Aegimia Stål, 1874: 20. Type species: Aegimia cultrifera Stål, 1874 (by monotypy); Brunner von Wattenwyl 1878: 18, 115 (diagnosis); 1891:9 (citation); Saussure & Pictet 1897: 315 (citation); Kirby 1906: 409 (catalog); Nickle 1992: 150 (key); Montealegre, Gonzalez & Carrejo 1993: 43 (Universidad del Valle's collection); Otte 1997: 153 (catalog); Eades et al. 2011 (online catalog); Chamorro-Rengifo et al. 2011: 19 (check-list from Colombia).

Diagnosis.—Body length 40 to 70 mm, general leaf-like appearance, color green in life, fastigium of frons projected dorso-anteriorly into long, sword-like shape; tegmen oval to ellipsoidal; hindwing placed beneath tegmen when in repose; mid- and hindtibia strongly flattened.

Male redescription.—Head: conical in frontal view (Figs 4D, 5D, 6C; 7D, 8D); oblique in lateral view (Figs 4C, 5C, 6D, 7C, 8C). Eyes semicircular, anterior margin rounded, posterior margin almost straight (Figs 4C, 5C, 6D, 7C, 8C). Frons with three frontal carinae between antennal sockets (Figs 4C, 5C, 6D, 7C, 8C). Median ocellus circular, in depression on fastigium of frons (Figs 4D, 5D, 6C; 7D, 8D). Fastigium of frons punctate; blade-like in lateral view (Figs 4C, 5C, 6D, 7C, 8C); in frontal view lanceolate, with external borders elevated (Figs 4C, 5C, 6D, 7C, 8C); triangular in cross section. Fastigium of vertex subtriangular in dorsal view, projecting beyond antennal bases, apex bifid with small median apical sulcus. Antennal socket in lateral view drop-like, with small projection ventrally. Antenna almost reaching apex of abdomen; scape cylindrical, inner margin with spiniform projection (Figs 5D, 6C, 8D); pedicel cylindrical, half as long and half as wide as scape. Lateral ocellus subrectangular, inconspicuous, adjacent to dorsal margin of antennal socket. Clypeus trapezoidal; labrum with apex slightly rounded. First and second palpomere of maxillary palp cylindrical, subequal in length and shape, third one slightly more than twice as long as first; fourth palpomere half as long as third, with narrower basis, fifth slightly clavate, length equal to sum of second and third palpomeres. First and second palpomere of labial palp cylindrical, second slightly longer than first; third slightly clavate, with membranous ventral area.

Thorax: pronotal disc trapezoidal, flat, anterior margin narrow and concave, posterior margin convex with small medial sinus; suture that splits prozona from meso- and metazona incomplete; meso- and metazona not separated by suture; median furcal suture Y-like. Lateral lobe of pronotum almost perpendicular to pronotal disc (Figs 4C, 5C, 6D, 7C, 8C); humeral sinus present; marginal fold inconspicuous. Thoracic auditory spiracle oval, partially or completely hidden under lateral lobe of pronotum, close to half as high as lateral lobe of pronotum. Pro-episternum with anterior margin pointed, ventral margin S-shaped. Pro-epimeron not evident. Prosternum subangular, with precoxal bridge V-shaped, arched.

Legs. Foreleg: procoxal spine present. Femur laterally flattened, dorsal surface convex, ventral surface sulcate, anteroventral margin with spines evident, posteroventral margin unarmed, genicular lobes rounded, unarmed. Tibia with dorsal apical surface slightly concave, with angular borders; all margins with small spines, except anterodorsal margin; cuticular fold covering half of tympanic opening on both sides. Basal tarsomere semicylindrical, second one with small lateral projection and dorsal apical margin with two short spiniform projections; third tarsomere with lateral lobes well developed; fourth tarsomere cylindrical, flattened dorsoventrally, with a length equal to sum of median dorsal portion of first and second tarsomeres. Midleg: (Figs 4I, 5K, 6J, 7K, 8J) midfemur similar to forefemur. Tibia strongly flattened, expanded, as wide as or wider than midfemur; arrangement of the spines as in foretibia; apical cross section subsquare. Tarsus similar to foretarsus. Hindleg: (Figs 4J, 5L, 6K, 7L, 8K) femur laterally compressed, expanded, usually twice as wide as forefemur; dorsal margin slightly convex, ventral margin nearly straight, anteroventral margin sulcate, serrated, with noticeable spines; apex slightly narrower than basis of femur. Tibia distinctly flattened, expanded, as wide as or wider than hindfemur; anterior surface slightly concave, with angled edges slightly projecting and covered with small spines; cross-section in apical area subsquare. Hind tarsus similar to foretarsus.

Wings: tegmen oval to ellipsoidal, maximum width nearly half of tegmen length; apex of tegmen, when in repose, exceeds 2 to 3× abdomen length; anterior margin slightly convex; posterior margin convex. Veins R and M close to each other, parallel, fused near apex. Vein M branching in apical third. Left tegmen: (Figs 4E, 5E, 6E, 7E, 8E) stridulatory vein AP₁ well developed, swollen, with conspicuous groove (sulcus). Right tegmen: (Figs 4G, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H) space between veins AA, AP₁ and second branch of AP₁ subtriangular, membranous, hyaline, forming mirror. Reticulate venation outside the mirror's region present. Vein AP₂ swollen apically. Hindwing: hidden under tegmen when in repose; apex of remigium folded. Abdomen: medial dorsal portion of tergites II to VIII forming a longitudinal keel. Mid-dorsal posterior margin of T-III to T-VIII with small sinus. Tergite X unmodified, covered with sparse bristles. Terminalia: epiproct triangular, covering paraproct in posterior view (Figs 4K, 6M, 7M, 8L). Cerci densely covered with bristles; apex slightly curved upward, with sclerotized apical tooth (Figs 4K, 5N, 6L, 6M, 7M, 7N, 8L, 8M). Subgenital plate with sparse bristles, subtriangular in ventral view, apex with V-shaped median groove (sulcus), and median keel in apical half (Figs 4L, 5N, 7N, 8M); styli small, conical, with distinct and small setae. Phallus (Fig. 3) completely membranous, without sclerotized part. Lateral lobe well-developed, with scattered setae throughout, concentrated in apical dorsal region; lateral lobe may be swollen and in dorsal view, can hide ventral lobe. Dorsal lobe covered partially by lateral lobe in dorsal view; with setae more concentrated in dorsal middle portion (Fig. 3C) and with rough surface composed of small, fold-like striae. Ectophallic evagination (Figs 3A, 3D) in ventral portion of dorsal lobe. Ventral lobe (Fig. 3D) subdivided into: a) central region, with well developed median dorsal groove that likely accommodates an ectophallic evagination (observed in one specimen); with sparse setae, but not as frequent as in dorsal lobe and in lateral lobes; and with two small, lateral projections; and b) lateral region, with two small subcylindrical lobes, one on each side of central region; wrinkled, without visible setae on its surface. Size and position of ejaculatory vesicle varies greatly in relation to phallus.

Female.—Similar to male but differs in the following aspects: overall size approximately 20% greater than that of males. Ratio of tegmen length to width greater than in male. Left tegmen without specialized stridulatory apparatus, anal area with reticulate venation (Figs 5F, 6F, 7F, 8F). In ventral view, veins with small denticles, punctate throughout anal area. Right tegmen with some translucent swollen veins in anal area; in dorsal view, anal margin with small teeth in crossveins of irregular morphology. Epiproct triangular, but relatively smaller than in males, covering paraproct in posterior view. Cerci conical, smaller than in males, almost straight and without apical sclerotized tooth (Figs 5O, 6N, 7O, 8N). Ovipositor strongly curved upwards at nearly right angle (Figs 5O, 6N, 7O, 8N). Dorsal valvulae about three times wider than ventral valvulae; anterior margin straight in its vertical portion, with rectangular small teeth for almost its entire length; posterior margin convex and without teeth. Ventral valvulae with anterior margin concave, without teeth; posterior margin convex, with rectangular small teeth in apical portion. Subgenital plate subtriangular in ventral view (Figs 5P, 6O, 7P, 8O).

Comments.—Aegimia is the only Phaneropterinae genus with the fastigium frontal as long as or longer than the frons height, and the fastigium of vertex extending beyond the antennal basis. Within the Phaneropterinae, the Dysoniini Markia White, 1862, Apolinaria Rehn, 1950 and Lichenodraculus Braun, 2011 have a similarly distinctive fastigium, but unlike Aegimia, their fastigium of vertex is longer than the fastigium of frons and spiniform shaped. Other important characters of Aegimia are the expansions of mid- and hindtibiae. Some species of Steirodontini, especially those of Cnemidophyllum Rehn, 1917 have mid- and hindtibia flattened, but not as strongly and distinctively as in Aegimia. Agaurella mirabilis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891) also has legs with expansions, but in this species it is the apical portion of the fore- and middle femur and tibia that are flattened, and not the basal region of the mid- and hindtibiae, as seen in Aegimia. Based on the combination of these synapomorphies it is very likely that Aegimia forms a monophyletic lineage within the subfamily Phaneropterinae.

