Remarks.—Several associated dentitions of Otodus obliquus (the species upon which the Otodontidae is ultimately based) have been recovered from early Paleogene phosphates of Morocco. In the absence of formal accounts of one or more of these specimens, the Otodontidae is defined by the shape of individual isolated teeth (Zhelezko and Kozlov 1999). Our assignment of Cretalamna to the Otodontidae is based on striking similarities in tooth morphology between Otodus of the O. obliquus group and Late Cretaceous Cretalamna, particularly in the more anteriorly situated lower jaw tooth files (see Dartevelle and Casier 1943: pl. 6: 1, 9 and Fig. 17A, F).

Type species: Otodus appendiculatus Agassiz, 1843, by original designation; early Cenomanian to early Coniacian interval, Lewes, England.

Emended diagnosis.—Quadrate process more than twice as high as dorsoventrally narrowest part of palatoquadrate, anterior to quadrate process but posterior to section harbouring anterior tooth files. Most distal upper anterior tooth and most mesial upper lateroposterior tooth not markedly reduced in size relative to adjacent teeth. Intermediate teeth absent. Root typically without median groove. Median indentation of basal edge of root shallow in labial/lingual views in lateroposterior teeth. Lobes of root more-or-less quadrangular in lateroposterior tooth files. Radial lamellae of vertebral centra moderately robust with spacing equivalent to thickness. Neural arch foramina subovate, extending full length of centrum between corpus calcarea.

Remarks.—There is no visible evidence of an orbital process (sensu Compagno 2001) on the palatoquadrates of LACM 128126 (Fig. 13A, B). However, the dorsal edge of the more complete, right palatoquadrate is not well enough preserved to reveal if a cartilaginous orbital process was originally present.

Agassiz's former syntypes of Otodus appendiculatus (Agassiz 1843: pl. 32: 1–25) are a heterogeneous mix, comprising several genera (Cretodus? [Sokolov, 1965] [Agassiz 1843: fig. 9], Cretalamna [Agassiz 1843: e.g., fig. 10], Dwardius Siverson, 1999 [Agassiz 1843: fig. 15], and Cretoxyrhina Glikman, 1958 [Agassiz 1843: fig. 25]) and probably about half a dozen species if not more. Siverson (1999) designated the upper? lateroposterior tooth in Agassiz's (1843: fig. 10) as lectotype for C. appendiculata (Fig. 1). This species concept conformed to that of most current authors of that time (e.g., Müller and Diedrich 1991; Manning and Dockery 1992; Welton and Farish 1993; Williamson et al. 1993). However, the evolution of C. appendiculata sensu lato turns out to be more complex than perhaps anyone could have imagined. The lectotype of C. appendiculata was collected from “White Chalk” near Lewes, East Sussex, southern England (Agassiz 1843: 270). About a dozen more-or-less overgrown quarries are spread around Lewes and expose or exposed strata of early Cenomanian to mid-Santonian age (Dineley and Metcalf 1999). The Turonian stage is particularly well represented with current or former exposures in a majority of the local quarries (Dineley and Metcalf 1999: fig. 13.18). Mining activity in the mid 1800's exposed strata of Cenomanian to early Coniacian age (Andrew Gale, personal communication 2010), effectively bracketing the possible age range of the lectotype.

The lectotype of C. appendiculata is from the Gideon A. Mantell collection but may not have been transferred to the Natural History Museum in London as it was not listed as a British Museum (NHMUK) specimen by Woodward (1889). Several of the paralectotypes of “Otodus” appendiculatus, derived from Mantell's collection, did however end up in the NHMUK collections (Agassiz 1843: pl. 32: 1, 5, 6, 11, and 14). One could argue that C. appendiculata is a nomen dubium because the whereabouts of the lectotype are currently unknown, the type stratum is likewise unknown and possible source rocks around Lewes exposed in the mid 1800s span approximately 10 Ma (early Cenomanian to early Coniacian). However, as C. appendiculata is the type species of a nominal genus that has become well known to many palaeontologists outside the arena of fossil shark studies, there is arguably a strong case for preserving taxonomic stability. Doing so would also be in the spirit of the latest edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Ride et al. 2000). Complete teeth of Cretalamna with an uncorroded root are seemingly extremely rare in the Cenomanian—early Coniacian of the Lewes area, as we are only aware of one well preserved specimen (although the tip of the mesial lobe is missing), a lower lateroposterior of C. aff. C. gertericorum sp. nov. from the middle Cenomanian Acanthoceras rhotomagense Zone, Southerham Grey Pit (David Ward collection). Lateroposterior teeth in species of the C. borealis group (like C. gertericorum sp. nov.) are readily separable from the lectotype of C. appendiculata by their strongly distally curved cusp in teeth with a comparable profile view.

The thin, conglomeratic marl of early Turonian age, constituting the Tourtia de Bettrechies in the SECAB quarry, Bettrechies, northern France, is right in the middle of the possible age range of the lectotype (Cenomanian—early Coniacian) and produces abundant teeth of Cretalamna. Examination of several collections of Cretalamna teeth from the Tourtia de Bettrechies in the SECAB quarry, derived from bulk sampling and surface in situ collecting, resulted in the recognition of three species of Cretalamna, one of which includes teeth with a morphology very close to that of the lectotype of C. appendiculata (straight thick cusp, rounded rootlobes and a profile view indicating an upper jaw position; Fig. 2E). The latter was illustrated by Agassiz (1843: pl. 32: 10) in profile and labial views. The profile view (Fig. 1B) is, however, of somewhat limited use in this case (other than for indicating an upper jaw position) as the tooth does not appear to have been illustrated at right angles to the vertical height axis, hence the position of the apex of the cusplet in the same horizontal plane as the summit of the lingual protuberance of the root. A good match was achieved by tilting the cusp of the tooth in Fig. 2E₂ about 45° towards the viewer. The relatively low protuberance of the lectotype is probably a result of abrasion. Several of the Cretalamna teeth from Bettrechies are very well preserved except for a “polished-appearing” lingual protuberance (see high magnification view of e.g., Fig. 2B₄, the area between the main lingual foramen and the root/neck boundary). The ten teeth from the Tourtia de Bettrechies in the SECAB quarry, assigned to C. appendiculata (Figs. 2, 3), enabled the formulation of a meaningful diagnosis for the species and a much improved understanding of its relationship to other Cretaceous Cretalamna.

The spelling of the name of the genus is controversial. While strictly adhering to the Code of Zoological Nomenclature in force at the time (Ride et al. 1985), Siverson (1999) reinstated the original spelling Cretalamna, replacing the unjustified but universally adopted subsequent spelling Cretolamna. Within a few years, usage of the original spelling was embraced by a growing number of workers (e.g., Cook et al. 2008; Everhart 2005; Kriwet and Benton 2004; Kriwet et al. 2008; Shimada 2007; Shimada et al. 2006). Over the last few years a majority of researchers discussing or mentioning the genus in publications have used the original spelling Cretalamna (e.g., Adolfssen and Ward 2015; Andreev and Motchurova-Dekova 2010; Becker et al. 2010; Bogan and Gallina 2011; Bourdon et al. 2011; Bourdon and Everhart 2011; Cook et al. 2011, 2013; Cumbaa et al. 2010; Cuny et al. 2012; Einarsson et al. 2010; Eriksson et al. 2011; Hamm and Cicimurri 2011; Retzler et al. 2013; Sato et al. 2012; Shimada et al. 2010; Siverson et al. 2013; Underwood and Cumbaa 2010; Underwood et al. 2011; Ward 2009). The replacement of Cretolamna with Cretalamna was strongly opposed by Cappetta (2000, 2012). He presented his case to a representative for the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature (Cappetta 2000) who (in litt.), while citing Article 33.3.1 of the 2000 Edition of the Code, supported the retention of the spelling Cretolamna. However, it is our view that the 2000 edition cannot be used retrospectively, without a formal ruling by the Commission, to alter justified nomenclatural acts carried out before the 2000 edition came into effect. Moreover, article 33.3.1 states that “when an unjustified emendation is in prevailing usage and is attributed to the original author and date it is deemed to be a justified emendation”. Given that a majority of current students have adopted the original spelling Cretalamna, Article 33.3.1 can no longer be invoked in support of the spelling Cretolamna. Cappetta (2012) indicated that the spelling Cretolamna is used by an overwhelming number of workers and cited a number of publications, all of which were published before Siverson's (1999) work. Cappetta would have had a stronger case if the original spelling had been reinstated in 2000 or later as this would have represented a violation of Article 33.3.1. As it stands, however, the reinstatement of the original spelling strictly adhered to the Code in force at the time and Cretalamna is in prevailing usage and, if anything, is supported rather than threatened by Article 33.3.1 of the 2000 edition.

Geographic and stratigraphic range.—Cretalamna sensu stricto ranges from the Late Albian (Early Cretaceous) to the Ypresian or possibly Lutetian (Eocene). It has been reported from all continents except Antarctica.

1843 Otodus appendiculatus [partim]; Agassiz 1843: 270, pl. 32: 10.

Lectotype: lateroposterior tooth, presumably from the upper jaw (repository currently unknown).

Type horizon: Cenomanian—early Coniacian, Late Cretaceous.

Type locality: Lewes area, East Sussex, southern England.

Material.—Ten teeth (WAM 13.5.1–7, UMT-BET 1–3) from the Tourtia de Bettrechies (early Turonian, Late Cretaceous); SECAB quarry, Bettrechies, France.

Emended diagnosis.—Cusplets relatively small in upper lateroposterior teeth and moderately divergent. Cusp labially curved in profile view in upper lateroposterior teeth. Lower anterior teeth with high root but moderately tall, triangular cusp in lingual view. Root massive in lower anteriors of large individuals, displaying protruding lingual protuberance in profile view and triangular outline in basal view. Upper anterior and anteriorly situated upper lateroposterior teeth with deeply U-shaped median indentation of basal edge of root and rounded lobes. Distal lobe of root labiolingually compressed relative to mesial lobe in anteriorly situated upper lateroposterior teeth. Lingual protuberance of root high but apico-basally narrow in profile view in upper and lower lateroposterior teeth.

Description.—First upper anterior tooth: A 15.5 mm high tooth is referred to the first upper right file (Fig. 2A). One cusplet is missing, presumably the distal one. The cusp is straight in labial/lingual views and lingually curved in profile view. The preserved cusplet is symmetrical and set at a 45° angle to the cusp. The lingual protuberance of the root is well demarcated in basal view. The root is almost symmetrical in labial/lingual views although the mesial? lobe is somewhat wider and labiolingually less compressed.

Second upper anterior tooth file: A well-preserved, 17 mm high tooth is assigned to the right A2 position (Fig. 2B). The robust cusp is moderately tall and very slightly curved in labial/lingual views, presumably towards the commissure. In profile view, the cusp is slightly labially curved. The cusplets are sub-triangular and moderately divergent. The root is relatively gracile and slightly asymmetrical in labial view, with the mesial lobe somewhat shorter and broader than is the distal lobe. In basal view, the root is asymmetrical with the distal lobe more compressed than the mesial lobe.

Upper lateroposterior tooth files: Of the four well-preserved upper lateroposterior teeth at hand range, three of them (Fig. 2C–E), 14–15 mm high, are from anteriorly situated tooth files (probably within the LP1–LP4 range), whereas one (Fig. 2F), 9 mm high, is a posteriorly situated tooth (estimated position LP7 or LP8). All teeth have cutting edges somewhat labially curved in profile view. The cusp is slightly- to moderately distally inclined in the anteriorly situated teeth but strongly distally curved in the posteriorly situated tooth. The root is markedly asymmetrical in the two most anteriorly situated teeth (Fig. 2C, D) which both also have a deep, U-shaped median indentation of the basal edge of the root. The lateral cusplets are sub-triangular, moderately large and relatively upright on all four teeth. In basal view, the root is symmetrical in the posteriorly situated tooth (Fig. 2F₃) but asymmetrical in the anteriorly situated teeth with the distal lobe labiolingually compressed relative to the mesial lobe (Fig. 2C₁, D₂, E₃).

