Available data on karyotypes of the mammals from Turkey and neighbouring regions (the Balkans, the Caucasus, and the Middle East) were summarized and reviewed in respect of their implications to taxonomy and systematics. In this review, previously unpublished data are presented in 20 species. Terrestrial mammals were taken into consideration, both the native and introduced. Altogether, 156 species occurring in the region concerned were included. The karyotype was studied in 109 of these species in Turkey, in most other species data are available from other geographic regions, and only three species remain unstudied cytogenetically. Intraspecific chromosomal variation (polymorphism or polytypy) was reported in 22 species. A karyotype different from the findings made in other regions was reported in Turkish populations of 17 species. Possible future directions of the cytogenetic investigations of mammals in the region are proposed.
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1 March 2014
Karyotypes of the mammals of Turkey and neighbouring regions: a review
Atilla Arslan,
Jan Zima
Author Affiliations +
Atilla Arslan,1 Jan Zima2
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, 42031 Konya, Turkey; e-mail: aarslan@selcuk.edu.tr
2Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail: jzima@brno.cas.cz
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, 42031 Konya, Turkey; e-mail: aarslan@selcuk.edu.tr
2Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail: jzima@brno.cas.cz
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ARTICLE - Introduction
- Methods
- Species accounts
- White-breasted hedgehog, Erinaceus concolor Martin, 1838 2n = 48, NFa = 90, NF = 94; X = M, Y = M
- Eastern hedgehog, Erinaceus roumanicus Barret-Hamilton, 1900 2n = 48, NFa = 90, NF = 94; X = M, Y = M
- Long-eared hedgehog, Hemiechinus auritus (Gmelin, 1770) 2n = 48, NFa = 90–92, NF = 94–96; X = M, Y = M/SM
- Pygmy shrew, Sorex minutus Linnaeus, 1766 2n = 42, NFa =54, NF = 56; X = A, Y = A
- Caucasian pygmy shrew, Sorex volnuchini Ognev, 1922 2n = 40, NFa = 56, NF = 60; X = M, Y = A
- Common shrew, Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758 2n = 26 in females/27 in males, NFa = 36, NF = 40; X = M, Y1 = A, Y2 = A
- Caucasian shrew, Sorex satunini Ognev, 1921 2n = 24 in females/25 in males, NFa = 42, NF = 46; X = M,Y1 = A,Y2 = A
- Radde's shrew, Sorex raddei Satunin, 1895 2n = 36, NFa = 66, NF = 68; X = A, Y = SM
- Miller's water shrew, Neomys anomalus Cabrera, 1907 2n = 52, NFa = 94, NF = 98; X = ST, Y = SM
- Transcaucasian water shrew, Neomys teres Miller, 1908 2n = 52, NFa = 94, NF = 98; X = ST, Y = ST
- Bicoloured white-toothed shrew, Crocidura leucodon (Herrmann, 1780) 2n = 28, NFa = 46, NF = 50; X = SM, Y = A
- Lesser white-toothed shrew, Crocidura suaveolens (Pallas, 1811) 2n = 40, NFa = 46, NF = 50; X = SM, Y = A
- Cyprus white-toothed shrew, Crocidura cypria Bate, 1904 2n = 40, NFa = 46, NF = 50; X = SM, Y = A
- Pygmy white-toothed shrew, Suncus etruscus (Savi, 1822) 2n = 42, NFa = 68-74, NF = 72–78; X = ST, Y = A
- European mole, Talpa europaea Linnaeus, 1758 2n = 34, NFa = 64, NF = 68; X = M, Y = M
- Caucasian mole, Talpa caucasica Satunin, 1908 2n = 38, NFa = 62, NF = 66; X = M, Y = D
