where it was described in the mid 19th century is discussed. G. depressum is shown to be the correct name for a rarely reported green flagellate of worldwide distribution, formerly referred to as Vacuolaria depressa and G. latum. First records from five waters of NE Germany are added to its list of occurrences. The binomials G. intermedium and G. ovatum, of the two other European species of the genus, which are only known from their type localities, are lectotypified.