Second lower anterior tooth file: A complete, 21.5 mm high tooth from a large individual is referred to the second lower anterior file (Fig. 3A). The triangular cusp is very slightly distally inclined in labial/lingual views and moderately thick. The cutting edges of the cusp are straight in profile view. The root is massive and asymmetrical in labial view, as the mesial lobe is longer and narrower than the distal lobe. A triangular outline characterises the basal view. In profile view, the neck and lingual protuberance rise sharply from the lingual demarcation of the cusp.

Lower lateroposterior tooth file: Three teeth are referred to the lower lateroposterior files. The largest of the three (probably an lp1), measuring 18 mm in height, is well preserved with the exception of a small missing portion of the mesial lobe of the root (Fig. 3B). The cusp is slightly distally inclined in labial/ lingual views and very slightly lingually curved in profile view. The root is markedly asymmetrical with its angular and broad distal lobe and more acute and narrower mesial lobe. The lingual protuberance is relatively narrow and well demarcated in basal view (Fig. 3B₄). The median indentation of the basal edge of the root is deeply U-shaped. The medium-sized tooth is missing the tip of the cusp (Fig. 3C₃). As preserved it measures 10 mm in height and would have been located in the middle part of the inferred lower lateroposterior hollow. The cusp is moderately distally curved in labial/lingual views and slightly lingually curved in profile view. The mesial cusplet is noticeably larger than the distal cusplet. The median indentation of the basal edge of the root forms a wide-angled V. The smallest of the well-preserved lower lateroposterior teeth is 6.5 mm high (Fig. 3D). The apex of the distally inclined cusp is missing. The rounded median indentation of the basal edge of the root is both wide and deep. Both lobes of the root are sub-rectangular in basal view. A narrow median groove divides the lingual protuberance of the root.

Remarks.—Teeth of C. appendiculata most closely resemble the teeth of the early Campanian C. sarcoportheta sp. nov., and both species are included in the C. appendiculata group. Presumed derived characters uniting them include a marked asymmetry of the root in basal view in anteriorly (but noticeably not in posteriorly) situated upper lateroposterior teeth, with the distal lobe being labiolingually compressed relative to the mesial lobe (Figs. 2C₁, D₂, E₃, 5B₂, E₁, F₁), a strongly compressed distal lobe in presumed second upper anterior teeth (Figs. 2B₂, 4D₁, E₃, F₃; note that the cusp appears to be somewhat distally curved in C. appendiculata but very slightly recurved in C. sarcoportheta sp. nov.) and a very prominent lingual protuberance of the root in lower anterior teeth (Figs. 3A₂, 7A₂, B₂, C₂). Apart from the morphology of the putative A₂, comparable teeth of the Campanian species differ from those of C. appendiculata by their more protruding lingual protuberance of the root (see e.g., Figs. 2C₄, 5F₃), less concave labial face in profile view in upper lateroposterior teeth from comparable files (compare Figs. 2D₄ and E₂ with 5F₃ and H₂), somewhat broader cusp (on average), more divergent cusplets, and less tightly curved median indentation of the root in anteriorly situated lateroposterior teeth.

Anterior teeth of the co-existing C. gertericorum sp. nov. are much taller relative to their width than are those of C. appendiculata. The cusp is straight in profile view in the lower anterior tooth at hand of C. appendiculata (Fig. 3A₂), but lingually curved in the probable a1 of C. gertericorum sp. nov., as it is in other species of the C. borealis group (Figs. 10A₄, 11F₂). Upper lateroposterior teeth of C. gertericorum sp. nov. have generally a more strongly distally curved cusp than have teeth of C. appendiculata. The median indentation of the basal edge of the root is smaller and more tightly curved in lateroposterior teeth of C. gertericorum sp. nov. than it is in comparable teeth of C. appendiculata (compare Figs. 2F₁, 3D₂ with Fig. 11E₁, G₁). The lingual protuberance of the root is very small but well demarcated in basal view of most lateroposterior teeth of C. gertericorum sp. nov. (Fig. 11E₃, G₃) but much wider and less well demarcated in C. appendiculata (Figs. 2F₃, 3D₄).

Lower anterior teeth of C. deschutteri sp. nov. have a lingually curved cusp in profile view (straight in the probable a2 of C. appendiculata), a lingual protuberance of the root well defined in basal view (poorly defined in C. appendiculata) but poorly demarcated from the main body of the root in profile view (protruding in C. appendiculata). Upper lateroposterior teeth of C. deschutteri sp. nov. have a symmetrical root in basal view (as in C. hattini sp. nov., whereas it is strongly asymmetrical in at least more anteriorly situated teeth of C. appendiculata) and a labiolingually compressed cusp. In contrast, the cusp is thick and robust in comparable upper lateroposteriors of C. appendiculata (compare Fig. 2F₂ with Fig. 18E₂).

Herman (1977: pl. 9: 2) illustrated 12 teeth (five from the late Cenomanian Praeactinocamax plenus Zone [uppermost “Tourtia de Mons”] and seven from the middle Turonian Terebratulina rigida Zone [= T. lata Zone, see Appendix 2]) from the SECAB quarry, Bettrechies, as Cretolamna appendiculata var. appendiculata. One of the teeth from the T. lata Zone (Herman 1977: pl. 9: 2c) is an upper anterior (probably A2) of a C. borealis-group species (possibly C. gertericorum sp. nov.). We are uncertain about the identity of the other 11 teeth as we have not had the opportunity to examine them first hand. Even moderate abrasion of the root may render a Cretalamna tooth indeterminable at species level.

Geographic and stratigraphic range.—At this stage the species can only be positively identified from the type area in England and the early Turonian of northern France.

1977 Cretolamna appendiculata var. pachyrhiza [partim]; Herman 1977: 210–216, pl. 9: 3e (non figs. 3a–d [C. borealis], 3f, g [undescribed Cretalamna and/or Otodus ex gr. obliquus]).

1992 Cretolamna appendiculata (Agassiz, 1843) [partim]; Siverson 1992a: 528, pl. 1: 1–4, 9–13, 16–17 (non figs. 5–8, 14, 15 [Cretalamna borealis]).

Etymology: From Greek sarkos, flesh, and porthetor, destroyer; destroyer of flesh.

Type material: Holotype: Second upper left anterior tooth, LO 10888T (Fig. 4D). Paratypes: LO 6347t, 6348t, 6351t, 10889t–10920t (Figs. 4A–C, E, F, 5A–H, 6A–E, 7A–C, 8A–J, 19C: lp7; Siverson 1992a: pl. 1: 1–4, 11).

Type horizon: Unknown horizon within an up to 2 m thick sequence of poorly consolidated calcareous sand of latest early Campanian age (informal Belemnellocamax mammillatus belemnite zone), Late Cretaceous. Type locality: Åsen, Kristianstad Basin, southern Sweden.

Additional material.—216 teeth from the informal Belemnellocamax mammillatus zone (latest early Campanian), Åsen locality, Kristianstad Basin, southern Sweden (LO 6352t, 6354t, and 10921t–11134t).

Diagnosis.—Robust anterior teeth with thick, moderately tall, triangular cusp; either straight, somewhat distally inclined or very slightly curved/recurved. Root asymmetrically subtriangular in basal view in anterior teeth with one lobe considerably broader than other lobe. Cusp very broad and triangular in anteriorly situated lateroposterior teeth with flat labial face of cusp in profile view. Cusp narrower, generally more upright in lateroposterior teeth with slightly lingually curved cusp in profile view. Root markedly asymmetrical in basal view in anteriorly situated upper lateroposterior teeth with distal lobe narrower than mesial lobe in all but one tooth type. Latter, distinct tooth type with apically curved cusp and sub-rectangular root in basal view, with root-lobe on same side of vertical mid-line of tooth as apex of cusp more compressed than other lobe.

Description.—Parasymphyseal teeth: There are no complete parasymphyseal teeth from the Åsen and Ignaberga localities as the root is corroded to a variable degree in all specimens. The cusp is thick, triangular and set at an angle (Siverson 1992a: pl. 1: 16). Some teeth have at least one small, triangular cusplet (Siverson 1992a: pl. 1: 13; Fig. 19C). The root is asymmetrical in basal view with one side being thinner than the other. The thinner root-lobe is on the same vertical side of the tooth in lingual/labial views as the apex of the inclined cusp (Siverson 1992a: fig. 12).

First upper anterior tooth file: Three complete teeth are referred to this tooth file (additional to several incomplete specimens). They measure 17.5, 18.5 and 19 mm in height. The cusp is labiolingually very thick, even more so than in the first lower anterior tooth. The cusp is straight (Fig. 4B₁) to moderately distally curved (Fig. 4A₁). The cusplets are small on all first upper anterior teeth and divergent to sub-parallel to the vertical axis of the cusp. The neck is rather narrow and of even apico-basal width along the entire root-crown boundary. The root is symmetrical in labial/lingual views but variable in both total width and the width of the lobes. The distal lobe of the root is labiolingually compressed relative to the inferred mesial lobe (Fig. 4A₃, B₂, C₁).

Second upper anterior tooth file: Three complete teeth are referred to this tooth file (additional to several incomplete specimens), measuring 16.5–17 mm in height. The cusp is triangular, labiolingually moderately compressed and straight (Fig. 4D₃) to somewhat distally inclined (Fig. 4F₂) with a very slightly recurved apex. The cusplets are small and more-or-less divergent. The root is markedly asymmetrical with a broad mesial lobe and narrower, shorter and less divergent distal lobe. In labial and lingual views, the basal edge of the mesial lobe is straight to slightly convex whereas the basal edge of the distal lobe is straight to slightly concave. The “maximum root width/tooth height ratio” is larger in the second upper anterior teeth than it is in the first upper anterior teeth, as the former are slightly shorter on average but at the same time somewhat wider.

Upper lateroposterior tooth files: The first upper lateroposterior tooth has a distinctive morphology in this species. The cusp is vertical in its basal half but has a slightly to moderately distally curved apex (Fig. 5A₁). The root is asymmetrical, displaying a sub-vertical, rounded mesial lobe and a broader, more angular distal lobe. The mesial lobe is markedly compressed labiolingually (Fig. 5A₂), presumably a result of a position adjacent to an intermediate bar. The root is likewise asymmetrical in the second upper lateroposterior tooth, featuring a sub-quadrangular distal lobe and a more acute mesial lobe. Putative second upper lateroposterior teeth have a straight to slightly concave profile view (Fig. 5B₄, C₂). As reconstructed (Fig. 19C), the root becomes increasingly more symmetrical moving posteriorly through the upper jaw files and reaches near-perfect symmetry in the middle part of the lateroposterior row (Fig. 5G₃). Posteriorly, beyond this point, the root becomes increasingly more asymmetrical again exhibiting an enlarged mesial lobe (Fig. 6D₁). The cusp is slightly distally inclined in the mesial half of the files and distally curved rather than inclined in most teeth in the posterior half of the lateroposterior files. In basal view, the distal lobe of the root is typically compressed, relative to the mesial lobe, in anteriorly situated upper lateroposterior teeth (Fig. 5B₂, E₁, F₁).

First lower anterior tooth file: A near perfectly preserved tooth along with an incomplete specimen, in addition to several less well preserved teeth, are referred to the first lower anterior tooth file (Fig. 7A, B). The well preserved tooth is a nearly 19 mm high, symmetrical tooth. The tightly curved basal edge of the root and the symmetry of the specimen indicate that it originates from the first anterior file. One of its lateral cusplets is rudimentary whereas the other one is small but well formed. The tooth is assigned to the first lower rather than the first upper anterior file on the basis of its massive root with a large lingual protuberance and a somewhat lingually curved cusp, although the difference in curvature of the cusp in profile view between inferred upper and lower anterior teeth is relatively minor in this species. As far as can be determined from its incomplete preservation, the other tooth referred to this position is very similar to the complete tooth.