Brunner von Wattenwyl (1878) proposed the group Aegimiae, containing the only species known at that time, Aegimia cultrifera. With the exception of Mayaundón (1969) and Eades et al. (2011), other authors, including Rehn 1903 and Piza 1950, have ignored the group proposed by Brunner von Wattenwyl. In this particular case, the group Aegimiae can be treated as synonymous with the genus, and thus the group Aegimiae is not considered in this work. Three species of Stilpnochlora Stål, 1873 (Phaneropterinae) from Mexico were differentiated using the phallus morphology (Mayaundón 1963). In 1969, Mayaundón presented a comparative study of the genitalia of different genera of Phaneropterinae, and considered the phallus to be an important structure for understanding the taxonomy of the subfamily. However, this structure has been rarely used in the taxonomic work on the group.

In this work, all specimens examined showed intraspecific differences in phallus morphology, and finding species-specific characteristics of the phallus proved impossible within the genus Aegimia. Its characteristics, however, are diagnostic for the entire genus. The genitalia of Aegima cultrifera were studied by Mayaundón (1969). He illustrated the phallus and ejaculatory vesicle in dorsal and in ventral views, making it possible to recognize the two regions of the ventral lobe, but this author did not report the existence of an ectophallic evagination.

The preparation, the age and kind of specimen preservation, as well as the sexual maturity of the individual can influence the morphology of the genitalic structure. In the light of this, the morphology of the phallus is not recommended for use as a diagnostic character for species of Aegimia.

Distribution.—Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Brazil (Fig. 10).

Aegimia catharinensis Piza 1950: 103; Paschoal & Barros 1977: 239 (type catalog); Chamorro-Rengifo & Braun 2010: 44 (type catalog); Eades et al. 2011 (online catalog).

Aegimia alvarengai Costa Lima & Campos-Seabra 1956: 133; Costa Lima 1958: 231 (synonym); Eades et al. 2011 (online catalog).

Type locality.—Brazil: state of Espírito Santo, Vale do Itaúna, Ribeirão do Engano.

Diagnosis.—Body length 57 to 63 mm (males). Midtibia with dorsal margin of expansion serrated or almost smooth. Hindtibia with dorsal margin strongly concave in apical region. Stridulatory vein straight, perpendicular to body axis. Stridulatory file with 270 to 305 teeth, maximum width varies from 0.14 to 0.16 mm; miminum distance between teeth ∼0.015 mm.

Redescription.—(Holotype ♂) (Fig. 4A) Head: subocular carina small, inconspicuous, occupying one third of distance from ventral margin of eye to epistomal suture (Figs 4C, 4D). Frons with conspicuous and salient black dots. Fastigium of frons with dark dots, some of them saliently elevated (Fig. 4D). Fastigium of vertex with dark brown dots, sparse at medial dorsal region and absent at sulcus. Apex of all flagellomeres dark (dark-brown to black), some of them completely dark (dark-brown to black), of varying length. Occiput with dark dots, concentrated in lateral region. Gena with conspicuous black tubercles. Clypeus without markings. Third and fourth maxillary palpomeres with dark-brown spot in apical dorsal region. Second labial palpomere with black spot in apical dorsal region.

Thorax: pronotal disc with two black tubercles near central gap in suture that separates prozona from meso- and metazona; small dark brown dots concentrated on lateral region and close to medial sinus; a few tubercles dispersed over whole pronotal disc. Lateral carina slightly raised. Lateral lobe of pronotum covered with lighter tubercles; marginal fold slightly salient on ventral margin with two salient black dots on anterior and on posterior margin (Fig. 4C). Thoracic auditory spiracle with ventral margin exposed in lateral view. Meso- and metapleura not covered by tegmen when it is in repose, with small conspicuous tubercles. Mesosternum destroyed by pin. Meso- and metasternum with black spots occupying almost entire surface.

Legs: Foreleg. Femur with 4–5 spines anteroventrally; anterior surface with 3–4 inconspicuous dots arranged along midline; dorsal and anterior region covered with dark dots. Tarsus covered with dark dots (brown and black) on its dorsal surface. Midleg. (Fig. 4I) Tibia twice as wide as midfemur, with semicircular expansion at basal two thirds, anterodorsal margin serrated with 3–4 small projections; tibia covered with sparse black and brown dots forming complete band in basal portion (the beginning of tibial expansion) and incomplete band in apical portion of expansion. Hindleg. (Fig. 4J) Femur with small, black dots on anteroventral margin; internal and external genicular lobe somewhat pointed, unarmed. Tibial expansion strongly convex (almost semicircular), occupying almost entire length of tibia, leaving only dorsal apex unmodified; maximum width of tibia about 1.5× width of hindfemur; tibia covered with small black dots, more densely concentrated at edges; bigger dots present on anterodorsal margin.

Wings: tegmen ellipsoidal, with apex slightly rounded, maximum width slightly less than half of tegmen's length (Fig. 4E). Apex of tegmen, when tegmina in repose, extends 3 times abdomen's length past abdomen's apex. Costal area narrow, occupying almost 1/3 of maximum tegmen width, with small black dots. Anterior margin almost straight at basal two thirds, apical third slightly convex; posterior margin slightly convex. Vein R with inconspicuous branches. Veins R and M straight in first half; in second half R and M slightly sinuous, fusing at level of cell ma₂. First branch of M forming acute angle of approximately 45°. Veins CuA and M running almost parallel until CuA diverges in direction of posterior margin, close to cell m; 4 conspicuous crossveins present between M and CuA. Cell m unmarked; cell mp with light-brown, indistinct spot; apical medial cells with conspicuous black dots. Left tegmen. Stridulatory vein AP₁ straight in dorsal view, perpendicular in relation to body; its appendix branching off its base (Fig. 4F); stridulatory file 6.02 mm long, its maximum width 0.15 mm, with 305 teeth, minimum distance between teeth about 0.015 mm (Figs 4H, 9A); proximal apex of file forming right angle in relation to its central portion, central and apical regions almost straight; file widest in its central region; shortest distances between teeth in central region of file, with nearly uniform distances between teeth throughout its length, except near file's apices (Fig. 9A); distal end with 29 thicker teeth; irregular teeth at distal and proximal ends with greater intertooth distances. Right tegmen. AP1 vein inclined, almost straight, reaching AP₂ vein at apical level of scraper (Fig. 4G); AP₁ without teeth ventrally.

Abdomen: mid-dorsal posterior margin of tergites II–IX with small sinus. Sternites I and II with two black oval spots in the middle. Pleura with black dots close to lateral margin of sternites.

Holotype condition.— In good condition, color faded.

Female.—Unknown.

Variations.—Of other specimens examined, some of them varied in the following characteristics: Head: Frons and fastigium of frons with red, white, green and/or black dots. Gena with dark green and/ or black tubercles. First and second maxillary palpomere with red dots. Clypeus with red, green and/or black dots close to epistomal suture. Thorax: marginal fold not evident, with sparse and salient dots. Lateral lobe of pronotum with two to three salient black dots on its anterior margin; 1–3 salient black dots on posterior margin. Legs: forefemur with anteroventral 4–6 spines (most commonly 4); 3–5 inconspicuous or conspicuous dots on midline of anterior surface. Midtibia with 3–7 serrated projections or anterodorsal margin almost smooth; apical band on midtibia sometimes incomplete or absent. Hindfemur with genicular lobe bearing 1 spine (variation between right and left femur). Wings: veins R and M fused in middle or beyond middle of cell ma1, but never before basal half; 3–7 conspicuous crossveins between M and CuA. Cell m with inconspicuous light brown spot. Left tegmen. 14 to 17 broader teeth at apical end of stridulatory file. For measurements of stridulatory file see Table 3. Right tegmen. AP₁ vein, in ventral view with few small teeth, with irregular morphology, grouped in proximal and distal regions. Abdomen: sternites and tergites with sparse red, green and/or brown dots.

Comments.— In the description of A. catharinensis, Piza listed the type locality as “Ribeirão do Engenho, Vale do do Itauna, E. do Espírito Santo”. However, Ribeirão do Engenho was probably a mistake of the author, because this small stream is not located in the Itauna Valley— it belongs in the Guarapari Basin, and the correct name of the type locality is “Ribeirão do Engano”, as stated on the holotype label. The description of A. catharinensis is one of the few publications in which Piza included illustrations, and this work presents a schematic drawing of midtibia and hindleg projection. However, the midtibia shape does not exhibit the characteristic of an almost semicircular shape with anterodorsal margin serrated, a shape which is unique within the genus (see below).

