The local temperature in the Harbin region of northeast China has been rising, with temperatures above 27°C often being recorded. The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Matsumura) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), are important pests in soybeans in the region, which face great survival pressure due to rising temperatures. In this study, A. glycines and A. solani were reared at thermoperiods with diurnal temperatures of 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, and 37°C, nocturnal temperature of 20 °C, 70% ± 5% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L: D) hr. Diurnal thermoperiod 25°C was used as control. Some life characteristics of the aphids were assessed. The adaptation of A. solani to high diurnal temperatures was found to be worse than that of A. glycines. Aphis glycines could develop and reproduce successfully at diurnal temperatures of 27–35°C, whereas A. solani could only develop and reproduce at 27–29°C. At diurnal thermoperiods at 25°C, adult lifespan of A. solani was as long as that of A. glycines. When diurnal temperatures increased from 27 to 31°C, adult lifespan of A. solani were shorter than those of A. glycines. At diurnal thermoperiods at 25 and 27°C, the body sizes of A. solani adults were larger than those of A. glycines. At diurnal thermoperiods at 29 and 31°C, the body size of A. solani adults were as large as those of A. glycines. Our results provide important information on the survival, development, and reproduction of A. glycines and A. solani exposed to temperatures above 27°C, which is important for evaluating the adaptability of aphids to high temperatures and predicting their dynamics in soybeans in northeast China, where the local environmental temperature continues to rise.