Second lower anterior tooth file: A large, incomplete tooth (additional to several other, even more incomplete teeth) is referred to this file (Fig. 7C). As preserved, the tooth measures just over 21 mm in height and would have been about 22 mm high originally. The distal portion of the mesial lobe of the root is incomplete but the tooth is otherwise well preserved. The cusplets are divergent and larger than those of the other anterior teeth. The massive cusp is distally bent and the preserved distal lobe of the root is rectangular. The neck is relatively narrow as in other anterior teeth of this species. The basal edge of the root is V-shaped. The lingual protuberance of the root is prominent.

Lower lateroposterior tooth files: The most mesially located lower lateroposterior teeth feature a distally directed cusp (e.g., Fig. 8C₁). Moving posteriorly through the lower jaw teeth the cusp becomes progressively lower and more symmetrical. The root is markedly asymmetrical in the first two or three lateroposterior files, with a short, rounded to quadrangular distal lobe and an elongated tapering mesial lobe, but becomes increasingly more symmetrical in more posteriorly situated teeth. The lower lateroposterior teeth differ from upper lateroposterior teeth by their straight to lingually curved labial face of the cusp in profile view (as opposed to a straight to labially curved labial face) and generally more upright cusp.

Remarks.—See the description of C. appendiculata above for a comparison with the closely related C. sarcoportheta sp. nov.

The teeth of C. sarcoportheta sp. nov. differ in several aspects from those of the coexisting C. borealis. The teeth of the latter species reach a much larger size, with anterior teeth measuring up to an estimated 38–40 mm in height in the Kristianstad Basin population (Fig. 9A) compared to about 23 mm (first upper anterior tooth) for a much larger sample of C. sarcoportheta sp. nov. teeth. The anterior teeth of C. sarcoportheta sp. nov. have a comparatively short, robust cusp (Fig. 19C) and a massive root (e.g., Fig. 7A₃), whereas the cusp is very tall and relatively slender in small to medium- sized (relatively speaking) anterior teeth of C. borealis (Fig. 9B, C). Scaled down in size to the same height as the anterior teeth of C. sarcoportheta sp. nov., anterior teeth of C. borealis up to about 32–33 mm in height are gracile by comparison. Above that size the cusp becomes broader in C. borealis and the root increases exponentially in thickness approaching maximum tooth height/width in both anterior and lateroposterior teeth. The cusp on teeth of C. borealis has typically a more convex labial face than in teeth of C. sarcoportheta sp. nov. This is taken to the extreme in earliest early Campanian C. borealis (Gonioteuthis granulataquadrata Zone, conglomerate C, Ullstorp 1 quarry; see Lindgren et al. 2007: 930) in which the labial face is occasionally more convex than the lingual face in some of the lager lateroposterior teeth. The lateral cusplets are often more divergent in C. borealis and the inner edge is commonly strongly convex (Fig. 9D₄, E₃). In basal view the root is rectangular in upper lateroposterior teeth of C. borealis (Fig. 9E₄) but asymmetrical with a compressed distal lobe (compressed mesial lobe in inferred LP1) in the majority of anteriorly situated upper lateroposterior teeth of C. sarcoportheta (Fig. 5B₂, E₁, F₁).

Agassiz's (1843) “Otodus” latus (sensu Herman 1977) is clearly a distinct, Maastrichtian species. However, it needs to be defined on the basis of homogeneous material, collected from a narrow stratigraphical interval, from northwest Europe. Its teeth are larger in absolute terms and wider in relative terms than are those of latest early Campanian C. sarcoportheta sp. nov. The cusplets are lower and, on average, smaller in the Maastrichtian species and they may lack a well-defined apex (Herman 1977: pl. 9: 4c). The mesial and distal lobes of the root in lateroposterior teeth are separated by a rather conspicuous median indentation in C. sarcoportheta sp. nov., whereas the median indentation is rather shallow in C. lata. Although it is probable that C. lata belongs to the C. appendiculata group it is in need of revision.

Cretalamna sarcoportheta sp. nov. differs from C. arambourgi Cappetta and Case (1975) from the Danian? of Youssoufia, Morocco, by having upper anterior teeth with a broader cusp relative to the width of the root and a more protruding lingual protuberance in profile view (compare Fig. 4 and Arambourg 1952: pl. 14: 1, 14), lower anterior teeth with a wider cusp and more robust root (compare Fig. 7 and Arambourg 1952: pl. 14: 12, 13), and a shallower median indentation of the basal edge of the root in both anterior and lateroposterior teeth. Several of the lateroposterior teeth illustrated by Arambourg (1952) have a second, minute pair of lateral cusplets whereas almost all lateroposterior teeth of C. sarcoportheta sp. nov. have only a single pair of cusplets.

The reconstruction of the lateroposterior part of the dentition in C. sarcoportheta sp. nov. with ten upper jaw tooth files (LP10 not shown in Fig. 19C as all presumed LP10s available to us are poorly preserved) is based on anterior/ lateroposterior tooth ratios for the collected material from the Åsen locality and should be regarded as nothing more than a rough approximation.

The synonymy list is restricted to records near the early/ late Campanian boundary of northwest Europe. All previous reports of isolated teeth of C. appendiculata type need re-evaluation. Siverson (1992a) noted the presence of lowcusped, small Cretalamna teeth (i.e., C. sarcoportheta sp. nov.) co-occurring with large, tall-cusped Cretalamna teeth (i.e., C. borealis) in the informal Belemnellocamax mammillatus zone of the Kristianstad Basin. In order to accommodate both morphologies within the accepted species concept of C. appendiculata of that time, Siverson (1992a) envisioned a somewhat unlikely ontogenetic development whereby the cusp grew relatively slimmer with increasing age of the shark.

The late Campanian/early Maastrichtian teeth from New Jersey, USA, illustrated as C. appendiculata lata by Cappetta and Case (1975: pl. 3: 10–27) are close in morphology and tooth-type range to C. sarcoportheta sp. nov. In the absence of a thorough revision of the dentally similar C. lata and precise stratigraphical data for the New Jersey material, it is probably unproductive to elaborate any further on the identification. The same applies to the vast majority of previous records of Cretalamna of C. appendiculata type, as these accounts invariably lack teeth with pristine root preservation illustrated in basal and profile views (the most diagnostic views in this group of sharks as long as the root is perfectly preserved).

Geographic and stratigraphic range.—Campanian of Sweden (Scania Province), Belgium (Hainaut Province) and France (Beauval quarry, Picardie Province; Pieter De Schutter collection).

1897 Lamna appendiculata (Agassiz, 1843) [partim]; Priem 1897: 40, pl. 1: 4.

1897 Lamna borealis Priem, 1897; Priem 1897: 41, pl. 1: 9.

1977 Cretolamna appendiculata var. pachyrhiza Herman, 1977 [partim]; Herman 1977: 210, pl. 9: 3a–d (non fig. 3e [C. sarcoportheta sp. nov.], 3f, g [undescribed Cretalamna and/or Otodus ex gr. obliquus]).

1980 Cretolamna borealis (Priem, 1897); Glikman 1980: pl. 10: 12, pl. 21: 1–5.

1983 Cretolamna appendiculata pachyrhiza Herman, 1977; Lauginiger and Hartstein 1983: 31, pl. 2: 11–14.

1992 Cretolamna appendiculata (Agassiz, 1843) [partim]; Siverson 1992a: 528, pl. 1: 5–8 (non figs. 1–4, 9–11 [Cretalamna sarcoportheta sp. nov.]).

2005 Cretolamna sp.; Vullo 2005: 620, fig. 4S, T. Lectotype: An upper lateroposterior tooth, illustrated by Priem (1897: pl. 1: 9); designated herein.

Type horizon: Unknown horizon within the latest early to middle late Campanian, Late Cretaceous (see Christensen 1986).

Type locality: Köpinge Sandstone, Scania, Sweden.

Material.—Eleven teeth from Åsen (LO 6349t, 11135t- 11142t, 11350t, WAM 13.5.22), two teeth from Ugnsmunnarna (WAM 13.5.20, 21), and one tooth from Ignaberga (LO 6350t), Kristianstad Basin, southern Sweden (latest early Campanian). An upper lateroposterior tooth of C. borealis (LO 11351t) from the older, earliest early Campanian Gonioteuthis granulataquadrata Zone (conglomerate C, Ullstorp 1 quarry; Lindgren et al. 2007: 930) is also included for comparative purpose as it represents a small, juvenile tooth, demonstrating the difference in cusp width between teeth of comparable size of C. borealis and the dentally similar C. gertericorum sp. nov.

Emended diagnosis.—Anterior teeth elongated and flanked by pair of relatively small, commonly rounded and strongly divergent cusplets. Labial face of cusp almost as convex as lingual face in most lateroposterior teeth. Large, vertical folds commonly present in the basal part of the labial face of the cusp in lateroposterior teeth. Cusplets large on lateroposterior teeth and typically with convex inner edge and concave outer edge. Root rectangular and symmetrical with a small but relatively well demarcated protuberance in basal view in most lateroposterior teeth.

Description.—First upper anterior tooth file: One tooth is referred to the first upper right anterior file (Fig. 9A). As preserved it measures 32 mm in height. Both tips of the root lobes are damaged, resulting in a reduction of the tooth height by an estimated 1–2 mm. The cusp is, as is typical for teeth of this species found in near-shore strata of the Fennoscandian Shield, heavily worn from prey manipulation, resulting in a further reduction of the original height by an estimated 5–6 mm. The original height is thus an estimated 38–40 mm. The tall cusp is slightly distally curved. Its labial base is flush with the labial face of the root (Fig. 9A₃). Both cusplets have a rounded, poorly defined apex and are divergent, especially the mesial one. The basal edge of the massive root is tightly curved. Both elongated lobes are labiolingually compressed. The root is rather symmetrical in labial/lingual views but asymmetrical in basal view, with a more compressed distal lobe.

Second upper anterior tooth file: Three teeth are referred to this file. The better preserved ones are illustrated and described. The larger right tooth (Fig. 9B) measures 32.5 mm in height, whereas the slightly smaller, left tooth (Fig. 9C) measures 30 mm in height. The latter has a somewhat worn apex and would have been about 1 mm taller originally. The left tooth is virtually complete whereas the larger right tooth is missing the mesial cusplet and part of the lingual protuberance of the root. In profile view, both teeth exhibit a slightly lingually curved cusp (Fig. 9B₃, C₂). The cusplets are divergent on both teeth and the cusp is somewhat distally inclined with a very slightly recurved apex. The root is asymmetrical with a longer mesial lobe. The well demarcated lingual protuberance of the root occupies a rather small area at the centre of the root's lingual face.

Third upper anterior tooth file: There is no A3 available with the root preserved intact amongst the teeth from the informal Belemnellocamax mammillatus zone of the Kristianstad Basin. However, a poorly preserved tooth from the Ugnsmunnarna site (WAM 13.5.20, estimated original height 30 mm) features a relatively broad cusp, recurved in labial/lingual views and labially curved in profile view (similar to the cusp of the A3 in C. ewelli sp. nov.; Fig. 12E). The tooth is not illustrated herein because of the very poor root preservation. Several additional teeth of C. borealis from Ugnsmunnarna (Peter Cederström collection) are likewise poorly preserved, an inconvenient fact given that the species appears to be relatively common at this site. We have seen photographs of a well-preserved A3 tooth (private collection) of C. borealis from the Offaster pilula Zone, Beauval quarry, northern France, displaying a cusp comparable to that of the tooth from Ugnsmunnarna and an asymmetrical root with the mesial lobe longer and narrower than the distal lobe (very similar to that of the A3 in K. gunsoni; Fig. 23C).