- Levantine mole, Talpa levantis Thomas, 1906 2n = 34, NFa = 64, NF = 68; X = M, Y = M
- Persian mole, Talpa davidiana (Milne-Edwards, 1884) 2n = 34, NFa = 62, NF = 66; X = M, Y = A
- Egyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus (Geoffroy, 1810) 2n = 36, NFa = 66, NF = 70; X = SM, Y = A
- Naked-rumped tomb bat, Taphozous nudiventris Cretzchmar, 1830 2n = 42, NFa = 64, NF = 68; X = M/SM, Y = A
- Greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774) 2n = 58, NFa = 60–62, NF = 64–66; X = M, Y = A/M
- Lesser horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus hipposideros (Bechstein, 1800) 2n = 54, NFa = 60, NF = 64; X = SM, Y = A or 2n = 58, NFa = 60, NF = 64; X = M/SM, Y dot-like
- Mediterranean horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus euryale Blasius, 1853 2n = 58, NFa = 60, NF = 64; X = M, Y = A/M
- Mehely's horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus mehelyi Matschie, 1901 2n = 58, NFa = 62, NF = 66; X = M, Y = A
- Blasius' horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus blasii Peters, 1866 2n = 58, NFa = 60, NF = 64; X = SM, Y = A/M
- Whiskered bat, Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl, 1817) 2n = 44, NFa = 50, NF = 54; X = M, Y = A
- Golden bat, Myotis aurascens Kusjakin, 1935 2n = 42–44, NFa = 48–50, NF = 52–54; X = M, Y = A
- Nepalese bat, Myotis nipalensis (Dobson, 1871) 2n = 44, NFa = 50, NF = 54; X = M, Y = A
- Brandt's bat, Myotis brandtii (Eversmann, 1845) 2n = 44, NFa = 50, NF = 54; X = M, Y = A
- Alcathoe bat, Myotis alcathoe von Heiversen et Heller, 2001 2n = 44, NFa = 50, NF = 54; X = M, Y = A
- Geoffroy's bat, Myotis emarginatus (Geoffroy, 1806) 2n = 44, NFa = 52, NF = 56; X = M, Y = A/SM
- Natterer's bat, Myotis nattereri (Kuhl, 1817) 2n = 44, NFa = 52, NF = 56; X = M, Y = A
- Bechstein's bat, Myotis bechsteinii (Kuhl, 1817) 2n = 44, NFa = 52 NF = 56; X = M, Y = A
- Greater mouse-eared bat, Myotis myotis (Borkhausen, 1797) 2n = 44, NFa = 50–52, NF = 54–56; X = M, Y = A
- Lesser mouse-eared bat, Myotis blythii (Tomes, 1857) 2n = 44, NFa = 50–52, NF = 54–56; X = M, Y = A
- Daubenton's bat, Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817) 2n = 44, NFa = 52, NF = 56; X = M, Y = A/SM
- Long-fingered bat, Myotis capaccinii (Bonaparte, 1837) 2n = 44, NFa = 52, NF = 56; X = M, Y = A
- Particoloured bat, Vespertilio murinus Linnaeus, 1758 2n = 38, NFa = 50–52, NF = 54–56; X = M, Y = A/SM
- Serotine, Eptesicus serotinus (Schreber, 1774) 2n = 50, NFa = 48–50, NF = 52–54; X = SM, Y = A/SM
- Anatolian serotine, Eptesicus anatolicus Felten, 1971 2n = 50, NFa = 48, NF = 52; X = M, Ydot-like
- Leisler's bat, Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl, 1817) 2n = 44 + Bs, NFa = 50, NF = 54; X = M, Y = A
- Noctule, Nyctalus noctula (Schreber, 1774) 2n = 42, NFa = 50, NF = 54; X = M, Y = A
- Greater noctule, Nyctalus lasiopterus (Schreber, 1780) 2n = 42, NFa = 50, NF = 54; X = M, Y = A
- Common pipistrelle, Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774) 2n = 42–44, NFa = 48–50, NF = 52–54; X = M/SM, Y = A
- Soprano pipistrelle, Pipistrellus pygmaeus (Leach, 1825)
- Nathusius's pipistrelle, Pipistrellus nathusii (Keyserling et Blasius, 1839) 2n = 44, NFa = 50, NF = 54; X = M, Y = A