The holotype of A. alvarengai was examined at the IOC, but it was not possible to get all measurements and to analyze the stridulatory file in detail. Its general appearance and the external morphology was studied and compared with paratypes. The holotype and paratypes have the same locality (Brazil, State of Pará, Cachimbo), date and collector data. External morphology of the three specimens being identical, we are confident that the entire type series belongs to the same species. The stridulatory file of one paratype specimen was analyzed and its morphology is very similar to other Amazonian specimens (one from the state of Pará and 17 from the state of Amazonas), but different to the file of the holotype of A. catharinensis. The holotype has 305 teeth, whereas Amazonia's specimens have 273 to 282 teeth, and the former has twice as many thicker teeth in the distal region (29 versus 14–17 teeth). However, the ratio of the number of teeth to the file's total length is similar to those of Amazonian specimens and southeastern specimens.

Unfortunately only one specimen from the Atlantic Forest region was available for this study. Field collections near the type locality are needed to verify if all specimens of A. catharinensis in this region exhibit the same pattern in stridulatory file as that found in the holotype. Only the confirmation of this morphological variation and association with bioacoustical data of Amazonian and Atlantic specimens will allow one to determine if A. alvarengai and A. catharinensis are distinct species. Other taxonomic tools, such as cytogenetic data and molecular sequences, can also assist in this task.

A. catharinensis is distinguished from other species by a semicircular expansion of the midtibia, with the anterodorsal margin serrated or almost smooth, and a semicircular expansion of the hindtibia, with the dorsal margin at the apex distinctly concave. In addition, the apical region of the tegmen is rounded, unlike that in A. elongata, which is acuminate.

Montealegre (1997), in his unpublished thesis, reported specimens of two Aegimia species from Colombia, and presented a habitus drawing and brief diagnosis of both species. He described Aegimia sp. 1 as having the tegmen elongate and spotless, and the midtibia with a smooth projection. These characteristics apply to A. catharinensis and it is possible that it occurs in Colombia. Unfortunately, we have not been able to examine these specimens, and must thus consider A. catharinensis currently as restricted in its distribution to Brazil.

Distribution.— Brazil: Pará, Amazonas (new record), Espírito Santo (Fig. 10).

Type material examined.—Holotype ó of A. catharinensis, MZLQ: Rib.[eirão] do Engano E.S. [Espírito Santo], Vale do Itauna, Trav. [assos] e Santos [leg.], 09.x.[19]42. (Rectangular label, white paper, typewritten) / Aegimia catharinensis ♂ Piza tipo (Rectangular label, white paper with blue border, handwritten) / MZLQ - I0042, E. [scola] S.[uperior de] A.[gricultura] Luiz de Queiroz - U.[niversidade de] S.[ão] P.[aulo], ZOOLOGIA, Piracicaba - S.P., Brasil. (Square label, white paper, printed, except by handwritten number). Holotype ♂ of A. alvarengai, IOC: [Brasil], Cachimbo, Est.[ado] do Pará, Travassos & Alvarenga [leg.], 16/21.vi.[19]55. (Rectangular label, white paper, printed) /Aegimia alvarengai Costa Lima det. (Rectangular label, white paper, printed and handwritten)/Holotipo (Rectangular label, white paper with backside red, printed) / 5811 (Rectangular label, white paper, printed). 2 Paratypes ♂ of A. alvarengai (IOC): same data as holotype, and number 5811 on both (Rectangular label, white paper, printed).

Additional material examined.—BRASIL, AM [azonas], Itacoatiara, Faz. [enda] Aruanã, [Rodovia] AM 010, km 215, Coleta de 04:00 as 05:00h, 25–26.ix.1992, (Motta, C.S.; Peralta, F.A.; Hutching, R.S.G.; Teles, B.R.; Hamada, N. [leg.]), [02°57>00>>S; 58°54>00>>W] (1♂INPA); Madeireira MIL, Área P, 10.xi.1999, (Vidal [leg.]), [02°45>10>>S; 58°39>11>>W] (1♂MZSP); idem, 29-30.xi.2005, Arm.[adilha] Luminosa móvel, (J.A. Rafael; R.J.P. Machado; A. Silva Filho [leg.]), (02°45′10″S; 58°39′11″W) (1♂INPA); Presidente Figueiredo, Estrada de Balbina, km 24, 01-12.ix.2002, Arm.[adilha] de luz mista, (Felipe Xavier; Barbosa, U.C.[leg.]), [02°01′05″S; 59°49′60″W] (1♂INBio); [Rodovia] AM 240, km 24, [Ramal São Francisco], 0408.ix.2008, Lençol com luz mista, (F.F. Xavier Filho, T.K. Krolow, G. Lourido [leg.]), (02°01′05″S; 59°49′60″W) (1♂UNAM); idem, 29-31.x.2008, Arm.[adilha] Luz [no] solo, (J.A. Rafael; F.F. Xavier Filho; G. Lourido; R.J.P. Machado; E. Amat [leg.]), (02°01′05″S; 59°49′60″W) (1♂INPA; 1♂MPEG; 1♂MZSP); Estrada de Balbina, km 12, Igarapé Santuário, 19-30.ix.2003, (Francisco F. Xavier Filho; J.M. Vidal [leg.]), (02°03′36″S; 59°55′35″W) (1♂INPA); Manaus, ZF-2, km 14, Torre [de monitoramento], 35m de altura, 20-23.xi.2009, (F.F. Xavier Filho [leg.]), (02°35′21″S; 60°06′55″W) (1♂INPA); idem, 40m de altura, , 26.x.2003, Arm.[adilha] Luz (lençol), (J.A. Rafael; F. F. Xavier Filho; A.S. Filho [leg.]), (02°35′21″S; 60°06′55″W) (1♂INPA; 1♂UNAM); idem, 35m de altura, 12-15.X.2004, Lençol - Luz mista e BLB [black light bulb], , (J.A . Rafael, C.S. Mota, F.F. Xavier Filho, A. Silva Filho & S. Trovisco [leg.]), (02°35′21″S; 60°06′55″W) (1♂FMNH; 1♂INBio; 1♂INPA); idem, Estrada ZF-2, 01.xi.2005, Arm.[adilha de] Luz móvel (J.A. Rafael, F.F. Xavier F°, R. Machado, A.A. Agudelo, Y.K. Dantas [leg.]), (1♂NHRS); Bairro Cidade Nova, 28.vi.1982, (Cristóvão da Costa [leg.]), [03°01′21″S; 59°58′05″W] (1♂UFAM); PA[rá], Serra Norte, Pojuca [Igarapé], 18.iv.1985, (Márcio Zanuto [leg.]), [06°00′00″S; 50°20′00″W] (1♂MPEG ORT 16000580).

Aegimia cultrifera Stål, 1874: 46; Brunner von Wattenwyl 1878: 145, figs 37a, 37b (genus definition, species redescription); Saussure & Pictet 1898: 315 (citation); Rehn 1903: 19 (taxonomy); Kirby 1906: 409 (catalog); Mayaudón 1969: 64, Figs 3a, 19, 20 (female and male genitalia); Eades et al. 2011 (online catalog).

Type locality.— Mexico: Cordova {probably Córdoba, Veracruz}.

Diagnosis.—Body length 45 to 55 mm (males) and 55 to 60 mm (females). Midtibia with 2, rarely 3, pointed projections on anterodorsal margin. Expansion of hindtibia occupying two basal thirds of tibia length, and maximum width equal to width of hindfemur. Stridulatory vein inclined in relation to the longitudinal axis of the body, and slightly concave. Stridulatory file with 160 to 200 teeth, maximum width varies from 0.20 to 0.25 mm; minimum distance between teeth around 0.025 mm.

Redescription.—(Holotype ♂) (Fig. 5A). Head: subocular carina present, reaching from ventral margin of eyes to epistomal suture (Fig. 5D). Frons and fastigium of frons with inconspicuous green and dark-brown dots (Figs 5C, 5D). Fastigium of vertex with apex rounded in dorsal view (possibly an abnormality of this specimen), with black and dark-brown apical dots, sulcus absent. Some flagellomeres slightly darker than others. Occiput without dots. Gena with three small, inconspicuous tubercles. Clypeus without dots. Thorax: pronotal disc with brown dots in lateral region, and sparse green dots in median region, medial sinus white. Lateral carina well developed. Lateral lobe of pronotum smooth; marginal fold not evident, with green dots salient and sparse throughout; one black dot on lower third of anterior and posterior margins (Fig. 5C). Thoracic auditory spiracle with ventral margin exposed in lateral view (Fig. 5C). Meso- and metapleura not covered by tegmen when in repose, with small inconspicuous tubercles.

Legs. Foreleg: femur anteroventrally 4–8 spines. Tibia with dark, red to black spots on anterodorsal and dorsal margins. Tarsus covered with dark, brown and black dots on dorsal surface. Midleg: (Fig. 5K) maximum width of tibia about 1.5× that of midfemur, with subtriangular expansion at basal half; anterodorsal margin with 2 acuminate, downward-directed projections, apical slightly longer than basal projection. Tibia brown, covered with dark brown and black spots. Hindleg: (Fig. 5L) femur with internal and external genicular lobes pointed, armed with 1 spine on ventral margin; anterior surface concave. Tibia with convex expansion, occupying basal 2/3 of tibia length; maximum width of tibia about 1.2× that of femur. Tibia with small black spots, more densely concentrated on edges.