Upper lateroposterior tooth files: Anteriorly situated upper lateroposterior teeth have a triangular cusp, slightly distally inclined in labial/lingual views and straight in profile view. The root is markedly asymmetrical with a short, angular and broad distal lobe and a more elongated and acute mesial lobe (WAM 13.5.22). The median indentation of the basal edge of the root is V-shaped. More posteriorly situated teeth have a distally curved cusp (Fig. 9D, E). The lateral margins of the lobes of the root are typically vertical (Fig. 9E₁). The lateral cusplets are large and most have a convex inner cutting edge and a concave outer edge (Fig. 9E₃). The labial face of the cusp may have strong vertical wrinkles (LO 11139t). Commissural teeth are moderately elongated in a mesiodistal direction and have a strongly distally curved cusp (LO 11140t).

First lower anterior tooth file: A well preserved, 32.5 mm high tooth has features typical for the first lower anterior file in modern macrophagous lamniform sharks and is therefore assigned to this tooth-position (Fig. 10A). The cusp is almost perfectly straight in labial/lingual views and rather thick compared to the cusp on the two illustrated second upper anterior teeth. In profile view the cusp is markedly lingually curved. The cusplets are sub-triangular, divergent and have a blunt apex. The root is robust and nearly symmetrical with rather acute lobes. The lingual protuberance of the root is broad in basal view.

Lower lateroposterior tooth files: Teeth assigned to the inferred lower lateroposterior hollow differ from upper lateroposterior teeth in having a cusp that is more upright and more-or-less lingually curved in profile view. Like in the upper jaw, some lower lateroposterior teeth have coarse, vertical wrinkles in the lower part of the labial face of the cusp (WAM 13.5.21).

Remarks.—Teeth of C. borealis most closely resemble those of the other two species referred herein to the C. borealis group; C. gertericorum sp. nov. and C. ewelli sp. nov. This species group is characterised by the elongated anterior teeth, an A3 type with a cusp that is recurved in labial/lingual views (Fig. 12E₁) and labially curved in profile view (Fig. 12E₂), strongly lingually curved lower anterior teeth in profile view (Figs. 10A₄, 11F₂), often rectangular root in basal view in lateroposterior teeth (Figs. 9E₄, 11G₃) with a small but well demarcated protuberance (Figs. 9D₃, E₄, 11G₃, 12F₄), and moderately laterally expanded commissural teeth (Fig. 11E). Posteriorly situated upper lateroposterior teeth are greatly elongated in a mesiodistal direction in species of the C. appendiculata- and C. hattini groups (Figs. 6E, 16E–H, 17L, M, 18G).

Although the second upper anterior tooth of C. gertericorum sp. nov. (Fig. 11A) is inseparable from the A2s of C. borealis, the first lower anterior tooth at hand of the former is more slender (Fig. 11F) than is the corresponding tooth of C. borealis (Fig. 10A). The latter is admittedly a larger tooth (13% wider root), but the difference in size may not be enough to explain the marked difference in slenderness as part of the ontogenetic change in C. borealis-group species. The upper lateroposterior teeth of C. gertericorum sp. nov. differ from those of C. borealis by e.g., their more labially curved cusp in profile view (Figs. 9D₂, E₂, 11B₂, D₄, E₂) and differently shaped cusplets. In C. borealis the inner edge is typically convex whereas the outer edge is concave (Fig. 9D₄, E₁; Priem 1897: pl. 1: 4, 9; Lauginiger and Hartstein 1983: pl. 2: 14). In contrast, the average C. gertericorum sp. nov. tooth shows little difference in curvature between the inner and outer edges of the cusplets (Fig. 11B, C). In lateroposterior teeth of the same size (presumably adult C. gertericorum sp. nov. and juvenile C. borealis) the cusp is considerably broader in C. gertericorum sp. nov. (Fig. 11C₂) than it is in C. borealis (Fig. 9D₁). The widening of the cusp is thus related to the ontogenetic stage in these two species rather than to absolute tooth size at species group level.

First and second upper anterior teeth of C. ewelli sp. nov. differ from those of C. borealis by their smaller, less divergent cusplets (the relative size of the cusplets does, however, overlap between the two species) and awl-shaped cusp (Fig. 12B₁). In C. borealis, the cusp is labiolingually compressed in first and second upper anterior teeth to a much larger degree than it is in C. ewelli sp. nov. The awl-shaped cusp in first and second upper anterior teeth does not appear to simply be a juvenile feature in C. ewelli sp. nov. as this cusp shape is most pronounced in the largest anterior tooth at hand (Fig. 12B). See the comparison section for C. sarcoportheta sp. nov. regarding dental differences between this species and C. borealis.

Priem (1897) described “Lamna” borealis on the basis of a large, upper lateroposterior tooth from the “chalk” yielding Belemnitella mucronata at Köping (= Stora Köpinge), Skåne, southern Sweden and on another, even larger upper lateroposterior tooth from the Faxe quarry (NP3 Zone, Danian), Demark, illustrated as Otodus appendiculatus by Davis (1890: pl. 41: 4). The tooth from Köpinge is here designated as lectotype. The designation is warranted because we have seen no evidence indicating that any species of Cretalamna of Campanian age ranges into the Danian stage. Unpublished otodontid material from the Danian (NP3 Zone) of the Limhamn quarry, Scania, southern Sweden, includes a large-toothed Cretalamna species (same taxon as the Faxe tooth above) probably closely related to C. borealis but nonetheless readily separable from the latter (e.g., lateral cusplets are much larger in anterior teeth of the Danian species and the median indentation of the basal edge of the root is considerably wider and deeper in lateroposterior teeth with a well-preserved root of this taxon). The selection of the Campanian tooth as lectotype rather than the Danian specimen from the Faxe quarry is based on the fact that the description by Priem (1897) is based primarily on the Campanian specimen.

The “chalk” in the Köpinge area is in fact a highly calcareous sandstone (“Köpinge sandstone”) and ranges in age (on the basis of abundant belemnites and ammonites) from the latest early Campanian to the middle late Campanian (Christensen 1986: 9).

The basal third of the labial face of the cusp in the lectotype is heavily wrinkled. This feature is present in two of the registered specimens from the informal Belemnellocamax mammillatus zone of the Kristianstad Basin; one upper lateroposterior tooth from Åsen (LO 11139t) and one lower lateroposterior tooth from Ugnsmunnarna (WAM 13.5.21). These teeth are not illustrated herein because of their poor state of preservation (severely abraded root). The mesial, well-preserved lateral margin of the root in the lectotype is vertical and the cusp is tall (for a lateroposterior position) and strongly distally curved. The inner edge of the cusplets is convex whereas the outer edge is straight or slightly concave. The tooth is inseparable at species level from upper lateroposterior teeth of a similar jaw position (middle part of the inferred upper lateroposterior hollow) referrable to a second species (besides C. sarcoportheta sp. nov.) of Cretalamna in the early Campanian of southern Sweden. The Kristianstad Basin specimens share two or more of the following characters that can be observed in the lectotype: (i) vertical lateral margin of one or both lobes of the root (Fig. 9D₁, E₁); (ii) convex inner edge and straight or concave outer edge on one or both lateral cusplets (Fig. 9D₁, E₁); (iii) tall, distally curved rather than distally inclined cusp (Fig. 9D₁); (iv) coarsely wrinkled basal third of the labial face of the cusp (see above).

Lateroposterior teeth of C. borealis type occur together with tall anterior teeth, of a type referred to as C. appendiculata var. pachyrhiza by Herman (1977), in the informal B. mammillatus zone of the Kristianstad Basin (Fig. 9B, C). The co-occurrence of upper lateroposterior teeth of C. borealis type with anterior teeth of C. appendiculata var. pachyrhiza type indicates that the nominal C. appendiculata var. pachyrhiza is a junior synonym of C. borealis. Herman and Van Waes (2012) “elevated” the variety pachyrhiza (which, as such, is not regulated by the Code as it was published as a “variété” after 1960; ICZN 15.2) to species level although they used a slightly different spelling (Cretalamna pachyrhyza) and inadvertently referred to Herman's (1977) illustrations of C. lata (Agassiz, 1843) rather than to his C. appendiculata var. pachyrhiza. As the nominal C. pachyrhyza lacks a defined holotype or syntypes it will not be considered further here.

Cretalamna borealis has consistently been regarded as a valid species over the last 30 years by Russian students. Glikman (1980) correctly grouped large, upper lateroposterior teeth (Glikman 1980: pl. 21: 2, 3) of C. borealis type from Campanian deposits in the Kyzylkum desert with a tall upper anterior tooth (Glikman 1980: pl. 21: 4) of C. “appendiculata var. pachyrhiza” type from the same deposit. Averianov and Popov (1995) listed C. borealis from a phosphatic conglomerate near the village of Shyrokyi Karamysh, approximately 50 km west of Saratov, Russia. On the basis of a molluscan assemblage, they assigned a late early Campanian age to this unit. One of us (MS) collected C. borealis from this horizon in 1997. In a study of Campanian elasmobranchs from Delaware, USA, Lauginiger and Hartstein (1983) correctly distinguished teeth of C. borealis (described by them as C. appendiculata pachyrhiza) from the basal Mount Laurel Sand (early late Campanian in the three-fold North American division of the stage) from teeth of C. appendiculata group type (described as C. appendiculata lata) from the late middle Campanian Marshalltown Formation.

Shimada et al. (2010) described isolated, shed teeth of Cretalamna (referred to as C. appendiculata) found in direct association with a plesiosaur skeleton (holotype of Futabasaurus suzukii) in the early Santonian Tamayama Formation, central Japan. The illustrations of 82 shed teeth indicate the presence of more than one species of Cretalamna. One incomplete (apex of cusp appears to be missing) anterior tooth with blunt cusplets (Shimada et al. 2010: fig. 2.41) is similar to the A1 of C. borealis (Fig. 9A). Teeth from the middle part of the inferred lateroposterior hollow, typical for species of the C. borealis group (strongly distally curved cusp, divergent cusplets and relatively deeply excavated mesial concavity of the basal edge of the root), are represented by at least three specimens illustrated by Shimada et al. (2010: figs. 2.35, 47, 48; compare the latter tooth with the lectotype of C. borealis). Two large and broad-bladed lateroposterior teeth (Shimada et al. 2010: figs. 2.43, 2.69) correspond well with teeth from a similar position in C. hattini sp. nov. (Fig. 15).

Geographic and stratigraphic range.—Santonian of Japan (Honshu, Fukushima Prefecture); Campanian of Sweden (Scania Province), Belgium (Hainaut Province), France (Picardie and Poitou-Charentes Provinces), Russia (Saratov Oblast), Uzbekistan (Kyzylkum Desert), and USA (Delaware).

1977 ?Cretolamna appendiculata var. appendiculata (Agassiz, 1843) [partim]; Herman 1977: 210–216, pl. 9: 2c.

Etymology: Named after Gert De Bie and Eric Collier, who collected most of the Cretalamna teeth from the SECAB Quarry, Bettrechies, examined herein.

Type material: Holotype: Lower right, posteriorly situated lateropos terior tooth, UM-BET 5 (Fig. 11G). Paratypes: WAM 13.5.8–12, UMBET 4 (Fig. 11A–F).

Type horizon: Tourtia de Bettrechies, early Turonian, Late Cretaceous.

Type locality: SECAB quarry, Bettrechies, northern France.

Material.—Type material only.

Diagnosis.–Anterior teeth with slender, elongated cusps. Basal view of root triangular in upper and lower anterior teeth. Upper lateroposterior teeth from posterior half of inferred lateroposterior hollow with concave labial profile and broad, strongly distally curved cusp in labial/lingual views. Cusplets relatively upright in lateroposterior teeth but divergent in anterior teeth. Median indentation of basal edge of root small and tightly curved in lateroposterior teeth.

Description.—Second upper anterior tooth file: A complete tooth, 27 mm high, is referred to the A2 position (Fig. 11A). The cusp is elongated and distally inclined in labial/lingual views. The cutting edges are slightly sigmoidal in profile view. A small, sub-triangular and divergent cusplet is present on either side of the cusp. The root is asymmetrical in labial/ lingual views, with the mesial lobe being longer and more slender than the distal lobe. The extremities of both lobes form an acute angle. A rather symmetrical basal view characterises the root, with a triangular lingual protuberance, well demarcated from the rest of the root. The basal face of the root is concave in profile view.

