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17 July 2023 Prevalence and diversity of malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium) in the imperiled Saltmarsh Sparrow are greater at northern sites
Alyssa P. Neuhaus, Oksana P. Lane, Adrienne I. Kovach, Meaghan Conway, Michelle R. Kneeland, Ellen S. Martinsen
Author Affiliations +
Abstract

Malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium) are important agents of infectious disease in birds and multiple factors, including warming temperatures and environmental contamination, may act to increase their geographic and host ranges. Here, we examined the role of geographical variation and environmental mercury exposure in malaria parasite infection dynamics in an imperiled songbird species with high mercury exposition, the Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacutus). Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, we screened 280 Saltmarsh Sparrows from across their breeding range for malaria parasite infection. We detected malaria parasites in 17% of sampled birds and a total of 6 Plasmodium lineages. Prevalence of infection and diversity of parasite lineages varied across the breeding range of the Saltmarsh Sparrow and increased at more northern latitudes. Although mercury is a known immunosuppressant and has been documented to alter an individual's susceptibility to pathogens, we did not find a significant difference in blood mercury levels between infected and not infected birds, perhaps due to sampling methods and/or small sample sizes. As a specialist of coastal wetlands, the Saltmarsh Sparrow is an excellent indicator species for ecological health, and the patterns of malaria parasite infection with host distribution and mercury suggest that birds at northern latitudes are at greater risk of disease and should be priorities for conservation, habitat, and pathogen monitoring.

How to Cite

Neuhaus, A. P., O. P. Lane, A. I. Kovach, M. Conway, M. R. Kneeland, and E. S. Martinsen (2023). Prevalence and diversity of malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium) in the imperiled Saltmarsh Sparrow are greater at northern sites. Ornithological Applications 125:duad031.

LAY SUMMARY

  • Avian malaria parasites of the genus Plasmodium have caused the decline and extinction of many bird species globally, including many threatened and endangered species.

  • Saltmarsh Sparrows from across their breeding range were screened for malaria parasite infection.

  • 17% of sampled Saltmarsh Sparrows were infected with a total of 6 Plasmodium lineages.

  • Higher prevalence and diversity of parasites was documented at more northern latitudes.

  • While mercury is a known immunosuppressant, we did not find a significant relationship between blood mercury levels and infection status.

  • Our findings demonstrate the need to prioritize birds at northern latitudes in terms of conservation, habitat planning, and monitoring for pathogens.

Los parásitos de la malaria (género Plasmodium) son agentes importantes de enfermedades infecciosas en aves y múltiples factores, incluyendo el aumento de las temperaturas y la contaminación ambiental, pueden contribuir a ampliar sus rangos geográficos y de hospedadores. Aquí, examinamos el papel de la variación geográfica y la exposición ambiental al mercurio en la dinámica de la infección por parásitos de la malaria en una especie de ave canora en peligro con alta exposición al mercurio, Ammospiza caudacutus. Utilizando métodos de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR por sus siglas en inglés), examinamos 280 individuos de A. caudacutus en toda su área de reproducción en busca de infección por parásitos de la malaria. Detectamos parásitos de la malaria en el 17% de las aves muestreadas y un total de 6 linajes de Plasmodium. La prevalencia de la infección y la diversidad de linajes de parásitos variaron a lo largo del área de reproducción de A. caudacutus y aumentaron en latitudes más al norte. Aunque se sabe que el mercurio es un inmunosupresor y se ha documentado que puede alterar la susceptibilidad de un individuo a los patógenos, no encontramos una diferencia significativa en los niveles de mercurio en la sangre entre las aves infectadas y las no infectadas, tal vez debido a los métodos de muestreo y/o a tamaños de muestra pequeños. Debido a su especialización en humedales costeros, A. caudacutus es una excelente especie indicadora de la salud ecológica, y los patrones de infección por parásitos de malaria en relación con la distribución de los hospedadores y el mercurio sugieren que las aves en latitudes hacia el norte tienen un mayor riesgo de enfermedad y deberían ser prioritarias para la conservación y el monitoreo del hábitat y los patógenos.

Alyssa P. Neuhaus, Oksana P. Lane, Adrienne I. Kovach, Meaghan Conway, Michelle R. Kneeland, and Ellen S. Martinsen "Prevalence and diversity of malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium) in the imperiled Saltmarsh Sparrow are greater at northern sites," Ornithological Applications 125(4), 1-10, (17 July 2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duad031
Received: 14 March 2023; Accepted: 25 June 2023; Published: 17 July 2023
KEYWORDS
Ammospiza caudacutus
Ammospiza caudacutus
Malaria parasite
mercurio
mercury
parásito de la malaria
Plasmodium
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