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1 December 2007 Super-normal Clutches and Female-female Pairs in Gulls and Terns Breeding in Poland
Jacek Betleja, Piotr Skórka, Monika Zielinska
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Abstract

Super-normal clutches (five eggs or more) in the Caspian Gull (Larus cachinnans), Mediterranean Gull (Larus melanocephalus) and Whiskered Tern (Chlidonias hybrida) are described. These species have regularly bred in Poland since the beginning of the 1990s. The occurrence of super-normal clutches was 1.8%, 4.1% and 0.3% in the Caspian Gull, Mediterranean Gull and Whiskered Tern, respectively. The first descriptions of a female-female pair in the above species as well as in the Yellow-legged Gull (Larus michahellis) and an unusual mixed female-female pair of two gull species (Yellow-legged Gull and Caspian Gull), never mentioned in the literature before, are also presented. The first fully documented case of a multi-female association of the Mediterranean Gull was also identified. The frequency of the SNCs in this study was higher than in other colonies located in different parts of the geographical range of the species.

Jacek Betleja, Piotr Skórka, and Monika Zielinska "Super-normal Clutches and Female-female Pairs in Gulls and Terns Breeding in Poland," Waterbirds 30(4), 624-629, (1 December 2007). https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2007)030[0624:SCAFPI]2.0.CO;2
Received: 6 January 2007; Accepted: 25 June 2007; Published: 1 December 2007
KEYWORDS
clutch size
female-female pairs
mixed female-female pair
multi-female association
super-normal clutches
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