Miombo woodlands are characterized by numerous termitaria that are suitable for studying the relationship between spiders and termites. In the Rumonge miombo woodland (south-western Burundi), we sampled spiders on 14 termite mounds and in the surrounding woodland matrix with pitfall traps, to assess the mounds' effect on the distribution of spiders. Of the 24 traps per sampling site, six were placed on the mound itself and six at intervals of 5 m, 10 m and 20 m from it. Among the 39 species recorded, mainly ground-dwelling wandering spiders, only Cyphonisia cf. kissi, Langelurillus sp. and Andromma sp. seem to be associated with termitaria. Spiders are more frequently trapped in the woodland matrix than on the mounds. This could be related to the stability of the woodland matrix, which is protected against fires, clearing, etc. by local authorities. Being complex habitats, as compared to the woodland matrix, the vegetation structure of termitaria seems to have a restrictive influence on ground-dwelling wandering spiders. We conclude that termite mounds appear to have a negligible influence on the spatial distribution of the spiders.