Mutations in the dominant-white spotting (W; c-kit) and stem cell factor (Sl; SCF) genes, which encode the transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor and its ligand, respectively, affect both the proliferation and differentiation of many types of stem cells. Almost all homozygous W or Sl mutant mice are sterile because of the lack of differentiated germ cells or spermatogonial stem cells. To characterize spermatogenesis in c-kit/SCF mutants and to understand the role of c-kit signal transduction in spermatogonial stem cells, the existence, proliferation, and differentiation of spermatogonia were examined in the W/W ^v mutant mouse testis. In the present study, some of the W/W ^v mutant testes completely lacked spermatogonia, and many of the remaining testes contained only a few spermatogonia. Examination of the proliferative activity of the W/W ^v mutant spermatogonia by transplantation of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-labeled W/W ^v spermatogonia into the seminiferous tubules of normal SCF (W/W ^v) or SCF mutant (Sl/Sl^d) mice demonstrated that the W/W ^v spermatogonia had the ability to settle and proliferate, but not to differentiate, in the recipient seminiferous tubules. Although the germ cells in the adult W/W ^v testis were c-kit-receptor protein-negative undifferentiated type A spermatogonia, the juvenile germ cells were able to differentiate into spermatogonia that expressed the c-kit-receptor protein. Furthermore, differentiated germ cells with the c-kit-receptor protein on the cell surface could be induced by GnRH antagonist treatment, even in the adult W/W ^v testis. These results indicate that all the spermatogonial stem cell characteristics of settlement, proliferation, and differentiation can be demonstrated without stimulating the c-kit-receptor signal. The c-kit/SCF signal transduction system appears to be necessary for the maintenance and proliferation of differentiated c-kit receptor-positive spermatogonia but not for the initial step of spermatogonial cell differentiation.