Wings: tegmen suboval (Fig. 5E), with apex slightly acuminate when in repose, surpassing abdomen by twice its length. Costal area occupying 1/3 of maximum width of tegmen. Veins CuA and M running parallel until CuA diverges near half the length of the tegmen, forming an angle of about 120 deg; towards posterior margin. Eight or more conspicuous crossveins between M and CuA. Cell m with brown spot, C-shaped; cell mp with dark brown spot. Left tegmen: stridulatory vein AP₁ inclined in relation to body axis, slightly concave and its appendix branching off the base (Fig. 5G); in ventral view, stridulatory file 4.55 mm long, 0.23 mm wide, with 198 teeth; minimum distance between them about 0.025 mm (Fig. 5I); file slightly concav, widest centrally, decreasing in width proximad and distad; teeth most densely spaced in central portion of file, their spacing increasing towards proximal and distal apices; all teeth of similar thickness, with irregular morphology at the proximal end of the file (Figs 5G, 9B). Right tegmen: (Fig. 5H) AP₁ vein inclined, slightly concave, reaching AP₂ vein halfway along scraper; AP₁ without ventral teeth.

Abdomen: no visible marks.

Holotype condition.— In good condition, color slightly faded.

Female description.— (n=3) (Fig. 5B) Similar to male, except: maximum tegmen width greater than half of tegmen length (Fig. 5F). Two specimens without conspicuous spot in cell m. Right tegmen with almost all crossveins on anal margin with small dorsal teeth in dorsal view. Teeth with spiniform projection in their apical portion.

Variations.—Other specimens examined varied in the following characteristics: Head: frons and frontal fastigium with red dots. Fastigium of vertex with apex slightly bifid. Occiput with sparse red or brown dots. Gena without tubercles in 2 specimens from Costa Rica. Clypeus with red dots close to epistomal suture. Apex of labrum slightly truncate. The first and second maxillary palpomeres with red dots. Thorax: pronotal disc with sparse green, red or brown dots, never salient; 2 conspicuous dots, brown, green or red, close to interruption in suture that separates prozona from meso- and metazona. Marginal fold with red or brown dots. Pro-episternum with red dots, its ventral margin truncate. Legs: forefemur anteroventrally with 4–8 spines. Midfemur with indistinct dots on anterolateral surface. Midtibia projection: basal posterior margin with 1 big or small projection, but never larger than principal projections; 1 or 2 small projections on ventral posterior margin. Hindfemur with internal and external genicular lobes with 2 spines on ventral margin in some specimens from Mexico and Costa Rica. Wings: right tegmen: AP₁ vein, in ventral view, with small apical and basal teeth, with morphology similar to that of left tegmen. For measurements of stridulatory file see Table 3. Abdomen: sternites and tergites with sparse red, green or brown dots.

Comments. — The principal characteristic of A. cultrifera is the stridulatory vein's inclined position in relation to the main axis of the body. The expansion of the midtibia, subtriangular and with 2–3 acuminate projections, is similar to that of Aegimia maculifolia sp. nov. The expansion of the hindtibia, as wide as hindfemur and occupying two basal thirds of the hindtibia length, is similar to that of A. venarecta sp. nov. However, the combination of the features of both tibiae (mid- and hind-), combined with the lack of dark conspicuous flagellomeres, distinguishes A. cultrifera from other species of the genus.

The male tegmina are relatively wider than in other species, with the index of tegmen width to length (TW/TL) > than 0.50.

The morphology of the stridulatory file (Figs 5J, 9B) among specimens from Costa Rica and Mexico differs in the following aspects: in Costa Rican specimens the total number of teeth varies between 160 and 170, and the maximum width of the file is 0.190 to 0.200 mm; this is lower than in Mexican specimens, which display the values 180–200 and 0.230 to 0.250 mm, respectively; but the ratio of number of teeth to the file's length is almost the same in both populations.

Due to the small number of specimens available for this study (four for each locality) and the lack of bioacoustic data, it is difficult to argue that the morphometric differences of the stridulatory file are sufficient to define two distinct species. The differences found may be attributed to populational variations.

Distribution.—Mexico: Cordova {probably Córdoba, Veracruz}, Veracruz, Chiapas; Costa Rica (new record): Guanacaste (Fig. 10).

Type material examined.—Holotype ♂ NHRS: Typus (rectangular label, red paper, printed) / MEXICO, Cordova {probably Córdoba} (rectangular label, white paper, printed and handwritten) / Aegimia cultrifera Stål (rectangular label, white paper, handwritten) / NRMORTH0009197 (rectangular label, white paper, printed).

Additional material examined.—MEXICO. Veracruz. Los Tuxtlas, Santiago Tuxtla, cerro El Vigia, 21.viii.1964 (without collector) [18°28′00″N; 95°18′00″W](1♂UNAM); Est.[ación] de Biol. [ogía Tropical] Los Tuxtlas, 16-18.iv.1988 (without collector) [18°28′00″N; 95°18′00″W] (1 ♀ INPA); Est.[ación de] Biol.[ogía] Trop, [ical] Los Tuxtlas, 8.vii.1989, colecta noturna, trampa luz, J. L. (Colúo, W. Rojas [leg.]) [18°28′00″N; 95° 18′00″W] (1♂INPA); Chis. [Chiapas], Palenque, (without date, nor collector), colecta diurna, (A. Neri Garcia-Aldrete [leg.]) [(1♂UNAM). COSTA RICA, Prov. [íncia] Guanacaste, Santa Rosa National Park, 300m, 20-31.v.1982, (D. H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs [leg.]) [10°50′00″N; 85°36′00″W] (1♂INPA INB0003885565); idem, 10-12.iii.1982, (1 ♀ INBio INB0003875608); idem, .xi.1982, (1♂INBiO INB0003885666); idem, iv.1983, (1 ♀ INPAINB0003981238); idem, xii.1983, (1♂INBio INB0003981282); idem, i.1984, (2♂INBio INB0003981246, INBio INB0003981251); idem, iv.1984, (1♂INBioINB0003981269); Estacion Maritza, 600m, W[est] side Volcan Orosi, 17.vii.1987, (D. H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs [leg.]) [10°57′00″N; 85°30′00″W] (1♂INPA INB0003876994); 3km NO [Noroeste] de Nacaome, 100m. P.[arque] N. [acional] Barra Honda, 13-5.x-xi. 1992, (M. Reyes [leg.]) (386000N;239000W) [10° 10′00″N; 85°22′00″W] (1♂INBio CRI000810597).

Aegimia elongata, Rehn 1903: 19; Kirby 1906: 409 (catalog); Hebard 1927: 84 (female description); Nickle 1992: 144, 147, fig. 15; Barranco 2010: 511 (faunistic data); Eades et al. 2011 (online catalog); Chamorro-Rengifo et al. 2011: 19 (check-list from Colombia).

Type locality.—Central America.

Diagnosis.— Body length varies from 55 to 65 mm (males), 70 mm (female). Thoracic auditory spiracle completely hidden under lateral lobe of pronotum in lateral view. Midtibia with rounded projections. Expansion of hindtibia occupying almost its entire length, dorsal margin slightly concave in the apex of hindtibia. Stridulatory vein straight, perpendicular to longitudinal axis of the body. Stridulatory file with 260 to 310 teeth, maximum width varies from 0.19 to 0.23 mm; miminum distance between teeth around 0.015 mm.

Redescription.— (Holotype ♂) (Fig. 6A): Head: subocular carina inconspicuous (Figs 6C, 6D). Frons with salient concolorous and dark brown dots. Fastigium of frons with dark dots, some salient (Figs 6C, 6D). Fastigium of vertex with dark brown dots, except in sulcus and sparse in middle dorsal region. Almost all flagellomeres completely or partially darkened, dark-brown to black; between two completely dark flagellomeres there are three to eight bright or partially dark flagellomeres. Holotype without apical region of right antenna, and almost all flagellomeres of left antenna lost. Occiput with dark dots concentrated in lateral region. Gena with conspicuous concolorous tubercles (Fig. 6D). Clypeus without dots. Third and fourth maxillary palpomeres dorsally with dark brown spot at apex. Thorax: pronotal disc with dark brown dots concentrated in lateral region and close to medial sinus; tubercles throughout pronotal disc, more evident in medial region. Lateral carina slightly raised. Lateral lobe of pronotum with tubercles, slightly concave in dorsal region, anterior margin straight, with one salient black dot; first half of ventral margin slightly concave, forming angle of about 125° with anterior margin; second half and posterior margin convex; posterior margin with one salient black dot in ventral third; marginal fold with sparse and salient dots (Fig. 6D). Thoracic auditory spiracle completely hidden in lateral view (Fig. 6D). Meso- and metapleura not covered by tegmen when in repose, with small, conspicuous tubercles.