Upper lateroposterior tooth files: Four teeth included in the study are regarded as upper lateroposterior teeth (Fig. 11B–E). They are most likely derived from the mid- to posterior part of the inferred upper lateroposterior hollow. They range in height from 8–14 mm. The cusp is more-or-less strongly distally curved and broader in the larger teeth than it is in the smaller ones. The labial side of the tooth is concave in profile in all teeth. The cusplets are relatively large and upright or slightly divergent. The root is asymmetrical in all teeth with the mesial lobe larger than the distal lobe. The median indentation of the basal edge of the root is rather small and tightly curved in the two largest teeth. The lingual protuberance is very small in basal view but well demarcated except in the largest tooth, in which this part of the root is somewhat abraded (Fig. 11B₃).

First lower anterior tooth file: An incomplete tooth is assigned to the a1 position (Fig. 11F). One cusplet and the tip of the cusp are broken off. The breakage surfaces are both fresh looking, without any signs of feeding related, subsequent abrasion. This indicates that the tooth was damaged during extraction from the stratum. As preserved, it measures 24.5 mm in height. The original height is estimated to have been 27–29 mm. The narrow cusp is very slightly inclined in labial/lingual views and labially curved in profile view. The base of the crown forms a rather acute angle medially on the labial side. The remaining cusplet is almost identical in morphology to those of the A2 tooth, displaying a sub-triangular shape with slightly convex cutting edges. The root is nearly perfectly symmetrical, both in labial/lingual and basal views. As in the a1 of C. borealis (Fig. 10A), and unlike upper anterior teeth, the lingual protuberance is not well demarcated in basal view (Fig. 11F₄). The basal edge of the root is V-shaped.

Lower lateroposterior tooth file: A single, 11 mm high tooth is referred to the inferred lower lateroposterior hollow (Fig. 11G; holotype). The cusp is triangular and moderately distally inclined. The labial face of the cusp is wrinkled medially in the basal part (a common feature in species of the C. borealis group). A sub-triangular, divergent cusplet with convex edges is situated on either side of the cusp. The labial side of the tooth is very slightly concave in profile view. The root is deep and strongly asymmetrical in lingual/ labial views with the mesial lobe being much larger than is the distal lobe. The outer edges of the root are straight and vertical and the median indentation of the basal edge is small and U-shaped.

Remarks.—Teeth of C. gertericorum sp. nov. most closely resemble those of C. borealis and C. ewelli sp. nov. The differences between the former two species are outlined above in the description of C. borealis. The assigned A2 of C. gertericorum sp. nov. (Fig. 11A) differs from the corresponding teeth in C. ewelli sp. nov. (Fig. 12B, C) by its considerably more labiolingually compressed cusp. Upper lateroposterior teeth of the former differ from similarly sized ones of C. ewelli sp. nov. by their broader cusp (Figs. 11C₃, 12D₃), more concave labial profile and narrower, more tightly curved median indentation of the basal edge of the root.

Although the anterior teeth are markedly different in C. gertericorum sp. nov. and the co-existing C. appendi cu lata and C. deschutteri sp. nov., lateroposterior teeth may have overlapping crown morphology in the three species. Many of the examined laterposterior teeth are difficult to identify at species level, as the highly diagnostic root is rarely preserved intact. The lateroposterior teeth of the three species described and illustrated herein do not represent the average state of preservation in the early Turonian Tourtia de Bettrechies but comprise handpicked, unusually well-preserved examples.

Geographic and stratigraphic range.—Type locality and horizon only.

Etymology: Named after Keith Ewell, who collected most of the material in 2004.

Type material: Holotype: first upper left anterior tooth, FHSM VP-18510 (Fig. 12A). Paratypes: FHSM VP-18511-18516 (Fig. 12C–H).

Type horizon: Between 1–2 m below Hattin's (1982) Marker Unit 2 (late Coniacian).

Type locality: Unnamed outcrop in Trego County, Kansas, USA (see Appendix 2).

Additional material.—One A2 tooth from the “Quinter South” site (FHSM VP-18517), collected 0.3 m below the base of MU4 (i.e., somewhat younger than the type series) (Fig. 12B).

Diagnosis.—Upper anterior teeth with awl-shaped, slightly distally inclined cusp or with broader, recurved cusp. Cus- plets minute to moderately large and erect to divergent on upper anterior teeth. Lateroposterior teeth with slender cusp and deep, moderately tightly curved median indentation of basal edge of root. Inner cutting edge of cusplets in lateroposterior teeth typically more convex than outer edge.

Description.—First upper anterior tooth file: A 17.5 mm high tooth is referred to the A1 position (Fig. 12A). The tooth is complete apart from a worn apex and slight weathering damage on one side of the cusp. The cusp is very slender and slightly inclined in labial/lingual views, presumably in a distal direction. It is lingually curved in profile view. The cusplets are very small, divergent and relatively blunt. The root is symmetrical in labial/lingual views but asymmetrical in basal view, with one lobe, presumably the distal one, being more compressed than the other lobe (Fig. 12A₃). Although the strongly lingually curved cusp in profile view is a characteristic feature in lower anterior teeth of the C. borealis group, the well demarcated lingual protuberance in basal view and the relatively straight labial root/crown boundary indicate that the tooth is derived from an upper anterior file.

Second upper anterior tooth file: Two teeth are referred to the A2 position. One is complete and measures 20.5 mm in height (Fig. 12C). The second tooth is considerably larger than the other specimen, measuring 25 mm in height, and is missing the mesial cusplet (Fig. 12B). It is also somewhat younger as it was collected from a stratum just below MU4 (the other tooth was collected below MU2). The cusp is awl-shaped, especially in the larger tooth, and moderately distally inclined. The tip of the cusp is very slightly recurved. The cusplets are erect (in the largest tooth) or divergent and minute (the largest tooth) to moderately large. The cusp is somewhat sigmoidally curved in profile view (Fig. 12B₂, C₃). The root is gracile (the smaller tooth) to robust (the larger tooth) and moderately asymmetrical in labial/lingual views with the mesial lobe being more elongated and longer than the distal lobe.

Third upper anterior tooth file: One complete tooth, 18 mm high, is assigned to the A3 file (Fig. 12E). The cusp is relatively broad, labiolingually compressed (compared with that of the A1 and A2 teeth) and distally inclined but with a markedly recurved apex. It is strongly labially curved in profile view (Fig. 12E₂). The relatively small cusplets are sub-triangular and divergent. The root is asymmetrical in labial/lingual views with a longer but narrower mesial lobe. The lingual protuberance is well demarcated in basal view. The distal lobe is more labiolingually compressed than is the mesial lobe.

Upper lateroposterior tooth files: An incomplete tooth (mesial lobe of the root broken off), 12.5 mm high, is referred to the middle part of the inferred upper lateroposterior hollow (Fig. 12D). The cusp is strongly distally curved and slender. The median indentation of the basal edge of the root is relatively deep and U-shaped. A more-or-less rectangular outline characterises the root in basal view (Fig. 12D₂). The lingual protuberance is small but relatively well-defined in basal view. The lobes of the root are strongly labiolingually compressed.

Lower lateroposterior tooth files: Three teeth are referred to the lower lateroposterior hollow. One of them, 19 mm high, has a labiolingually compressed but strongly asymmetrical root, indicating the lp1 position (Fig. 12F). The cusp is slender, distally inclined and the cusplets divergent. In profile view, the cusp is somewhat lingually curved. The inner cutting edges of the cusplets are convex whereas the outer edges are concave. The lingual protuberance is very well demarcated in basal view (Fig. 12F₄) and the median indentation of the basal edge is deep and U-shaped (Fig. 12F₃). Another tooth is most likely from a significantly larger individual. It measures 18 mm in height and 17.5 mm in width (Fig. 12G). One of its lobes of the root is broken off. The tooth is symmetrical with an erect cusp, slightly lingually curved in profile view. The moderately divergent cusplets are very sharp. A low and relatively poorly demarcated lingual protuberance is seen in basal view (Fig. 12G₄). A well-preserved tooth, measuring 10 mm in height, is referred to the posterior half of the inferred lower lateroposterior hollow (Fig. 12H). Apart from its much smaller size, it differs from the previously described, incomplete lateroposterior tooth by its distally inclined cusp, and shallower and less tightly curved median indentation of the basal edge of the root.

Remarks.—See the descriptions above for a comparison of the teeth of C. ewelli sp. nov. with those of the dentally similar C. borealis and C. gertericorum sp. nov. The upper anterior teeth of the narrow-cusped C. catoxodon sp. nov. differ from those of C. ewelli sp. nov. by, e.g., their poorly demarcated lingual protuberance in basal view (compare Fig. 12A₃ with Fig. 20A₄). In profile view, the protuberance is more prominent in upper anteriors of C. catoxodon sp. nov. (Fig. 20A₂) than it is in those of C. ewelli sp. nov. (Fig. 12B₂). The likely A3 tooth (Fig. 12E) in C. borealis-group group species, like C. ewelli, does not have an equivalent amongst the teeth from CY Creek. One of the upper jaw teeth (Fig. 21A) is similar in crown morphology to that of the assigned A3 in C. ewelli sp. nov. but does not show any features on the root in basal view indicating that it is an A3 tooth rather than an LP1 masquerading as an upper anterior tooth (i.e., median indentation of the basal edge is shallow and the basal view shows a more-or-less rectangular outline without any labiolingual compression of the distal lobe). The upper lateroposterior teeth of C. ewelli sp. nov. differ from those of C. catoxodon sp. nov. by their generally sharp cusplets.

The moderate size of the teeth at hand (largest tooth, a probable A2, is 25 mm high; Fig. 12B), compared to the teeth of early Campanian C. borealis from the Kristianstad Basin, may reflect a smaller adult size in the Smoky Hill Chalk species. It is noteworthy, however, that the maximum size (height) of the teeth of C. borealis from the early Campanian of the nearshore, archipelago deposits in southern Sweden (∼40 mm) is much greater than it is in early Campanian (Offaster pilula Zone) examples of the same species from more offshore, phosphatic chalks in northern France (∼30 mm in the Beauval quarry; Pieter De Schutter personal communication 2013 and examination of photographs of teeth of his collection of C. borealis from the Beauval quarry). It is therefore possible that the Smoky Hill Chalk material represents sizes of larger juveniles and/or smaller adults. The fact that the geologically older C. gertericorum sp. nov. is dentally closer to C. borealis than is C. ewelli sp. nov. (probable A2s are virtually identical in C. gertericorum sp. nov. and C. borealis), indicates that the latter did not give rise to C. borealis and might represent a short-lived lineage of the C. borealis group, adapted to the atypical environmental conditions of the restricted Western Interior Seaway.

The documentation of C. ewelli sp. nov. and C. hattini sp. nov. from the Smoky Hill Chalk should by no means be viewed as a complete account of Cretalamna from this lithostratigraphical unit. Future work, especially from the middle part of the unit, might well reveal additional species of the genus, previously described or new to science.

Geographic and stratigraphic range.—Late Coniacian part of the Smoky Hill Chalk, Niobrara Formation, western Kansas, USA.

2007 Cretolamna appendiculata (Agassiz, 1843); Shimada 2007.

2010 Cretalamna appendiculata (Agassiz, 1843) [partim]; Shimada et al. 2010: figs. 2.43 and 2.69.

Etymology: Named in honour of Donald E. Hattin, for his work on the stratigraphy of the Niobrara Formation, western Kansas.

Holotype: LACM 128126, partial skeleton comprising the palatoquadrates, Meckel's cartilages, 35 vertebrae and about 120, mostly disarticulated, teeth.

Type horizon: Close to Hattin's (1982) Marker Unit 16, latest Santonian or earliest Campanian, Late Cretaceous.