- Kuhl's pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817) 2n = 44, NF = 50, NFa = 54; X = M, Y = A
- Savii's pipistrelle, Hypsugo savii (Bonaparte, 1837) 2n = 44, NF = 50, NFa = 54; X = M, Y = A/SM
- Brown long-eared bat, Plecotus auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 32, NFa = 50, NF = 54; X = M, Y = A
- Mountain long-eared bat, Plecotus macrobullaris Kuzyakin, 1965 2n = 32, NFa = 50, NF = 54; X = M, Y = A
- Grey long-eared bat, Plecotus austriacus (Fischer, 1829) 2n = 32, NFa = 50, NF = 54; X = M, Y = A
- Balkan long-eared bat, Plecotus kolombatovici Dulić, 1980 2n = 32, NFa = 50, NF = 54; X = M, Y = A
- Barbastelle, Barbastella barbastellus (Schreber, 1774) 2n = 32, NFa = 50, NF = 54; X = M, Y = A
- Hemprich's long-eared bat, Otonycteris hemprichii Peters, 1859 2n = 28, NFa = 46, NF = 50; X = SM, Y not reported
- Schreiber's bat, Miniopterus schreibersii (Kuhl, 1817) 2n = 46, NFa = 50–52, NF = 54–56; X = M, Y = A
- European free-tail bat, Tadarida teniotis (Rafinesque, 1814) 2n = 48, NFa = 78, NF = 82; X = ST, Y = A
- Wolf, Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 2n = 78, NFa = 76, NF = 80; X = M, Y = M
- Golden jackal, Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 2n = 78, NFa = 76, NF = 80; X = M, Y = M
- Red fox, Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 34 + Bs, NFa = 64; NF = 68; X = SM, Y = SM
- Brown bear, Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 2n = 74, NFa = 80/82/84, NF = 84/86/88; X = M, Y = A
- Pine marten, Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 38, NFa = 64, NF = 68; X = SM, Y = M
- Stone marten, Martes foina (Erxleben, 1777) 2n = 38, NFa = 66/72, NF = 70/76; X = M, Y = A
- Weasel, Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766 2n = 42, NFa = 72, NF = 76; X = SM, Y = M
- European polecat, Mustela putorius Linnaus, 1758 2n = 40, NFa = 64, NF = 68; X = SM, Y = M
- Marbled polecat, Vormela peregusna (Gueldenstaedt, 1770) 2n = 38, NFa = 68–70, NF = 72–74; X = SM, Y = D
- Badger, Meles meles (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 44, NFa = 62–68, NF = 66–72; X = SM, Y = A
- Eurasian otter, Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 38, NFa = 60, NF = 64; X = M, Y = M
- Egyptian mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 43 in males/44 in females, NFa = 64, NF = 72; X1 = M, X2= ST, Y = ST/A
- Striped hyena, Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 40, NFa = 70, NF = 74, X = M, Y = SM
- Wildcat, Felis silvestris Schreber, 1777 2n = 38, NFa = 68, NF = 72; X = SM, Y = SM
- Jungle cat, Felis chaus Gueldenstaedt, 1777 2n = 38, NFa = 68, NF = 72; X = SM, Y = SM
- Caracal, Caracal caracal (Schreber, 1776) 2n = 38, NFa = 68, NF = 72; X = SM, Y = SM
- European lynx, Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 38, NFa = 68, NF = 72; X = SM, Y = SM
- Leopard, Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 38, NFa = 68, NF = 72; X = SM, Y = SM
- Tiger, Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 38, NFa = 68, NF = 72; X = SM, Y = SM
- Mediterranean monk seal, Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779)
- Wild boar, Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 2n = 38, NFa = 60, NF = 64; X = SM, Y = A
- Red deer, Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 2n = 68, NFa = 68, NF = 70; X = A, Y = M