Legs. Foreleg: femur anteroventrally with 5 spines. Tibia with dark dots on anterodorsal and dorsal margins. Tarsus covered with dark dots on dorsal surface. Midleg: (Fig. 6J) tibia almost 1.5× as wide as midfemur; with convex expansion with 2–3 salient projections on anterodorsal margin, margin expanded in basal two thirds; apex of projections rounded, with ventral margin slightly acuminate; anterodorsal margin, in basal and apical portion, with inconspicuous pointed projection. Tibia with sparse brown and black dots, forming band in apical portion of tibial expansion, and dots concentrated in anterodorsal margin in basal portion. Hindleg: both missing in holotype. The following description is based on Costa Rican specimens: femur with small sparse tubercles on anterior surface; anteroventral margin with black dots; internal and external genicular lobes pointed, with 1–2 spines on ventral margin. Tibia with convex expansion, occupying almost entire length of tibia; dorsal margin slightly concave in apical portion; maximum width about 1.5× that of hindfemur. Tibia with small black dots, concentrated on edges; a few big black dots on anterodorsal margin. Wings: tegmen ellipsoidal (Fig. 6E), with apex slightly acuminate; maximum width a little less than half its length. Costal area narrow, occupying < one third maximum tegmen width. Anterior margin almost straight at basal two thirds, apical third slightly convex. Posterior margin slightly convex. Vein R with inconspicuous branches. Veins R and M running straight in first half of tegmen; in second half R and M slightly sinuous, fusing at half length of cell ma₁. First branch of M forming an acute angle, close to 45°. Veins CuA and M running almost parallel until CuA diverges close to half length of tegmen, forming an angle of about 140° with posterior margin. Three to four conspicuous crossveins between M and CuA. Cell m without apparent markings. Cell mp with inconspicuous light brown spot. Apical medial cells with conspicuous black dots. Left tegmen: stridulatory vein AP₁ straight in dorsal view, perpendicular in relation to longitudinal body axis; its appendix branching off at its base (Fig. 6F). Stridulatory file not visible in holotype due to the position of the tegmen — it was not extended to keep the specimen's integrity. See section “Variations”.

Abdomen: very contracted, with medial dorsal portion visible only in tergites III to X. Tergites III to VIII with median keel, with more acuminate elevation on tergites III and IV; tergites III to VIII with small sinus at mid-dorsal posterior margin. It was not possible to discern the spot pattern due to the preservation status of the specimen.

Holotype condition.—Hindlegs lost; apical region of right antenna lost, almost all flagellomeres lost on left antenna. Original color completely faded. Specimen has dark-brown coloration of entire body, with blackened hindwings. The specimen was probably preserved in alcohol before being pinned.

Female description.— (n=1) (Fig. 6B) Similar to male. Pronotal disc with two tubercles lighter than pronotal surface, close to interruption of suture that separates prozona from meso- and metazona. Midtibia with 4–5 projections, similar to holotype. Tegmen slightly wider than half its length. Apical third of tegmen straight (Fig. 6F). Veins R and M apparently fusing in apical portion of cell m1. Right tegmen with crossveins on anal margin, with small teeth in dorsal view. Teeth with spiniform projection in their apical portion.

Variations.—Of other specimens examined some varied in the following characteristics: Head: frons and fastigium of frons sometimes with red, white, green and/or black dots. Gena with white, green and/or red tubercles. First and second maxillary palpomeres with red dots; third and fourth maxillary palpomeres with dark (brown) spot in apical dorsal region in all studied specimens. Second labial palpomere dorsally with dark apical spot. Thorax: pronotal disc with two tubercles (usually lighter than pronotum surface), close to interruption of suture that separates prozona from meso- and metazona. Meso- and metapleura hidden under tegmen when in repose, with small tubercles. Pro-, meso- and metasternum with big, red spots; meso- and metasternum with some salient spots. Legs: forefemur with 4–6 spines anteroventrally (6 most common); 3–4 small tubercles on midline of anterior surface. Midtibia cylindrical, in one specimen from Costa Rica (INB0003981137) without the expansion characteristic of the species. Midtibia projections with variable shape, but never acuminate; projections concentrated in apical half. Left hindtibia without expansion and shorter than foretibia in female from Costa Rica (CRI000259352). Wings: apex of tegmen, when in repose, exceeds 3× abdomen length. Veins R and M can be fused in apical portion of cell ma1, but never before half its length. Three to six conspicuous crossveins between M and CuA. Cells m and mp with inconspicuous, small, light brown spots. Left tegmen: stridulatory file 4.92 mm long, maximum width 0.212 mm, with 285 teeth, and with minimum distance among them about 0.016 mm (Figs 6I, 9C; Table 3); proximal end of file forming right angle in relation to central portion of file, with teeth widely spaced and of irregular morphology; central region straight; proximal end slightly convex; width of central region of file usually constant along almost its entire length; shortest distance between teeth in central region of file, with nearly constant value throughout its length, except near file ends (Figs 6I, 9C). Right tegmen: (Fig. 6H) AP₁ vein inclined, almost straight, reaching vein AP₂ at apical level of the scraper. AP₁ vein, in ventral view, may contain several small teeth of irregular morphology. Abdomen: tergites II to IV with keel at medial dorsal portion, tergite II not visible in holotype. All specimens examined, except holotype, with sternites and tergite with sparse red, green and/or brown dots. Pleura with salient green dots.

Comments.—The diagnostic features proposed by Rehn (1903) for A. elongata were: stridulatory vein straight; lateral carina of pronotum raised, midtibia with three projections and auditory prothoracic spiracle smaller than in A. cultrifera. Based on these features, especially the straight stridulatory vein and the midtibia with three projections, numerous specimens have been misidentified as A. elongata. All misidentified specimens examined in this study were previously identified as A. elongata. However, by comparison with the holotype, it was confirmed that all of them belong to Aegimia maculifolia sp. nov. described below. Furthermore, all specimens identified in this work as A. elongata were not identified previously at the specific level, which shows that the number of projections on the midtibia and a straight stridulatory vein alone are not sufficient to identify Aegimia species.

Several features of A. elongata are similar to A. catharinensis, among them the size, shape and pattern of tegmen spots. Both can be differentiated by characters presented in the key. The number of teeth in the stridulatory file is similar in both species: A. elongata 260–310, A. catharinensis 270–305; but the file of A. catharinensis has distinct morphology: the most distal teeth of its file have the same thickness (transverse tooth dimension) as the central region teeth; the maximum width of teeth is larger in A. elongata (Fig. 9C) than in A. catharinensis (Fig. 9A).

There is a label “Synonym of A. cultrifera Stål det. Grant [19] ‘63” in the holotype pin, but there is no publication proposing A. elongata as a synonym of A. cultrifera. However, the two species are morphologically distinct as seen in the diagnoses of both species.

Distribution.—Costa Rica: Provinces Heredia, Limón, Guanacaste. There are published records of A. elongata from Colombia and Panama, but these records actually correspond to Aegimia maculifolia sp. nov. (see details in “Comments” of Aegimia maculifolia sp. nov.).

Type material examined.—Holotype ♂, USNM. aec. 27355 Cent. [ral] Americ[a] (rectangular label, white paper, handwritten) / Type No. USNM (rectangular label, red paper, printed) / Aegimia elongata Type. Rehn (rectangular label, white paper, handwritten) / Synonym of A. cultrifera Stål det. Grant [19]′63 (rectangular label, white paper, handwritten).

Additional material examined.—COSTARICA, Prov. [íncia] Guanacaste, Est.[ación] Maritza, 600m, Lado oeste del Volcan Orosi, viii.1990, II curso Parataxonomos, (without collector), (373000N;326900W) [10°57′00″N; 85°29′00″W] (1 ♀ INBio CRI000259352); Santa Rosa National Park, 300m, i. 1983, (D. H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs [leg.]), [10°50′00″N; 85°36′00″W] (1♂INPA INB0003885706); idem, iii.1983 (1♂INPA INB0003885746); Casa Oeste, Cerro El Hacha, 12km SE La Cruz, i. 1988, (E. Espinosa [leg.]), [11°00′00″N; 85°33′00″W] (1♂INBio INB0003981137); Prov.[íncia] Heredia, 10km SE La Virgen, 450–550m, 16.ii.2003, Transect, INBio-OET-ALAS transect, (Wagner [leg.]), [10°20′00″N; 84°05′00″W] (1♂INBio INB0003226453); idem, (1♂INBio INB0003226455); Prov.[íncia] Limón, R.[eserva] B.[iológica] Hitoy Cerere, Est.[ación] Hitoy Cerere, 125m.22-26.vi.2003, [colecta] Libre, #73431, (M. A. Zumbado, M. Solis [leg.]), (643470N; 184500W) [09°40′00″N; 83°01′00″W] (1♂INBiO INB0003705898).

Aegimia elongata, Belwood 1990: 10, fig. 11 (misidentification). Aegimia sp. 1, Montealegre-Z., R. Gonzalez & Carrejo. 1993: 42, 43, fig. 1. (Universidad del Valle's collection).

