Following disturbance, seed pre-treatment is essential for re-establishing many species with low germination rates. However, some seeds, such as those from chaparral plants, do not respond to common horticultural treatments. Instead, methods that mimic chaparral's natural succession cues (e.g., fire) should be used to improve seed germination and restoration success. Fire effects, such as heat, charate, leachate, smoke, and/or liquid smoke, are effective in breaking long-term seed dormancy in many chaparral plants. The challenge is to break seed dormancy in a cost- and time-efficient manner that can be used in large-scale restoration projects. Results of our study show that short-term exposure (10 minutes to one hour) to liquid smoke and/or heat enhances seed germination of Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn. (chamise), Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. (buckbrush), and Salvia mellifera Greene (black sage). Chamise seeds treated with liquid smoke have the greatest percent increase of seed germination odds: 394%, from the control (P < 0.000). Buckbrush seeds treated with liquid smoke and heat have the greatest percent increase of seed germination odds: 953%, from the control (P < 0.000). Black sage seeds treated with heat have the greatest percent increase of seed germination odds: 354%, from the control (P < 0.000). Implementing these procedures in restoration may reduce the seed costs of certain species by nearly 90%.
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1 July 2013
Mimicking Fire for Successful Chaparral Restoration
Katherine M. Wilkin,
V. L. Holland,
David Keil,
Andrew Schaffner
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Madroño
Vol. 60 • No. 3
July 2013
Vol. 60 • No. 3
July 2013
Adenostoma fasiculatum
Ceanothus cuneatus
chaparral restoration
fire effects
liquid smoke
Salvia mellifera
seed dormancy