Type locality: Logan County, Kansas (precise locality data on file at LACM; see Shimada 2007: 584)

Material.—Type material only.

Diagnosis.—Quadrate process more than twice as high as dorsoventrally narrowest part of palatoquadrate, anterior to quadrate process but posterior to section harbouring ante- rior tooth files. No tooth-size reduction across the anterior/ lateroposterior boundary in upper jaw. Gradational change in root morphology in basal view from second upper anterior to lateroposterior teeth. All aspects of tooth morphology in second upper jaw tooth closer to those of adjacent upper lateroposterior teeth than to first upper anterior tooth. No teeth in dentition with recurved cusp. Apical two thirds of mesial cutting edge of cusp markedly convex in all teeth. Vertebral centra with moderately robust, densely packed radial lamellae, sometimes bifurcating distally, next to corpus calcarea. Circular lamellae absent. Neural arch foramina moderately narrow, subovate, extending full length of centrum. Thickness of corpus calcareum 1/7th of length of centrum.

Description.—See Shimada (2007) for a description of palatoquadrates, Meckel's cartilage and teeth. His description of the disarticulated teeth pertaining to LACM 128126 was based largely on suboptimally prepared material. Subsequent preparation revealed important additional information regarding the morphology of the root in basal view. However, rather than repeating much of Shimada's (2007) description we have restricted our revision of LACM 128126 to the inclusion of a diagnosis for C. hattini sp. nov., a revised reconstruction of the dentition, a somewhat more in-depth description of the vertebral morphology, and photographs (including basal views of the root) of fully prepared teeth.

Vertebral column: The preserved part of the vertebral column comprises 35 midtrunk centra (denominated “v1” through “v35” by Shimada 2007) ranging in size from 38–48 mm diameter. The centra are approximately 2.5 times wider than they are long (v30 sensu Shimada 2007: fig. 1D, is 45 mm wide and 19 mm long). As indicated by Shimada (2007), many of the centra are severely deformed, preventing many meaningful measurements. The dorsal foramina are subovate with very rounded corners and abut the anterior and posterior corpus calcareum (Fig. 14B). The neural arch interforaminal width is 10–13 mm, whereas the intraforaminal width is 7–8 mm. Ventral foramina extend the full length of the centrum, abutting each corpus calcareum (Fig. 14C), and are narrow (4.25 mm; v11 and v32 in Shimada 2007) relative to their length (14 mm; v10); although, most are greatly distorted. The region around the ventral foramina is greatly reinforced with calcified cartilage giving it a smooth and even raised appearance (Fig. 14C).

The centra are round and have straight, moderately robust radial lamellae, which may bifurcate next to the corpus calcareum. The radial lamellae are 0.9–1.2 mm thick and are generally equidistantly spaced being 1.2–1.7 mm apart. There are no concentric lamellae. The rim of the corpus calcareum is narrow (Fig. 14C). In hemisected view, it is straight to slightly rounded on the lateral side. The corpus calcareum is consistently thin (v8 in Shimada 2007: fig. 1) and does not greatly thicken toward the margin. At the lateral margin, the corpus calcareum thickness is approximately 1/14^th of centrum diameter. The thickness of the corpus calcareum is approximately 1/7^th of the length of the centrum. No pores or radial canals are present next to the corpus calcareum.

Remarks.—The teeth of C. hattini sp. nov. most closely resemble those of C. deschutteri sp. nov., and both taxa are here referred to as C. hattini-group species. This species group is characterised (dentally) by the great width of the root in basal view relative to its height in lower anterior teeth (compare Figs. 17A₂, 18D₂ with Figs. 7A₃, 10A₂, 11F₄; all probable a1), relatively well demarcated lingual protuberance of the root in basal view of both upper and lower anterior teeth, wide but often poorly demarcated protuberance in basal view in upper lateroposterior teeth, and broad and dome-shaped protuberance of the root in anterior teeth in profile view. In other species of the genus, the protuberance is narrower (apicobasally) and more protruding (see e.g., Figs. 4C₃, 7A₂, 9C₂, 11A₂, 12A₂, 20A₂). Note that the protuberance is corroded in Fig. 4A₂, hence the low profile.

The anterior teeth of C. deschutteri sp. nov. are markedly enlarged whereas the anteriorly situated upper lateroposterior teeth of C. hattini sp. nov. are almost as large as are the upper anterior teeth (Fig. 19A). This is well exemplified by a simple tooth-size comparison between the two species. The largest anterior teeth of C. deschutteri sp. nov. from the Tourtia de Bettrechies are slightly larger than are the equivalent anteriors of LACM 128126. In contrast, the lateroposterior teeth at hand of C. deschutteri sp. nov. are significantly smaller than are the corresponding teeth of LACM 128126. Although the lingual and basal views of the root are similar in lateroposterior teeth of the two species, the cusp is narrower in C. deschutteri sp. nov. and much thinner labiolingually than it is in C. hattini sp. nov.

Shimada (2007: fig. 6C) illustrated the right palatoquadrate of LACM 128126 accompanied by what he regarded to represent the first seven teeth in the upper jaw (using disarticulated teeth of LACM 128126 and excluding parasymphyseals) and assigned by him to the first and second anterior files (A1–A2), an intermediate file (I1 = most distal upper anterior file sensu Siverson 1999) and the first four teeth in the upper lateroposterior hollows (denominated L1–4 by Shimada 2007). All disarticulated teeth in Shimada's (2007: fig. 6C), except for the tooth assigned to the A1 position, were each linked to partially exposed in situ cusps of replacement teeth on the palatoquadrate. The disarticulated tooth regarded by Shimada (2007) as the upper intermediate tooth (I1) is reduced in size compared to the adjacent teeth in Shimada's (2007: fig. 7B) reconstruction and has a strongly distally curved cusp. We initially attempted to examine in situ teeth using a Siemens Somatom Sensation 64 slice computed tomography (CT) scanner. The CT scan revealed no additional teeth in the right palatoquadrate apart from those figured in Shimada (2007) and no hidden teeth in the left Meckel's cartilage. In addition, the CT scan indicated that no roots were attached to the cusps protruding through the medial wall of the flattened lateroposterior hollow of the right palatoquadrate. Therefore, our verification of the presence of a reduced third upper tooth with a strongly, distally curved cusp is based on characteristics of the in situ cusp.

As shown in Fig. 13C–E, there is little resemblance in cusp shape between the in situ tooth indicated as the upper “intermediate” by Shimada (2007: fig. 6C) and a disarticulated tooth assigned by him to the same tooth file (Fig. 13C). The in situ cusp (Fig. 13D) is larger and has a distally inclined as opposed to distally curved cusp. The cusp of Shimada's (2007: figs. 7B, 8) L1, on the other hand, makes a good match after adjusting for the obvious displacement of the cusplet (Fig. 13E). There is thus no evidence of a reduced “intermediate” tooth in LACM 128126. The disarticulated teeth assigned to the upper “intermediate” tooth file by Shimada (2007) do not show any of the specialised features of the root that characterises upper “intermediates” of modern lamnids. Instead, the basal face of the root features an unremarkable outline (Fig. 16A₁, B₁), very similar to that of other upper jaw teeth from the mid-portion of the inferred lateroposterior hollow (Figs. 15H₁, 16C₁). In lamnids (Lamnidae) the distal lobe of the root, facing the intermediate bar, is typically labiolingually compressed and may be lingually curved in basal view.

Shimada (2007: 586) indicated the presence of up to 15 indentations on the medial surface of the right palatoquadrate, each potentially corresponding to a separate tooth file (although he assigned 13 upper jaw tooth files, excluding parasymphyseals, to LACM 128126 in Shimada 2007: fig. 5C). We have not been able to verify the presence of 15 distinct indentations and question that number. In our reconstruction of the dentition of LACM 128126, we assigned 12 tooth files to the upper jaw (in addition to at least one file of parasymphyseals) and 10 tooth files to the lower jaw (LP10 and lp8 not shown in Fig. 19A but in Fig. 16H and 17M). Several of the teeth assigned to the upper jaw by Shimada (2007) are probably lower jaw teeth as indicated by their narrower, more upright cusps and straight to convex profile view of the labial side of the crown (i.e., Shimada 2007: fig. 8, L4 [lp4], L5 [lp5], L7 [lp6], L10 [lp8]). We agree with the relative position of all but two of the lower jaw teeth in Shimada's (2007: fig. 9). In our reconstruction, the two teeth illustrated as l1 and l2 by Shimada (2007) have swapped places and we have added two additional commissural teeth. Contrary to Shimada (2007), we believe that the second and third tooth files (A2 and LP1) in the upper left jaw are missing. The tooth assigned to the left A2 position by Shimada (2007) is reassigned to the LP2 position as the basal view of its root (Fig. 15E₁) is very similar to that of the right LP2 (Fig. 15G₂). Overall the collection of disarticulated teeth pertaining to LACM 128126 indicates a fairly strong collecting bias towards fully mineralised teeth. The percentage of incompletely mineralised teeth in, e.g., the holotype dentition of the Cenomanian Cardabiodon ricki Siverson, 1999 (WAM 96.4.45; collected by MS and field assistants) is considerably higher than it is in LACM 128126. As in WAM 96.4.45, right and left teeth from the same relative position are not always mirror images of each other [see e.g., the right and left LP5s (Fig. 16A₄, B₃)]. Because of this we chose to illustrate teeth from the same side of the jaw in Fig. 19A even though this meant that a few positions are not represented in the reconstructed dentition.

Shimada (2007) described the centra of LACM 128126 as anteriormost. We suggest that at least the first 10–20 vertebral centra are missing from LACM 128126 because the preserved centra are relatively consistently sized with no marked increase in diameter from v1 as seen in Cretoxyrhina, Archaeolamna, or Squalicorax (see Cook et al. 2011: fig. 6A).

Geographic and stratigraphic range.—Early Santonian Tamayama Formation, Japan, and latest Santonian or earliest Campanian part of the Smoky Hill Chalk, Kansas, USA.

Etymology: Named after Pieter De Schutter, in recognition of his work on Cenozoic elasmobranchs from Belgium and assistance in making teeth from the SECAB quarry available to us.

Type material: Holotype: lower anterior tooth, WAM 13.5.17 (Fig. 18F). Paratypes: WAM 13.5.13–16, 18–19 and UM-BET 6 (Fig. 18A–E, G, H).

Type horizon: Tourtia de Bettrechies, early Turonian, Late Cretaceous.

Type locality: SECAB quarry, Bettrechies, northern France.

Material.—Type material only.

Diagnosis.—Upper and lower anterior teeth markedly enlarged. Most upper and lower lateroposterior teeth with markedly compressed cusp in labiolingual direction. Lingual protuberance of root relatively well demarcated in basal view in both upper and lower anterior teeth but wide and with poorly defined base in lateroposterior teeth. Median indentation of basal edge of root deep and U-shaped in anterior teeth but forming wide and shallow V with rounded apex in lateroposterior teeth. Lingual protuberance of root in anterior teeth broad and dome-shaped in profile view.

Description.—First upper anterior tooth file: An incomplete, 23.5 mm high tooth is assigned to the A1 position (Fig. 18A). The mesial cusplet is missing and the distal end of both lobes of the root is damaged. The cusp is very slightly inclined, presumably in distal direction. The labial face of the tooth is moderately convex in profile. The distal cusplet is triangular, divergent and, curiously, with an apex considerably more worn from prey manipulation than is the apex of the cusp. The base of the crown forms a prominent shelf at the crown/ root boundary. The root is markedly asymmetrical in basal view with the mesial lobe significantly more compressed than the distal lobe. The base of the lingual protuberance is well defined in basal view. The basal third of the cusp, neck and lingual protuberance of the root form a gently curved arch in profile view. The basal edge of the root is U-shaped and the mesial lobe is narrower than is the distal lobe.