Typelocality.—Costa Rica, Province Alajuela, San Ramón. Est.[ación] Biol.[ógica] Villa Blanca. 1115m.

Etymology.—From Latin, macula = spot, mark; and folium = leaf. Refers to tegmen similar to leaf with spot on cell m, common in males.

Diagnosis.—Body length 48 to 58 mm (males) and 65 to 72 mm (females). Cell m with conspicuous dark spot in males. Midtibia with 2–3 acuminate anterodorsal projections. Hindtibia projections occupying almost its entire length and distally slightly concave. Stridulatory vein straight, perpendicular to longitudinal axis of the body, when in repose. Stridulatory file with 160 to 250 teeth, maximum width varies from 0.17 to 0.20 mm and minimum distance between teeth from 0.015 to 0.025 mm.

Description.—(Holotype ♂) (Fig. 7A): Head: subocular carina occupying half the distance between eye ventral margin and epistomal suture (Fig. 7D). Frons with distinctive red dots with black centers (Fig. 7D). Fastigium of frons with dark dots, some of them salient (Fig. 7D). Fastigium of vertex covered with dark brown dots, absent in sulcus, sparse in medial dorsal region. Antenna with some flagellomeres completely black, intercalated with 4–8 partially dark or completely light ones, forming equidistant dark rings, more evident at apical half. Holotype with a few apical flagellomeres missing. Occiput without dark dots. Gena with 3–4 conspicuous tubercles, with same color as gena. Clypeus with small red dots near epistomal suture. Three proximal maxillary palpomeres with red dots.

Thorax: pronotal disc with 2 salient black tubercles near to interruption of suture that sets off prozona from meso- and metazona; lighter medial sinus, almost white; small dark-brown and black dots, concentrated laterally and close to medial sinus, small concolorous tubercles dispersed over the disc. Pronotal carina slightly raised. Lateral lobe of pronotum dorsally slightly concave, with concolorous tubercles and a salient black dot at ventral third of each anterior and posterior margin (Fig. 7A–C). Thoracic auditory spiracle with ventral margin exposed in lateral view. Meso- and metapleura not covered by tegmen when in repose, with small inconspicuous tubercles. Meso- and metasternum with small and inconspicuous red spots. Legs. Foreleg: femur anteroventrally with 5 conspicuous spines. Tibia dorsally covered with dark dots. Tarsus dorsally covered with dark dots. Midleg: (Fig. 7K) maximum width of tibia twice that of midfemur, with subtriangular expansion at basal two thirds, this expansion with 2 smaller basal projections and two bigger ones pointed downward, the apical projection slightly more acute than basal, apical region of anterodorsal margin with a little projection on the left tibia, this absent in right tibia. Tibia covered with sparse brown and black dots, forming a band on basal region of the expansion, a stripe in apex of tibia, and a spot in the center of the expansion. Hindleg: (Fig. 7L) Femur with internal and external genicular lobes pointed, with 1 ventral spine, right internal genicular lobe unarmed. Tibia with convex expansion, occupying almost entire tibia length; dorsal apex slightly concave, almost straight; maximum tibia width about 1.5× that of hindfemur; tibia covered with small black dots, more concentrated on edges; some big dots at anterodorsal margin. Wings: tegmen suboval, with apex acuminate, maximum width close to half its length (Fig. 7E). Apex of tegmen, when in repose, exceeding by almost 2.5× length of abdomen. Costal area a little wider than one third of the maximum tegmen width, covered with small black dots. Anterior margin almost straight at basal two thirds and apical third inclined at an angle of ∼ 140°. Posterior margin convex. Vein R with 9 almost equidistant branches. Veins R and M running straight until close to apex, fusing at the level of the middle of cell ma1. First branch of M forming an acute angle, around 45°. Veins CuA and M running almost parallel until CuA fork, forming an angle of about 140° with posterior margin. Seven conspicuous crossveins between M and CuA. Cell m with a big and conspicuous dark brown suboval spot. Cell mp with small circular dark brown spot. Apical medial cells with inconspicuous dark dots. Left tegmen: stridulatory vein AP₁ in dorsal view straight, almost perpendicular to longitudinal body axis, its appendix branching close to its base (Fig. 7G); in ventral view stridulatory file 4.08 mm long, maximum width 0.20 mm, 176 teeth with minimum distance among them about 0.025 mm (Figs 7I, 9D); file with proximal area concave, central and distal regions straight; maximum width in central region of file, intertooth distances are practically constant in the file's central region and for almost its entire length; shortest distance between teeth in central region of file, with practically constant value throughout its length; teeth at both ends of file with morphology irregular and greater distances between them (Figs 7I, 9D). Right tegmen: AP₁ vein inclined, slightly concave, reaching AP₂ vein near middle of the scraper (Fig. 7H). AP₁ vein, in ventral view, with a few small teeth of irregular morphology, concentrated at basal region of vein.

Abdomen: sternites and pleura with inconspicuous small red spots.

Holotype condition.—In good condition. Color slightly faded. Black spot, probably caused by parasitoid, occupying pleura and ventral region of abdominal tergites T-V and T-VI.

Description of female.— (n= 2) (Fig. 7B) Similar to male, except: apex of tegmen, when in repose, exceeding twice abdomen length. Costal area with apical region wider than basal (Fig. 7F); anterior margin almost straight, apical third inclined by an angle of about 90° (Fig. 7F). Veins R and M fused at basal portion of cell m₂. Cell m spotless. Right tegmen with almost all crossveins on anal margin with small teeth in dorsal view. Teeth with spiniform projection in their apical portion.

Variations.—Of other specimens examined some varied in the following characteristics: Head: frons and fastigium of frons with red, white, green and/or black dots, always conspicuous and abundant. Occiput in 5 paratypes with inconspicuous dots. Gena with 3–15 conspicuous white, green, red and/or black tubercles. In some specimens clypeus with black or green dots. Fourth maxillary palpomere in all paratypes with dark apical dorsal spot. Thorax: inconspicuous tubercles close to the suture interruption that demarcates prozona from meso- and metazona. Central region of pronotal disc with conspicuous or inconspicuous tubercles. Two conspicuous and salient dots at each anterior and posterior margin of lateral lobe of pronotum. Lateral lobe covered with conspicuous concolorous tubercles. Meso- and metapleural region not covered by tegmen bearing conspicuous tubercles. Meso- and metasternum with conspicuous or inconspicuous spots. Legs: forefemur with 3–6 spines, 5 most frequent; along midline of internal surface conspicuous, almost equidistant dots. Midfemur with equidistant dots at midline on anterior surface. Midtibia with indistinct dark central spot and/ or transverse dark stripe at base. Usually hindleg with genicular lobe unarmed or with a little inconspicuous spine. Wings: 7 to 12 branches in vein R, 9 most common, with difference in left and right tegmen. Veins R and M fused at apical portion of cell ma₁, but never before its middle. In one paratype from Costa Rica R and M fused at level of ma₂. Six to 12 conspicuous crossveins between M and CuA. Left tegmen: all paratypes from Colombia, all from Panama and one from Costa Rica (INB0004128003) with stridulatory file morphology different from holotype (Figs 7H, 9E): basal end of file slightly concave, maximum width in the central region, usually with a nearly constant width for entire length. Apical end with 22 to 29 thick teeth, with larger distance between them compared to adjacent region. Tooth interval shortest apically except thick teeth. The distance gradually increases from the apical to basal region. For measurements of stridulatory file see Table 3. Right tegmen: AP₁ vein slightly concave to almost straight. Paratypes from Panama and from Colombia, AP₁ vein reaching AP₂ at apical level of scraper. AP₁ vein in basal region with a few small teeth of irregular morphology. Sometimes teeth absent. Abdomen: Tergites, pleura and sternites with sparse red, green and/or brown dots.

Comments.—Virtually all specimens of A. maculifolia sp. nov. from the INBio collection that were examined in the course of this study had been previously identified as A. elongata, based on Belwood (1990), who presented a photo of A. maculifolia sp. nov. identified as A. elongata. Nickle (1992) presented a list of all Tettigoniidae recorded from Panama, including A. elongata. However, his A. elongata drawing (Fig. 10: 15, p. 151), despite not having the spot at cell m (females of A. maculifolia sp. nov. do not show this spot), shows projections on the midtibia similar to A. maculifolia sp. nov. and shows a subocular carina (inconspicuous in A. elongata). Montealegre et al. (1993) published a list of Phaneropterinae from Universidad del Valle's collection, Colombia; they listed two morphotypes of Aegimia, and presented a habitus drawing of Aegimia sp. 1. Based on their drawing, it is possible to infer that Aegimia sp. 1 is similar to A. maculifolia sp. nov. based on the spotted cell m and midtibia projections. Later, Montealegre (1997), in his unpublished thesis, listed again two distinct species of Aegimia from Valle del Cauca, Colombia. He presented a habitus drawing and a brief diagnosis of these species. One species was identified as A. elongata, but the drawing appears to be that of A. maculifolia sp. nov.

