Bacillus anthracis caused high mortality among white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on Beulah Island, Desha County, Arkansas. Sixty-seven carcasses were located and the total loss was estimated between 200 and 300 deer. Range conditions indicated that the deer herd had greatly exceeded carrying capacity. Lesions in deer were similar to those ascribed to anthrax in domestic cattle, sheep, and goats.