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14 July 2023 Breeding season forest fragment size does not create negative carry-over for adult Wood Thrushes on fall migration timing or apparent annual survival
Brendan P. Boyd, Sue Hayes, Alexandra M. Israel, Bridget J. M. Stutchbury
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Abstract

Although carry-over effects related to wintering habitat quality are known to influence population dynamics of migratory songbirds, the presence of breeding season carry-over is understudied in full annual cycle models. To test whether forest fragment size on the breeding grounds can impose negative carry-over effects on a migratory songbird, we fitted adult Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) with 1-year coded radio-tags in forest fragments ranging from 16 to 499 ha in southwestern Ontario during the 2016–2019 breeding seasons and utilized automated telemetry via the Motus Wildlife Tracking System to record fall migration timing and returns the following spring (apparent annual survival). To examine short-term effects of fragment size on breeding females, during the 2018 and 2019 breeding seasons, we collected blood samples during incubation to measure corticosterone levels and tracked complete reproductive success and nest timing. We found that Wood Thrushes breeding in small forest fragments were not subject to strong negative effects on body condition (mass, corticosterone), reproductive success, or timing of the last nest of the season. We found that the onset of fall migration departure was not delayed for birds nesting in small fragments, and that apparent annual survival was not linked to breeding fragment size. This suggests that habitat differences linked to fragment size were not strong enough to trigger the kinds of negative carry-over effects (delayed migration, lower reproductive success) that have been documented in other species as a result of poor wintering-ground habitat quality. The strength of breeding fragment size-induced seasonal carry-over remains a critical gap in full annual cycle models for other declining migratory songbirds. Our findings suggest that while the importance of preserving large forested areas is often prioritized in conservation projects, small forest fragments can also have high conservation value.

How to Cite

Boyd, B. P., S. Hayes, A. M. Israel, and B. J. M. Stutchbury (2023). Breeding season forest fragment size does not create negative carry-over for adult Wood Thrushes on fall migration timing or apparent annual survival. Ornithological Applications 125:duad028.

LAY SUMMARY

  • Long-distance migrants that live in poor quality winter habitat can experience delayed spring migration and lower reproductive success the following breeding season.

  • On the breeding grounds, small forest fragments are known to limit reproductive success in songbirds through high rates of brood parasitism and nest depredation.

  • This study is the first to test if small breeding forest fragment size can also have long-term negative effects on adults through delayed autumn migration and lower apparent annual survival.

  • Using automated radio telemetry, we found that Wood Thrushes nesting in small forest fragments did not have a delayed autumn migration or a lower chance of surviving until the following year.

  • We also looked for short-term effects of small fragment size by measuring body mass, corticosterone, season-long reproductive success, and nest timing, but also found that birds breeding in small fragments were not negatively affected.

  • The strength of breeding season carry-over remains an important unknown for other declining migratory songbirds.

Aunque se sabe que los efectos de arrastre relacionados con la calidad del hábitat invernal influyen en la dinámica poblacional de las aves migratorias, la presencia de efectos de arrastre en la temporada reproductiva se ha estudiado poco en modelos de ciclo anual completo. Para evaluar si el tamaño de los fragmentos de bosque en las áreas de reproducción puede imponer efectos negativos de arrastre en un ave migratoria, equipamos individuos adultos de Hylocichla mustelina con marcadores de radio codificados por un año en fragmentos de bosque que iban desde 11 hasta 499 ha en el suroeste de Ontario, durante las temporadas reproductivas de 2016 a 2019. Utilizamos telemetría automatizada a través del Sistema de Seguimiento de Vida Silvestre Motus para registrar el momento de la migración de otoño y los retornos en la primavera siguiente (supervivencia aparente anual). Para examinar los efectos de corto plazo del tamaño de los fragmentos en las hembras reproductivas, durante las temporadas reproductivas de 2018 y 2019 recolectamos muestras de sangre durante la incubación para medir los niveles de corticosterona y seguimos el éxito reproductivo completo y la temporalidad de los nidos. Encontramos que los individuos de H. mustelina que se reproducen en pequeños fragmentos de bosque no estuvieron sujetos a efectos negativos fuertes en su condición corporal (masa, corticosterona), éxito reproductivo o temporalidad del último nido de la estación. Encontramos que el inicio de la partida de la migración de otoño no se retrasó para las aves que anidaron en fragmentos pequeños y que la supervivencia anual aparente no estuvo vinculada con el tamaño del fragmento de reproducción. Esto sugiere que las diferencias de hábitat vinculadas con el tamaño del fragmento no fueron lo suficientemente fuertes como para desencadenar los tipos de efectos de arrastre negativos (migración retrasada, menor éxito reproductivo) que se han documentado en otras especies como resultado de una mala calidad del hábitat en el área de invernada. La fuerza del efecto de arrastre estacional inducido por el tamaño del fragmento de reproducción sigue siendo un vacío crítico en los modelos de ciclo anual completo para otras aves canoras migratorias en declive. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que, si bien la importancia de preservar grandes áreas boscosas a menudo se prioriza en proyectos de conservación, los pequeños fragmentos de bosque también pueden tener un alto valor de conservación.

Brendan P. Boyd, Sue Hayes, Alexandra M. Israel, and Bridget J. M. Stutchbury "Breeding season forest fragment size does not create negative carry-over for adult Wood Thrushes on fall migration timing or apparent annual survival," Ornithological Applications 125(4), 1-15, (14 July 2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duad028
Received: 6 December 2022; Accepted: 18 June 2023; Published: 14 July 2023
KEYWORDS
annual cycle
Breeding season
carry-over effects
ciclo anual
corticosterona
Corticosterone
efectos de arrastre
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