Upper lateroposterior tooth files: Four teeth are referred to the inferred upper lateroposterior hollow; two from the left side of the jaw (Fig. 18B, C) and two from the right side (Fig. 18E, G). The upper left teeth are both most likely from the anterior half of the inferred upper lateroposterior hollow, whereas the two right teeth are from the posterior part of the hollow. The cusp is moderately (more anteriorly situated teeth) to strongly (posteriorly situated teeth) distally curved in labial/lingual views. It is markedly labiolingually compressed and straight (posteriorly situated teeth) to labially curved in profile view. The cusplets are large and well defined in the anteriorly situated teeth but the mesial cusplet is largely merged with the mesial cutting edge of the cusp in the two posteriorly situated teeth (Fig. 18E₁, G₃). The lingual view of the root is progressively more asymmetrical in more posteriorly situated teeth with an enlarged mesial side. The median indentation of the basal edge is wide and shallow. The basal view is very similar in all four teeth and shows a wide, very poorly demarcated protuberance and a slightly V-shaped outline of the root.

First lower anterior tooth file: One complete tooth, 19 mm high, is referred to the a1 file (Fig. 18D). The cusp is triangular, relatively short and erect. It is strongly lingually curved in profile view. A relatively small, triangular cusplet is situated on either side of the cusp. The root is nearly perfectly symmetrical in labial/lingual views and has rounded lobe-extremities. A low, nearly symmetrical basal view features a relatively well demarcated, broad protuberance (Fig. 18D₂).

Second lower anterior tooth file: A 22 mm high tooth (holotype) is assigned to the left a2 position (Fig. 18F). The tooth is missing a small section of the lingual face of the root but has otherwise the best root surface preservation of all examined teeth from the SECAB quarry. The cusp is slightly distally inclined in labial/lingual views and tapers off rather abruptly in the distal third of its length. The cutting edges of the cusp are lingually curved in profile and slightly sigmoidal. A pair of divergent, triangular cusplets is present at the base of the cusp. The labial base of the crown is developed into a shelf-like structure. The asymmetrical root features a short, broad and angular distal lobe, in contrast to a more elongated, narrower and rounded mesial lobe. The base of the lingual protuberance is well-defined in basal view. In profile view, the lingual protuberance is low.

Lower lateroposterior tooth files: One tooth, 10.5 mm high, is referred to the inferred lower right lateroposterior hollow (Fig. 18H). The tip of the cusp is broken off and the mesial lobe of the root has sustained some damage, primarily affecting the tip of the lobe, which is more rounded that it would have been originally. A small piece of the root is also missing at the mesial base of the lingual protuberance (clearly visible in lingual view). The triangular cusp is labiolingually compressed (compared to equivalent teeth in other species of the genus) and distally inclined. It is slightly lingually curved in profile view (Fig. 18H₂). The cusplets are large, relatively upright and feature a convex inner edge, shorter than the straighter outer edge. The median indentation of the basal edge is very similar to that in upper lateroposterior teeth, being wide and V-shaped with a rounded apex.

Remarks.—See the description above of C. hattini sp. nov. for a comparison of the two species. The root is taller in lingual view (relative to its width) in lower anteriors of the two coexisting species C. appendiculata (Fig. 3A₃) and C. gertericorum sp. nov. (Fig. 11F₃) than it is in C. deschutteri sp. nov. (Fig. 18D₄, F₃). Most lateroposterior teeth of C. gertericorum sp. nov. have a small and shallow but tightly curved median indentation of the basal edge of the root (e.g., Fig. 11C₃) whereas the equivalent indentation is wide and V-shaped in C. deschutteri sp. nov. (Fig. 18B₄). In C. appendiculata it is deep and U-shaped in anteriorly situated upper lateroposterior teeth (Fig. 2D₃). The lingual protuberance is very small and well demarcated in basal view in most lateroposterior teeth of C. gertericorum sp. nov. (Fig. 11G₃) but larger and poorly demarcated from the sloping legs of the lingual edge of the root in C. deschutteri sp. nov. (Fig. 18H₄). The often rectangular basal view of the root in C. gertericorum sp. nov. (Fig. 11C₁) has not been observed in C. deschutteri sp. nov. In mid- to anteriorly situated upper lateroposterior teeth of C. appendiculata, the distal lobe is labiolingually compressed compared with the mesial lobe (Fig. 2C₁, D₂). Teeth from middle part of the inferred upper lateroposterior hollow in C. deschutteri sp. nov. (Fig. 18B₂) have a rather symmetrical basal view of the root, like in C. hattini sp. nov. (Fig. 15H₁). This difference between the two taxa seems to be reversed in upper commissural teeth as the distal lobe is more compressed than is the mesial lobe in C. deschutteri sp. nov. (Fig. 18G₁) and C. hattini sp. nov. (Fig. 16H₂) whereas posteriorly situated upper lateroposterior teeth of C. appendiculata have a rather symmetrical root in basal view (Fig. 2F₃).

The late middle to early late Turonian teeth from the Arcadia Park Formation, illustrated and described as Cretolamna woodwardi by Welton and Farish (1993) probably belong to the C. hattini-species group. The two anterior teeth illustrated (Welton and Farish 1993: 105, figs. 1, 2) might both be first upper anteriors as the difference in cusp inclination is well within the range seen in other Cretalamna (e.g., C. sarcoportheta sp. nov.). The two teeth are superficially similar to the A1s of C. catoxodon sp. nov. but the profile view of the lingual protuberance is much closer to that of C. deschutteri sp. nov. (Fig. 18A₃) than it is to that of C. catoxodon sp. nov. (Fig. 20A₂). The upper lateroposterior tooth illustrated along with the two upper anterior teeth as C. woodwardi by Welton and Farish (1993: 105, figs. 1, 2) clearly differs from the corresponding teeth of C. deschutteri sp. nov. by its labiolingually thick cusp (see Fig. 18B₃). Teeth of the C. hattini group, very similar to those misidentified by Welton and Farish (1993) as C. woodwardi, occur in the basal part of the Fairport Member of the Carlile Shale at Mosby, Montana (MS, personal observations), indicating the presence of two coexisting species of the C. hattini group (assuming C. deschutteri sp. nov. ranges into the middle Turonian in the SECAB quarry). The North American species lacks the marked labiolingual compression of the cusp in lateroposterior files that characterises C. deschutteri sp. nov. and is in this regard closer to C. hattini sp. nov.

Geographic and stratigraphic range.—Early Turonian of northern France (Tourtia de Bettrechies).

1996 Cretolamna appendiculata (Agassiz, 1843) [partim]; Siverson 1996: 826, pl. 3: 5, 6.

1999 Cretalamna appendiculata (Agassiz, 1843); Siverson 1999: fig. 6.1A, B.

Etymology: From Greek catoxys, very sharp, and odus, tooth. The name refers to the unusually sharp cutting edges on the cusp in the first and second lower anterior teeth.

Type material: Holotype: first upper right anterior tooth, WAM 09.6.2, “Main Site” (Fig. 20A). Paratypes: WAM 98.11.7 (Siverson 1999: fig. 6.1), 09.6.1, 4–7, 9, 15–21, 11.12.2–3, “Main Site”; WAM 09.6.8, “New Site”; WAM 09.6.12, “Camp Site” (see Appendix 2 for locality details).

Type horizon: Surface collected from the uppermost 2–3 m of the Gearle Siltstone (middle Cenomanian).

Type locality: “Main Site”, CY Creek, Giralia Anticline, Western Australia (see Appendix 2 for locality details).

Additional material.—44 teeth, including WAM 09.6.3, 10–11, 13, 10.9.7–39, “Main Site”; WAM 10.9.1, “New Site”; WAM 09.6.14, 10.9.2–6, “Camp Site”.

Diagnosis.—Anterior teeth equipped with slender cusp; straight, very slightly curved or moderately distally inclined. Outer margin of cusplets more-or-less vertical on upper anterior teeth. Root symmetrical in labial/lingual views on first upper and lower anterior teeth but asymmetrical in basal view with one lobe more compressed than the other. Lingual protuberance of root poorly demarcated in basal view in upper anterior teeth but highly protruding in profile view, overhanging the neck. Most upper lateroposterior teeth equipped with rounded cusplets, lacking distinct apex.

Description.—First upper anterior tooth file: Four teeth are referred to the first upper anterior file. They are all similar in size and overall morphology and can be characterised by their symmetrical or near-symmetrical root and very slightly distally curved or inclined cusp. One of the teeth is nearly perfectly preserved and designated as holotype for this species (Fig. 20A). It is slightly larger than the other three teeth and, at 24 mm in height, is the largest tooth of this species in our collection. The lobes of the root are more acute in the other three teeth (Fig. 20B₃), but this is probably largely a result of their slightly corroded preservation. The lateral cusplets are small with a rather blunt apex on all four teeth. The root is massive in the well-preserved holotype with a prominent lingual protuberance overhanging the neck (Fig. 20A₂).

Second upper anterior tooth file: A single tooth is assigned to this file (Fig. 20D). The apex is worn down, almost certainly from prey manipulation, and as preserved, the tooth measures 17 mm in height. The cusp is markedly distally bent. As in the teeth assigned to the first upper anterior file, the cusplets are very small. The root is nearly symmetrical in labial/lingual views with a slightly less tightly curved basal edge of the root in labial/lingual views, compared to the teeth referred to the first upper anterior file.

Upper lateroposterior teeth: Teeth, from this part of the jaw, have a slender but labiolingually thick, slightly recurved (Fig. 21A₂) to strongly distally curved cusps (more posteriorly situated teeth; Fig. 21G₃). The lateral cusplets are low with an unusually blunt and poorly defined apex in most teeth (e.g., Fig. 21D₁). The cutting edges are sigmoidal (most anteriorly situated teeth; Fig. 21A₃) to straight in profile view (Fig. 21E₂). The median indentation of the basal edge of the root is of C. deschutteri type, forming a wide V with a rounded apex. In basal view, the lingual protuberance is wide but poorly demarcated from the rest of the root's lingual edge (Fig. 21E₄).

First lower anterior tooth file: A single, 18 mm high tooth is referred to this file. The tooth has a bleached enameloid and has sustained some corrosion of the root along the lingual root-neck boundary and on the inside of one of the lobes (the latter damage is minor). Apart from these slight imperfections the tooth is well preserved. The cusp is symmetrical and narrow. Its middle third is mesio-distally concave (Fig. 20E₁). There is one pair of small cusplets. The root is massive, nearly perfectly symmetrical and with a large lingual protuberance. The extremities of the lobes are rather acute.

Second lower anterior tooth file: Two teeth are referred to the a2 file. One, 22 mm high, is somewhat corroded (Fig. 20F), whereas the other, larger tooth is severely corroded (Fig. 20C). The latter measures nearly 23 mm in height but would have been 24–25 mm high originally. The two teeth differ from the assigned a1 tooth by their asymmetrical root and wide-based cusp.

Lower lateroposterior tooth files: The cusp is relatively upright in lower lateroposterior teeth and the cusplets have typically a well-defined apex. The root is deeper in lower jaw teeth than it is in the corresponding upper jaw teeth (Figs. 21G₃, 22E₂) and does not expand laterally beyond the lateral demarcation of the crown to the same extent as it does in upper lateroposterior teeth (Figs. 21D₁, 22B₁).

Remarks.—Cretalamna catoxodon sp. nov. cannot readily be placed in any of the three species groups recognised in the Turonian-Campanian of the Northern Hemisphere. Its teeth resemble those of the slender-toothed C. ewelli sp. nov. from the Smoky Hill Chalk in some aspects but differs, e.g., in lacking a typical A3 tooth with a labially curved cusp in profile view and a labiolingually compressed distal lobe of the root. Lateroposterior teeth of C. catoxodon sp. nov., particularly in the upper jaw, differ from those of C. ewelli sp. nov. by having blunt cusplets in a much larger percentage of the teeth. The putative third upper jaw tooth in C. catoxodon sp. nov. has a sigmoidally curved cusp in profile view and possess a distal lobe much thicker than that in C. ewelli sp. nov.