A. maculifolia sp. nov. is easily distinguished from A. elongata by the cell m in males having a conspicuous spot and midtibia projections being acuminate: in A. elongata there is no spot and the projections are rounded. Although females do not possess the conspicuous spot in cell m, the mid- and hind tibiae projections are identical to those of males. Another feature that facilitates recognition of females is their having the costal area significantly wider than the basal area, and forming an angle of almost 90° in relation to the basal costal margin.

There are two distinct stridulatory file morphologies in A. maculifolia sp. nov. (Figs 9D, 9E): in specimens from Costa Rica the basal region has a slightly concave file and the distal and central regions are rather straight; the central region has the width and the distance between teeth almost constant, with minimum distances from 0.022 to 0.025 mm (Fig. 9D, Table 3). In specimens from Colombia, Panama and in one specimen from southern Costa Rica (INB0004128003), not only the proximal region but the entire file is slightly concave; the central region has the widest teeth and the distance between teeth decreases towards the distal end, with the minimum distance about 0.015 mm. Another difference between these two morphologies is in the apex of the file, which has 22 to 29 teeth thicker than the remaining teeth of the file, absent in specimens from Costa Rica (Fig. 9E, Table 3). When these thicker teeth are present, the minimum tooth distance is found in a region next to these distinct apical teeth. The number of teeth, the distance between them, the presence/absence of thicker teeth in the apical region, and the density of teeth per mm are different between the localities (Table 3). Due to the small number of specimens (11), and the lack of bioacoustic data, it is difficult to argue if the differences in stridulatory file are sufficient to define two species. For the time being we attribute these differences to population variation.

Distribution.—Costa Rica: Provinces Guanacaste, Puntarenas, Alajuela, Heredia, Limón; Panama: Isla Barro Colorado; Colombia: Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca (Fig. 10).

Type material examined.—Holotype: COSTA RICA, Prov.[íncia] Alajuela, San Ramón. Est.[ación] Biol.[ógica] Villa Bianca. 1115m. 18 MAY 6 JUN 2009. R. Rojas [leg.]. Colecta Libre. L_N_242482_483371 #97133 [12°12′00″N; 84°35′00″W] (Rectangular label, white plastic, printed)/INB0004224112 INBIOCRI COSTARICA (Rectangular label, white plastic, printed, with barcode)/Aegimta maculifolia Dias, Rafael & Naskrecki, Holotype ♂ (Rectangular label, red paper, printed). (Holotype ♂, INBIO).

Paratypes.—(21♂♂; 2♀♀): COSTA RICA, Prov. [íncia] Alajuela, Guatuso, P.[arque] N.[acional] Teuorio {Tenório}. Est.[ación El] Pilón. 700–800m, 18-30.vi.2009, Colecta Libre, #96553, (J. A. Azofeifa [leg.]), (427913N; 298212W) [10°42′00″N; 84°59′00″W] (2♂INBio INB0004211428, INB0004211427; 1♂INPA INB0004211429); Prov. [íncia] Guanacaste, Santa Cecilia, Casa Roberto, Estcacion. {Estación} Pitilla, 500m, 7 km S, v.1988, GNP Biodiversity Survey, (without collector), (11°00′18″N; 85°25′33″W) (1♂INBio CRI001011949; 1♂INPA INB0004178821); Estac.[ión] Pitilla, 700m, 9kmS, iii.1989, GNP Biodiversity Survey, (without collector), (380200N; 330200W) [11°00′18″N; 85°25′33″W] (1♂IN-Bio CRI000136254); idem, 21-21.iii-iv.1989, (1, Fêmea, INBio CRI000091635); idem, iii.1990, (P. Rios, C. Moraga & R. Blanco [leg.]), (1♂INBio CRI000193954); idem, P.[arque] N.[acional] Guanacaste, 10-17.vi.1992, (C. Moraga [leg.]), (1♂INBio CRI000821719); Prov. [íncia] Heredia, San Jose, Est.[ación] El Ceibo, Braulio Carrillo, P. [arque] N. [acional] 400–600m, xi. 1989, (R. Aguilar & M. Zumbado [leg.]), (527700N, 256500W) [10°19′00″N; 84°04′00″W] (1♂INBio CRI000135658); Finca Naranjo Valenciana, 2m {km} sur Pueblo Nuevo Sarapiqui, 90m, 2-22.vii.1992, (M. Ortiz [leg.]), (523750N; 271800W) [10°27′00″N;84°06′00″W] (1 ♂ INPA CRI000685559); idem, 9-30.xi.1992, (1♂INBiO CRI000820823); Prov.[íncia] Limón, Rio Sardinas, 10m. R.[efúgio] N.[acional de] F.[auna] S.[ilvestre] Barra del Colorado, ix.1992, (F. Araya [leg.]), (564700N; 291500W) [10°38′00″N; 83°44′00″W] (1♂INBio CRI000819432); Veragua Rainforest, Restaurant, 400–440m, vii.2008, Tp.[Trampa] Luz Mercurio, #94683, (R. Villalobos [leg.]), (625230N; 212220W) [(1♂INPA INB0004163465); Prov.[íncia] Puntarenas, Golfito, Jiménez, Est.[ación] El Tigre, Area Administrativa, 47m, 12-13.xi.2007, Tp.[Trampa] Luz., L_S_277800_529600#92864, (J. A. Azofeifa [leg.]), [08°32′00″N; 83°23′00″W] (1♂INPA INB0004128003); idem, 17-18.xi.2007, Tp.[Trampa] Luz, #92869, (J. A. Azofeifa [leg.]), (529600N; 277800W) (1♂INBio INB0004128085); PANAMÁ, Barro Colorado I.[sla], Canal Zone, 2.ii.[19]59, at light, (H. S. Dybas [leg.]), (1♂FNHM); idem, 3.ii.[19]59, (1♂FNHM); idem, 12.x.[19]59, (1♂INPA); idem, 20-30.i.[19]59, (without collector), (1♂FNHM); COLÔMBIA, Ant. [ioquia], Porce, En: Habitación, iv.1983, (R. Vêlez[leg.]), (1♂MEFLG); Cund. [inamarca], La Vega, En: Naranjo [Laranjeira], ix. 1963, (Gallego [leg.]), [5°0′0″N, 74°21′0″ W] (1♀MEFLG); [Valle del Cauca], Cali, 1035 metros, iii. 1960, (Dirings [leg.]), [03°25′00″N; 76°31′00″W] (1♂MZSP).

Type locality.—Costa Rica: Province Guanacaste, Estación Pitilla, 680 m, 8 km S.[outh] Santa Cecilia.

Etymology.—From Latin, vena = vein; and recta = right. Refers to the MA and MP fork forming an almost right angle.

Diagnosis.—Body length 43 to 51 mm (males) and 51 to 55 mm (females). MA and MP veins forming an angle of almost 90°. Appendix of stridulatory vein branching beyond its basis. Stridulatory file with 124 to 144 teeth, maximum width varies from 0.20 to 0.25 mm and minimum distance between teeth around 0.020 mm.

Description.— (Holotype ♂) (Fig. 8A):

Head: subocular carina conspicuous, reaching epistomal suture (Fig 7P). Frons and fastigium of frons with inconspicuous sparse red and dark-brown dots. Fastigium of frons with black dorsal apex. Fastigium of vertex with small black and dark-brown dots, absent in sulcus, concentrated on apex. Antenna with apical portion of the last and the fifth from last apical flagellomeres slightly darker. Occiput without dots. Gena without tubercles. Clypeus with red dots close to epistomal suture. Labrum red, apex with small medial sinus. First and second maxillary palpomeres with red dots; apex of fifth palpomere dark, black.

Thorax: pronotal disc with dots in central region, slightly darker than surface, but inconspicuous; white medial sinus with red dots nearby. Pronotal carina lighter than pronotal disc, not raised. Lateral lobe of pronotum smooth, posterior margin slightly convex, almost straight; a dark-red dot at ventral third of each anterior and posterior margin (Fig. 8A–C). Marginal fold slightly evident, with sparse dots along its entire extension. Thoracic auditory spiracle with ventral margin exposed in lateral view (Fig. 8C). Meso- and metapleura without tubercles.

Legs: Foreleg: femur anteroventrally with 4–5 spines. Tibia covered with dark dots (red to black) on anterodorsal margin. Tarsus dorsally without dots. Midleg: (Fig. 8J) tibia slightly wider than midfemur, with convex expansion at basal two thirds; anterodorsal margin brown with dark dots, three projections slightly acuminate with apex downwards; basal anterodorsal region with lighter spot (almost white), close to beginning of expansion; anterior surface green, without dots. Hindleg: (Fig. 8K) femur with internal and external genicular lobes pointed, with one small spine on ventral margin. Tibia covered with small black dots; with convex expansion, occupying basal two thirds of tibia; maximum tibia width equal to hindfemur width.

