Kakroodi, A.A.; Kroonenberg, S.B.; Goorabi, A., and Yamani, M., 2014. Shoreline response to rapid 20th century sea-level change along the Iranian Caspian Coast.

The Caspian Sea, the largest lake in the world, is characterized by rapid sea-level changes. This provides a real physical model of coastal response to rapid sea-level change in a period of just a few years, which might take a millennium along oceanic coasts. Between 1929 and 1995, the Caspian sea level experienced the last cycle, with a range of ±3 m. This caused disastrous effects along the coast and destroyed many buildings, roads, farms, and other human property. During the preceding 48 years of sea-level fall, a large area of the sea bottom emerged, which was then used for the development of residential zones. That area had to be abandoned when sea level rose by almost 3 m in a period of 18 years. With the use of LANDSAT data, we calculated total shoreline shifts in 22 littoral cells, each cell containing three transects over a 3-km distance. Both landward and seaward shifts occur during rapid sea-level rise between 1977 and 2001.