Underwood et al. (2011: fig. 4) illustrated six teeth from the early Cenomanian part of the Karai Formation of the Cauvery Basin, Tamil Nadu, India, as Cretalamna appendiculata. We disagree with the assigned position of at least one of the teeth (Underwood et al. 2011: fig. 4C, D), which they cautiously referred to the third lower anterior file. The shape of the root and the slightly recurved cusp indicates that it is the third upper jaw tooth. Third lower jaw teeth in Cretalamna would typically have a more robust root with a rather tightly curved basal edge in labial/lingual views. One of the teeth referred to the first lower lateral file (Underwood et al. 2011: fig. 4E, F) might be a LP1 or LP2 but the lack of profile and basal images makes it difficult to fully evaluate the positional assignment of the tooth. Teeth of C. catoxodon sp. nov. with a near-identical labial/lingual outline have a profile view typical of upper jaw teeth (Fig. 21B₂); although, probable first lower lateroposterior teeth have a similar labial/ lingual outline. The latter differ in profile view from the corresponding upper jaw teeth by their slightly lingually curved cutting edges and more protruding protuberance (Fig. 22A). The median indentation of the basal edge of the root is deeper in probable lp1s than it is in the corresponding upper jaw teeth. The Indian taxon appears to represent an undescribed species of Cretalamna.

Geographic and stratigraphic range.—Middle Cenomanian part of the Gearle Siltstone, Giralia Range and Cenomanian? (source rock uncertain), lower Murchison River area, Western Australia, Australia.

Type species: Cretalamna gunsoni Siverson, 1996; Upper Gearle Siltstone (Cenomanian?, Late Cretaceous), Thirindine Point ridge, Pillawarra Plateau, lower Murchison River area, Western Australia; monotypic.

Etymology: Combination of Ken (after the former Curator of Palaeontology at the Western Australian Museum, Kenneth McNamara, in recognition of his work on various groups of fossils from Western Australia) and Lamna, the genus name for Porbeagle sharks.

Diagnosis.—Upper anterior teeth with cusp labially curved in profile view and straight, distally inclined or recurved in labial/lingual views. Lower anterior teeth with cusp lingually curved in profile view and straight in labial/lingual views. Root gracile in all anterior teeth. Cusplets, present on all teeth, often taller than wide and with elongated, concave outer cutting edge. Posteriorly situated lower lateroposterior teeth taller than wide. Posteriorly situated upper lateroposterior teeth with basal face of root set almost at right angle to labial face of crown in profile view.

Remarks.—The range of tooth-morphologies in Kenolamna gen. nov. most closely resembles that of Cretalamna and Palaeocarcharodon.

The dentition differs from that of Cretalamna in the following aspects: (i) the LP1 is not significantly smaller than the other anteriorly situated upper lateroposterior teeth in LACM 128126, the only Cretalamna specimen with a preserved palatoquadrate showing in situ teeth across the anterior/ lateroposterior hollows boundary (Fig. 13B). In contrast, evidence at hand [presence of small, labiolingually compressed teeth with a recurved cusp, large cusplets and a flat labial face in profile view (latter two characters separating the teeth from the otherwise similar A3)] indicate that the LP1 is reduced in size compared to the adjacent teeth in Kenolamna gen. nov.; (ii) posteriorly situated lateroposterior teeth in Cretalamna are wider than tall and have quadrangular root-lobes. Posteriorly situated teeth of Kenolamna gen. nov. have rounded to acute root-lobes and are taller than wide; (iii) cusplets are taller than wide in Kenolamna gen. nov. but typically wider than tall in Cretalamna.

Differences between Kenolamna gen. nov. and Palaeocarcharodon include: (i) cutting edges are smooth in Kenolamna gen. nov. compared with smooth to strongly serrated in Palaeocarcharodon (Cappetta 2012: fig: 238A–E); (ii) anterior teeth of Palaeocarcharodon have a broad, labiolingually compressed cusp, whereas the corresponding teeth in Kenolamna gen. nov. are equipped with a slender, slightly to moderately compressed cusp; (iii) the basal edge of the root is more deeply excavated medially in Kenolamna gen. nov. than it is in Palaeocarcharodon.

There are a number of similarities in tooth morphology (and total range of tooth-types) between Kenolamna gunsoni (Siverson, 1996) and the Paleocene taxon Palaeocarcharodon orientalis. In both species the cusp is strongly labiolingually compressed in lateroposterior files (although primarily in the upper jaw in the former), the inner edge of the cusplets is shorter than the outer edge, and the labial face of the tooth is strongly concave in profile view in posteriorly situated upper lateroposterior teeth (Dartevelle and Casier 1943: pl. 11: 1b; Fig. 24H₂). An origin of Palaeocarcharodon from a species of Kenolamna gen. nov. in the Southern Hemisphere could explain the current lack of a plausible ancestor of the former in the comparatively well researched Late Cretaceous of the Northern Hemisphere.

The assignment of Kenolamna gen. nov., and by inference, Palaeocarcharodon, to the Otodontidae is based on the curvature of the cusps on the upper anterior teeth [slightly curved or inclined (A1), moderately distally inclined (A2) and recurved (A3)] and their similar size. The morphology and relative size of the upper anterior teeth strongly resemble those of Cretalamna of the C. borealis group (Fig. 12A, C, E), but this morphology is in stark contrast to those of other Cretaceous lamniforms known from associated/articulated dentitions (Cretoxyrhina, Archaeolamna Siverson, 1992a, Cardabiodon Siverson, 1999, Dwardius Siverson, 1999, and Paraisurus Glikman, 1957). The commissural teeth of Kenolamna gen. nov. are, however, quite different from the laterally expanded ones in Cretalamna; Kenolamna gen. nov. may have had a more typical “lamnoid tooth-pattern” (see Siverson et al. 2013 for a discussion of the term) than did Cretalamna, with a disjunct transition in tooth size between the upper anterior and lateroposterior teeth (Fig. 19D). Because of the latter two differences between Cretalamna and Kenolamna gen. nov. (the latter admittedly largely inferred as it depends on the accuracy of the tooth file assignment of a single tooth-type), we regard our referral of Kenolamna gen. nov. (and Palaeocarcharodon) to the Otodontidae as tentative.

1996 Cretolamna gunsoni Siverson, 1996; Siverson 1996: 829, pl. 3: 9–13.

1999 Cretalamna gunsoni Siverson, 1996; Siverson 1999: 52, fig. 4. Holotype: WAM 95.7.49, an A1 (originally described as an A2), illustrated by Siverson (1996: text-fig. 3, pl. 3: 9–11).

Type horizon: “Upper Gearle Siltstone” (previously referred to as the uppermost Alinga Formation at Thirindine Point), 0.5 m below the base of the Haycock Marl (= Beedagong Claystone of Siverson 1996). The precise age of the type stratum is yet to be determined but is likely Cenomanian. The overlying basal part of the Haycock Marl yields Cretoxyrhina teeth comparable in morphology to those from the Greenhorn Limestone in the Western Interior Seaway of North America.

Type locality: Thirindine Point East, Pillawarra Plateau, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia.

Material.—73 teeth, including WAM 09.6.22, “Cardabiodon Site”, tooth found in situ, 5 cm below the top of the Gearle Siltstone; WAM 98.11.1, 5, 09.6.23–39, 10.9.53–91, 11.12.4, “Main Site”; WAM 10.9.40–41, “New Site”; WAM 10.9.42–52, “Camp Site”.

Emended diagnosis.—As for the monotypic genus.

Description.—First upper anterior tooth file: The best preserved tooth assigned to the A1 file is described and illustrated (Fig. 23A). As preserved, the specimen is 24 mm high but would originally have been slightly taller. The cusp is somewhat distally directed. In profile view, the labial face of the tooth is slightly concave (Fig. 23A₂). The basal view of the root is of limited use for comparison as portions of the tall lingual protuberance and the lingual side of the distal lobe are missing. As a result of the corrosion of the root's basal side, the U-shape of the basal edge of the root in labial/lingual views appears slightly more pronounced than it would have originally.

Second upper anterior tooth file: Several teeth are referred to this file. Collectively, they differ from the teeth assigned to the first upper anterior file by having a slightly less tightly curved basal edge of the (near perfectly symmetrical) root and a distinctly distally inclined and more labiolingually compressed cusp. The best preserved example measures 24 mm in height (Fig. 23B). The apex of the cusp is worn as a result of prey manipulation, which has reduced the original height by 1–2 mm. The root is almost perfectly symmetrical in this specimen, displaying relatively acute lobes.

Third upper anterior tooth file: Teeth referred to this file have a cusp that is recurved in labial/lingual views (Fig. 23C₁, C₃) and labially curved in profile view (Fig. 23C₄). They are similar in height to the inferred A1 and A2 but have a somewhat broader cusp. The root is markedly asymmetrical in most A3's, with an elongated mesial lobe. The illustrated example (Fig. 23C) is considerably smaller than some of the other teeth referrable to the A3 position but happened to be the best preserved A3.

Upper lateroposterior tooth files: The teeth (measuring up to an estimated 26 mm in height) from the upper lateroposterior hollow have a tall, slightly recurved (LP1; Fig. 24A₁) to strongly distally curved cusp. The LP1 is significantly smaller than the adjacent A3 and LP2 and has a tightly curved basal edge of the root. The recurved cusp of the LP1 is similar to that of the A3 (in labial/lingual views) but it is more labio-lingually compressed, relatively shorter and has a straight labial face in profile view (labially curved in the A3). In profile view, the labial face of the teeth is progressively more concave, moving posteriorly through the upper lateroposterior files. A concave profile view characterises upper lateroposterior teeth of most modern macrophagous lamniform sharks but it is particularly pronounced in this Cretaceous species (Fig. 24H₂). A pair of relatively large and sharp cusplets accompanies the labiolingually compressed cusp. The inner cutting edge of the cusplets is shorter than the outer edge. The root exhibits a deeply notched basal edge and sub-rectangular lobes.

First lower anterior tooth file: Two relatively well-preserved teeth can be referred to the a1 position with some confidence, one 26mm high (Fig. 23D) and the other 28 mm high. The basal edge of the root is tightly curved in both specimens. The cusp is tall and perfectly symmetrical in one of the two teeth (Fig. 23D) but slightly recurved in the other tooth. In profile view, the labial side of the cusp is moderately or strongly lingually curved. The cusplets are erect or slightly divergent.

Second lower anterior tooth file: Teeth assigned to the a2 position differ from first lower anterior teeth by having a very slightly distally bent cusp (as opposed to a perfectly straight or slightly recurved cusp) and a wider, asymmetrical root with a mesial lobe longer than the distal lobe. Like all teeth assigned to the lower anterior files, the cusp is lingually curved, giving the labial face of the tooth a convex profile (Fig. 23F₂).

Third lower anterior tooth file: A 27 mm high tooth from a large individual is referred to the a3 position (additional to a few poorly preserved but probable third lower anteriors). The outline of the root is reasonably complete, but large sections of the root are missing on both the labial and lingual side (Fig. 23E₁, E₃). The cusp is barely inclined in labial/ lingual views and increases rapidly in width in its basal part. In profile view, the labial side of the tooth is moderately lingually curved. The mesial lobe is slender and elongated whereas the distal lobe is broader and shorter.

Lower lateroposterior tooth files: The teeth from the inferred lower lateroposterior hollows are up to 24 mm high. The cusp is straight (in anteriorly situated teeth) to moderately distally curved or inclined (in posteriorly situated teeth). The cusp is labiolingually compressed but not to the same degree as in upper lateroposterior teeth. In profile view, the labial side of the cusp is typically straight in anteriorly situated teeth (e.g., Fig. 25C₄) and lingually curved in more posteriorly situated teeth (Fig. 25E₃, F₁). The root and cusplets are similar to those in upper lateroposterior teeth.

Geographic and stratigraphic range.—Upper Gearle Siltstone, Murchison River area (most likely Cenomanian) and uppermost part of the Gearle Siltstone (middle Cenomanian), Giralia Range, Western Australia, Australia.