Wings: tegmen suboval (Fig. 8E), with apex slightly acuminate. Apex of tegmen, when in repose, exceeds twice abdomen's length. Costal area occupying almost one third of the maximum tegmen width. Vein R with 8 conspicuous branches. Veins R and M almost straight, fusing close to basal region of cell ma₂. First branch of M forming an angle of almost 90° relative to posterior margin. Vein CuA diverges gradually from M over almost entire length. Seven conspicuous crossveins between M and CuA. Cell m with small conspicuous light brown spot in the center of cell. Left tegmen: (Fig. 8E) stridulatory vein AP₁, in dorsal view, almost perpendicular to longitudinal axis of body, slightly concave in its basal portion, its appendix branching beyond its base (Fig. 8G); in ventral view, stridulatory file 3.58 mm long, maximum width 0.215 mm, 125 teeth with the same thickness and minimum distance between them about 0.028 mm (Figs 8I, 9F); file with basal area slightly concave, central and apical regions almost straight; maximum width in basal third of file, decreases towards both basal and apical ends; shortest distance between teeth occurs in apical region of file then increases gradually toward the basal region (Figs. 8I, 9F). Right tegmen: AP₁ vein inclined, slightly concave, reaching AP₂ vein at the apical half of the scraper (Fig. 8H). AP₁ vein, in ventral view, without teeth.

Abdomen: tergites and sternites covered with small red dots.

Holotype condition.— In good condition. Color slightly faded.

Description of female.—(n=2) (Figs 8B, 8F) Similar to male. Tegmen width greater than half of tegmen length.

Variations.—The other specimens examined, or part of them, varied in the following characteristics: Head: fastigium of vertex with inconspicuous dots throughout, but these never salient. Antenna with 2 or 3 apical flagellomeres slightly darker in apical region. Ocellus white, conspicuous in specimens with color not faded. Labrum not red and without sinus in some specimens. Paratype n° INB0003241311, with fifth right maxillary palpomere shorter than the fourth palpomere. Apex of fifth maxillary palpomere not dark in almost all paratypes. Thorax: lighter dots on pronotal disc and lateral carina are visible only in specimens that still retain a little original color. Marginal fold of lateral lobe of pronotum without dots in some paratypes, but with salient dots on ventral third in anterior and in posterior margin. Legs: forefemur anteroventrally with 4 to 7 spines. Paratype n° CRI000552862, from Costa Rica, with left forefemur without spines. Foretibia with small light spot (usually white) in basal region of anterodorsal margin in specimens with color not faded. Midtibia with 3 to 5 slightly acuminate projections on anterodorsal margin. Tibia brown in paratype INBIO CRI000132365, with sparse dark dots and light spot in basal anterodorsal region, close to the beginning of tibial expansion. Hindfemur with internal and external genicular lobes without spines in some specimens. Tegmen: vein R with 7 to 9 conspicuous branches. Veins R and M fusing at half the length of cell ma1. Three to 7 conspicuous crossveins between M and CuA. Cell m with inconspicuous spot in a few specimens with general color not faded. Measurements of stridulatory file see Table 3.

Comments.— The specimens of A. venarecta sp. nov. are the smallest and most delicate within the genus and can be recognized by the following characters: the fork of MA and MP forming an almost 90° angle; the appendix of stridulatory vein AP₁ branching beyond its base; gena and pronotum without tubercles; flagellomeres without conspicuous dark ring. The number of file teeth is the smallest for the genus. The shape of the hindtibia is similar to that of A. cultrifera, but the expansion of midtibia is unique within the genus. Females are similar to males and are easily recognized by the tegmen venation, especially the veins M and CuA, and the expansions of the mid and hindtibiae. Lack of dark flagellomeres and gena without tubercles are also typical of the females of this species.

Distribution.—Costa Rica: Guanacaste, Alajuela, Heredia, Limón (Fig. 10).

Type material examined.—Holotype: Estacio {ó} n Pitilla, 680 m, 8 km S.[outh] Santa Cecilia, Alajuela Pv. [Província] {probably Province Guanacaste, not Alajuela}, COSTARICA, Feb[ruary] 1988. A. Chacon & M. Espinosa [leg.]. (Rectangular label, white paper, printed)/INB0003981265, INBIOCRI COSTA RICA (Rectangular label, white plastic, printed, with barcode)/Aegimia venarecta, Dias, Rafael & Naskrecki, Holotype ♂ (Rectangular label, red paper, printed). (Holotype ♂ INBIO).

Paratypes.—(35 ♂) 2♀): COSTA RICA, Prov. [íncia] Heredia, 10km SE La Virgen, 450–550m, 19.iii.2003, Transect, INBio-OET-ALAS transect, (J. Rota, MV [leg.]), (10°20′00″N; 84°05′00″W) (1♂INBio INB0003241311; 1♂INPAINB0003241312); Est.[ación] Biol.[ógica] La Selva, 50–150m, 8-25.iii.1999, INBio-OET - Area Laboratorio L/00/594, (without collector), (10°26′N; 84°01′W) (1♂INPA CRI002723514); idem, xii.2000, (1♂INBio CRI002625517); Est. [ación] Magsassay, 200m, P. [arque] N. [acional] Braulio Carrillo, vi.1990, (E. Alcazar [leg.]), (531100N; 264600W) [10°24′00″N; 84°02′00″W] (1♂INBio CRI000222648); idem,.x.1990, (R. Aguilar [leg.]), (1 ♀ INPA CRI000235476); idem, i.1991, (M. Barrelier [leg.]), (1♂INBio CRI000298517); idem, ii.1991, (M. Barrelier [leg]) (1♂INBio CRI000641262); idem, (A. Fernandez [leg.]), (1♂INBio CRI000402746); Finca Naranjo Valenciana, 2km sur Pueblo Nuevo Sarapiqui, 90m, 9-30.xii.1992, (M. Ortiz [leg.]), (523750N; 271800W) [10°27′00″N; 84°06′00″W] (2♂INBio CRI000783163, CRI000820821; 1♂INPA CRI000783162); Prov. [índa] Guanacaste, P.[arque] N.[acional] Guanacaste, Est.[ación] Pitilla, 9km S Santa Cecilia, 5-30.vii.1988, [colecta] Manual (Red./Libre), (Espinoza, C. Chavez [leg.]), (380200N; 330200W) [10°59′00″N; 85°25′00″W] (1♂INBio INB0003355219); Est.[ación] Pitilla, 700m, 9km S Santa Cecília, v. 1988, GNP Biodiversity Survey, (without collector), (1♀INBio CRI000054488); idem, vii.1988, (without collector), (1♂INBio CRI000129440; 2♂INPA CRI000088064, CRI000129469); idem, viii.1988, (10°59′26″N; 85°25′40″W) (1♂INBio CRI001011947); idem, ix.1988, (1♂INBio CRI000152590); idem, xi.1988 (2♂INBio CRI001011951, CRI001011948); idem, i.1989, (2♂INBio CRI001011950, CRI000110501); idem, 21-21.iii-iv.1989, (2♂INBio CRI000091734, CRI000091625); idem, x.1989, (C. Moraga & P. Rios [leg.]), (1♂INBio CRI000132365); idem, xi.1989, (C. Moraga & R. Rios [leg.]), (2♂INBio CRI000152817, INBio CRI000152882); idem, iii.1990, (R. Rios, C. Moraga & R. Blanco [leg.]), (2♂INBio CRI000193937, CRI000193936); Grande de Liberia, R. Gongora, 700m, 6km NE de Queb. ii.1992, III curso Parataxon.[omo], (without collector), (376250N; 319700W) [10°53′00″N; 85°27′00″W] (1♂INBio CRI000425557); Prov.[íncia] Alajuela, P.[arque] N.[acional] Volcáu Tenorio, Estación El Pilón, 700–800m., 10-11.v.2005, Tp.[Trampa]Luz, (J. Azofeifa [leg.]), (427913N; 298212W) [10°42′00″N; 84°59′00″W] (1♂INBio INB0003945665); idem, P.[arque]N.[acional] Volcáu Teuorio {Tenorio}. Est.[ación El] Pilou {Pilón}. 700–800m, 27.iv.2007, Libre [colecta], #91134, (J. A. Azofeifa [leg.]), (427913N; 298212W) [10°42′00″N; 84°59′00″W] (1♂INBio INB0004076624); Prov. [íncia[ Limón, Sector Cerro Cocori, Fca. de E. Rojas, 150m, 26-24.iii-iv.1992, (F. A. Quesada [leg.]), (567500N; 286000W) [10° 35′00″N; 83° 42′00″W] (1♂INBio CRI000767305); Veragua Rainforest, La Isla, 400–440m, 21.ii.2008, Colecta Libre, de dia, #95131, (J. Mata [leg.]), (625230N; 212220W) [09°55′00″N; 83° 11′00″W] (1♂INBio INB0004176017); Veragua Rainforest, Restaurant, 400–440m, viii.2008, Tp. [Trampa] Luz Mercurio, (R. Villalobos [leg.]), (625230N; 212220W) [09°55′00″N; 83°11′00″W] (1♂INBio INB0004165286).

Measurements.—See Tables 1–3.