Selenium (Se), as an essential micronutrient, has been demonstrated to play an important role in life activities. In this study, we studied the effects of sucrose solutions containing sodium selenite on Apis mellifera (L.). We obtained the appropriate level of sodium selenite for A. mellifera by determining the life span by lab rearing, and then, we studied the effects of sodium selenite on antioxidant activity, phenol oxidase activity, development of the hypopharyngeal gland, Se content of body tissues and royal jelly (RJ), and related gene transcription levels for a bee colony. The results of lab rearing showed that a concentration of 0.57 mg/liter sodium selenium could extend life. After feeding the colony sodium selenium at concentrations of 0.3 mg/liter and 0.6 mg/liter, the results showed that 0.6 mg/liter sodium selenite could enhance the antioxidant and immune activity of 6-d-old larvae and 1-d-old and 9-d-old worker bees (P < 0.05), increase the Se content of body tissues (P < 0.05) and RJ (P < 0.05), and improve the expression of related genes (P < 0.05).