- Fallow deer, Dama dama (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 68, NFa = 68, NF = 70; X = A, Y = M
- European roe deer, Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 70, NFa = 68, NF = 72; X = SM, Y = A
- Goitered gazelle, Gazella subgutturosa (Gueldenstaedt, 1780) 2n = 31 in males/30 in females, NFa = 56, NF = 60; X = SM, Y1= A, Y2= A
- Mountain gazelle, Gazella gazella (Pallas, 1766) 2n = 35 in males/34 in females, NFa = 56, NF = 60; X = SM, Y1 = A, Y2 not reported
- Alpine chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra (Linnaues, 1758) 2n = 58, NFa = 58, NF = 60; X = A, Y = M
- Wild goat, Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777 2n = 60, NFa = 58, NF = 60; X = A, Y = D
- Mouflon, Ovis orientalis Gmelin, 1774 2n = 54, NFa = 58, NF = 60; X = A, Y = M
- European hare, Lepus europcieus Pallas, 1778 2n = 48, NFa = 88, NF = 92; X = SM, Y = A
- Rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 44, NFa = 76, NF = 80; X = SM, Y = A
- Afghan pika, Ochotona rufescens (Gray, 1842) 2n = 60, NFa = 88, NF = 92; X= SM, Y = A
- Red squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 2n = 40, NFa = 72, NF = 76; X = M, Y = A/ST
- Persian squirrel, Sciurus anomalus Gueldenstaedt, 1785 2n = 40, NFa = 76, NF = 80; X = SM, Y = SM
- European souslik, Spermophilus citellus (Linnaeus, 1766) 2n = 40, NFa = 66, NF = 70; X = M/SM, Y = A/M
- Asia Minor souslik, Spermophilus xanthoprymnus (Bennet, 1835) 2n = 42, NFa = 76-78, NF = 80-82; X = M, Y = A/M
- Taurus souslik, Spermophilus taurensis Gündüz, Jaarola, Tez, Yeniyurt, Polly et Searle, 2007 2n = 40, NFa = 72-76, NF = 76-80; X = M, Y = A/M
- Fat dormouse, Glis glis (Linnaeus, 1766) 2n = 62, NFa = 120, NF = 124; X = M, Y = A
- Hazel dormouse, Mascardinus avellanarius (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 46, NFa = 86-88, NF = 90-92; X = M, Y = A
- Forest dormouse, Dryomys nitedula (Pallas, 1778) 2n = 48, NFa = 92, NF = 96; X = SM/M, Y = A
- Woolly dormouse, Dryomys laniger Felten et Storch, 1968 2n = 46, NFa = 88, NF = 92; X = M, Y = M
- Black-tailed garden dormouse, Eliomys melanurus Wagner, 1840 2n = 48, NFa = 86, NF = 90; X = M, Y
- Setzer's mouse-tailed dormouse, Myomimus setzeri Rossolimo, 1976
- Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse, Myomimus roachi (Bate, 1937) 2n = 44, NFa = 84, NF = 88; X = M, Y = D
- Eurasian beaver, Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758 2n = 48, NFa = 76, NF = 80; X = M, Y = M
- Transcaucasian mole-vole, Ellobius lutescens Thomas, 1897 2n = 17, NFa = 32, NF = 34; X = SM
- Long-clawed mole-vole, Prometheomys schaposchnikovi Satunin, 1901 2n = 56, NFa = 100, NF = 104; X = SM, Y = M/SM
- Bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780) 2n = 56, NFa = 56, NF = 60; X = A, Y = A/M
- Water vole, Arvicola terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 36, NFa = 62, NF = 66, X = SM, Y = A
- Common pine vole, Microtus subterraneus (de Sélys Longchamps, 1836) 2n = 52-54, NFa = 56, NF = 60; X = M/SM, Y = A/M
- Major's pine vole, Microtus majori Thomas, 1906 2n = 54, NFa = 56, NF = 60; X = SM/ST, Y = A
- Caucasus pine vole, Microtus daghestcinicus Shidlovsky, 1919 2n = 54, NFa = 54, NF = 58; X = SM, Y = A
