This paper provides expanded descriptions and an evaluation of the current threats and conservation status of the Discocactus (Cactaceae) species that occur in the state of Bahia, Brazil. This study is based on observations of 17 natural populations embracing the majority of the taxa described for the state, and on the results of an investigation of morphological and genetic relationships among individuals within these populations, totalling 337 individuals analysed. Morphological and genetic evidence corroborates the view that three species occur in the state: D. bahiensis, D. catingicola and D. zehntneri, the latter with two subspecies, zehntneri and boomianus.