Luminescent termite mounds caused by colonization of the luminescent larvae of the click beetle Pyrearinus termitilluminans (Costa, 1982) are well reported in Cerrado ecosystems (savannas) in central west Brazil (Costa 1982). Although luminous termite mounds were occasionally reported in the Amazon forest, they have not been studied as extensively. Here we report for the first time, luminescent larvae of Pyrearinus sp. living inside Canga (clayish) caves in the National Forest of Carajás near an iron mine in Pará state. The luminescence display in the cave is very similar to that of luminous termite mounds infested by P. termitilluminans larvae, and is apparently used to attract flying insects. We also report the occurrence of luminous termite mounds inside the Amazon forest inhabited by larvae of Pyrearinus fragilis (Costa 1978) and P. termitilluminans in three different localities (Caseara-TO, Canaã do Carajás-PA, and Juruena-MT) and in a forested area in Cerrado (Novo Santo Antônio-MT). The distinct habitats and molecular phylogenetic analysis indicate the occurrence of two lineages of P. termitilluminans, which are adapted to savanna and forest termite mounds.