- Social vole, Microtus socialis (Pallas, 1773) 2n = 62, NFa = 60, NF = 62; X = A, Y = A
- Iranian vole, Microtus irani Thomas, 1921 2n = 60, NFa = 58, NF = 60; X = A, Y = A or 2n = 46, NFa = 46, NF = 50; X = M, Y = M
- Schidlovsky's vole, Microtus schidlovskii Argyropulo, 1933 2n = 60, NFa = 58, NF = 60; X = A, Y = A
- Guenther's vole, Microtus guentheri (Danford et Alston, 1880) 2n = 54, NFa = 52-54, NF = 56-58; X = SM/A, Y = A
- European Günther's vole, Microtus hartingi Barret-Hamilton, 1903 2n = 54, NFa = 52, NF = 56; X = M/A, Y = A
- Doğramaci's vole, Microtus dogramacii Kefelioglu et Kryštufek, 1999 2n = 48, NFa = 46-48-50, NF = 50-52-54; X = M, Y = SM/A
- Anatolian vole, Microtus anatolicus Kryštufek et Kefelioglu, 2001 2n = 60, NFa = 58-60, NF = 60-62; X = A, Y = SM
- Altai vole, Microtus obscurus Eversmann, 1845 2n = 46, NFa = 68, NF = 72; X = M, Y = M/A
- East European vole, Microtus levis Miller, 1908 2n = 54, NFa = 54, NF = 56; X = A, Y = A
- Snow vole, Chionomys nivalis (Martins, 1842) 2n = 54, NFa = 52, NF = 56; X = SM, Y = A
- Caucasian snow vole, Chinomys gud (Satunin, 1909) 2n = 54, NFa = 54, NF = 58; X = SM, Y = A
- Robert's snow vole, Chionomys roberti (Thomas, 1906) 2n = 54, NFa = 54, NF = 58; X = SM, Y = A
- Grey hamster, Cricetulus migratorius (Pallas, 1773) 2n = 22, NFa = 40, NF = 44; X = ST, Y = ST
- Golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus (Waterhouse, 1839) 2n = 44, NFa = 78, NF = 82; X = M, Y = M
- Brandt's hamster, Mesocricetus brandti (Nehring, 1898) 2n = 42–44, NFa = 76-78-80, NF = 80-82-84; X = SM, Y = SM
- Iranian mouse-like hamster, Calomyscus bailwardi Thomas, 1905
- Indian gerbil, Tatera indica (Hardwicke, 1807) 2n = 68, NFa = 82, NF = 86; X = M, Y = A
- Persian jird, Meriones persicus (Blanford, 1875) 2n = 42, NFa = 74, NF = 78; X = SM, Y = SM
- Vinogradov's jird, Meriones vinogradovi Heptner, 1931 2n = 44, NFa = 74, NF = 78; X = M, Y = A
- Tristram's jird, Meriones tristrami Thomas, 1892 2n = 72, NFa = 72–82, NF = 76–84; X = SM/A, Y = SM/A
- Libyan jird, Meriones libycus Lichtenstein, 1823 2n = 44, NFa = 72-76, NF = 76-80; X = M, Y = SM/A
- Dahl's jird, Meriones dahli Shidlovsky, 1962 2n = 50, NFa = 74, NF = 78; X = SM, Y = SM
- Sundevall's jird, Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842 2n = 60, NFa = 72, NF = 76; X = SM, Y = SM
- Wagner's gerbil, Dipodillus dasyurus (Wagner, 1842) 2n = 60, NFa = 66, NF = 70; X = M, Y = A
- Harvest mouse, Micromys minutus (Pallas, 1771) 2n = 68, NFa = 132, NF = 136; X = ST, Y = ST
- Eastern rock mouse, Apodemus mystacinus (Danford et Alston, 1877) 2n = 48, NFa = 50, NF = 52; X = A, Y = A
- Yellow-necked mouse, Apodemus flavicollis (Melchior, 1834) 2n = 48 + Bs, NFa = 46, NF = 48; X = A, Y = A
- Wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 48, NFa = 46, NF = 48; X = A, Y = A
- Pygmy field mouse, Apodemus uralensis (Pallas, 1811) 2n = 48, NFa = 46, NF = 48; X = A, Y = A
- Steppe field mouse, Apodemus witherbyi (Thomas, 1902) 2n = 48, NFa = 46, NF = 48; X = A, Y = A
- Striped field mouse, Apodemus agrarius (Pallas, 1771) 2n = 48, NFa = 54–56, NF = 56–58; X = A, Y = A
- Black rat, Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2n = 38 + Bs, NFa = 58–62, NF = 60–64; X = A, Y = A
