Road and non-roadside surveys of breeding White-crowned Pigeons Patagioenas leucocephala were conducted on St. Croix from April through September 2002 and 2003. Confirmed or probable breeding birds were discovered at 15 sites, including all four cays off St. Croix, and two sites in the interior (21–25 m asl) where this species had not bred previously. An estimated 160–175 pairs nested each year, although numbers were low (1–10 pairs per site) except at two sites. Larger numbers occurred at Ruth Island and Great Pond (55–95 pairs each), and birds have increased at the latter site. Crude breeding densities at all sites ranged from 0.2 to 23.5 pairs/ha, with the highest densities both years (> 1 pair/ha) restricted to the three largest tidally influenced wetlands, the three smallest cays, and the Buccaneer Hotel. White-crowned Pigeons nested in two habitats: (a) low in manglars (islets of one or more red mangroves Rhizophora mangle without solid land) over standing water in mangrove wetlands, and (b) higher over ground in a variety of nest-sites in littoral woodland, especially on cays. Roadside point-transect surveys throughout St. Croix during May of 2004 and 2005 confirmed that most White-crowned Pigeons occur in the general vicinity of confirmed breeding sites, despite their ability to fly long distances. Protection of vulnerable breeding sites such as Ruth Island where squabs are still poached, restoration of manglars as sheltered nest-sites in several tidally influenced wetlands, and expansion of foraging areas in littoral woodland near breeding sites should be conservation priorities for the White-crowned Pigeon on St. Croix. Their current breeding status suggests this species should be downlisted from territorially endangered to threatened in the United States Virgin Islands.