- Brown rat, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) 2n = 42, NFa = 62, NF = 64; X = A, Y = A
- Short-tailed nesokia, Nesokia indica (Gray, 1830) 2n = 42, NFa = 52, NF = 56; X = SM, Y = M/SM
- House mouse, Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 2n = 40, NFa = 38, NF = 40; X = A, Y = A
- Balkan short-tailed mouse, Mus macedonicus Petrov et Ružíć, 1983 2n = 40, NFa = 38, NF = 40; X = A, Y = A
- Cyprus short-tailed mouse, Mus cypriacus Cucchi, Orth, Auffray, Renaud, Fabre, Catalan, Hadjisterkotis, Bonhomme et Vigne, 2006 2n = 40, NFa = 38, NF = 40; X = A, Y = A
- Cyprus spiny mouse, Acomys nesiotes Bate, 1903 2n = 38, NFa = 66, NF = 68; X =A, Y = A
- Asia Minor spiny mouse, Acomys cilicius Spitzenberger, 1978 2n = 36, NFa = 66, NF = 68; X = ST, Y = A
- Nehring's mole rat, Nannospalax xanthodon Nordmann, 1840
- 2n = 36, NFa = 64-66, NF = 68–70
- 2n = 38, NFa = 70, NF = 74
- 2n = 40, NFa = 68, NF = 72
- 2n = 48, NFa = 64, NF = 68
- 2n = 48, NFa = 67, NF = 71
- 2n = 50, NFa = 66, NF = 70 (50E, 50N)
- 2n = 50, NFa = 66, NF = 70 (50S)
- 2n = 50, NFa = 68, NF = 72
- 2n = 50, NFa = 70, NF = 74
- 2n = 50, NFa = 70, NF = 74 (50N)
- 2n = 52, NFa = 66, NF = 70
- 2n = 52, NFa = 68, NF = 72 (52N)
- 2n = 52, NFa = 68, NF = 72
- 2n = 54, NFa = 68, NF = 72
- 2n = 54, NFa = 70, NF = 74
- 2n = 54, NFa = 70–71, NF = 74–75
- 2n = 54, NFa = 78, NF = 82
- 2n = 56, NFa = 68, NF = 72
- 2n = 56, NFa = 70, NF = 74
- 2n = 58, NFa = 62–64, NF = 66–68
- 2n = 58, NFa = 68, NF = 72
- 2n = 58, NFa = 70–71, NF = 74–75
- 2n = 58, NFa = 74, NF = 78
- 2n = 60, NFa = 68, NF = 72
- 2n = 60, NFa = 70, NF = 74
- 2n = 60, NFa = 72, NF = 76
- 2n = 60, NFa = 74–75, NF = 78
- 2n = 60, NFa = 74, NF = 78
- 2n = 60, NFa = 74–76, NF = 78–80
- 2n = 60, NFa = 76, NF = 80
- 2n = 60, NFa = 78, NF = 82
- 2n = 60, NFa = 80, NF = 84
- 2n = 62, NFa = 86, NF = 90
- Lesser mole-rat, Nannospalax leucodon Nordmann, 1840 2n = 56, NFa = 72, NF = 76
- 2n = 56, NFa = 74, NF = 78
- Palestine mole-rat, Nannospalax ehrenbergi Nehring, 1898 2n = 48, NFa = 70, NF = 74
- 2n = 52, NFa = 70, NF = 74
- 2n = 52, NFa = 72, NF = 76
- 2n = 52, NFa = 76, NF = 80
- 2n = 54, NFa = 72, NF = 76
- 2n = 56, NFa = 62, NF = 66
- 2n = 56, NFa = 64, NF = 68
- 2n = 56, NFa = 68, NF = 72
- 2n = 56, NFa = 78, NF = 82
- 2n = 56, NFa = 82, NF = 86
- 2n = 58, NFa = 78, NF = 82
- Williams's jerboa, Allactaga williamsi Thomas, 1897 2n = 48, NFa = 92, NF = 96, X = SM, Y = A
- Euphrates jerboa, Allactaga euphratica Thomas, 1881 2n = 48, NFa = 92, NF = 96, X = SM, Y = A
- Small five-toed jerboa, Allactaga elater (Lichtenstein, 1825) 2n = 48, NFa = 92, NF = 96, X = SM, Y = A
- Caucasian birch mouse, Sicista caucasica Vinogradov, 1925 2n = 32, NFa = 46, X = A, Y = A
- Coypu, Myocastor coypus (Molina, 1782) 2n = 42, NFa = 80, X = M/SM, Y = A
- Conclusions
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FIGURES & TABLES -
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Folia Zoologica
Vol. 63 • No. 1
March 2014
Vol. 63 • No. 1
March 2014
Balkan
banding pattern
Caucasus
chromosomes
Middle East
species
taxonomy
Atilla Arslan, Jan Zima "Karyotypes of the mammals of Turkey and neighbouring regions: a review," Folia Zoologica, 63(1), 1-62, (1 March 2014)
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