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2 November 2024 Evaluation of methods to estimate nocturnal bird migration activity: A comparison of radar and nocturnal flight call monitoring in the American West
Dylan M. Osterhaus, Benjamin M. Van Doren, Kyle G. Horton, Fitsum Abadi, Timothy F. Wright, Martha J. Desmond
Author Affiliations +
Abstract

Bird migration involves the movements of billions of individuals but is difficult to study because it occurs primarily at night. We sought to improve our understanding of the methods available to study migration, particularly in understudied regions of western North America. We evaluated 2 methods: weather radar and nocturnal flight call monitoring. We analyzed variability in estimates of migration activity from each method, how estimates relate, and identified factors associated with variation in this relationship. We collected radar and flight call data from southern New Mexico in western North America during the fall migration of 2021 and 2022. Similar studies have occurred in eastern North America, but it is unknown if regional variability alters the relationship between estimates from each method. We found that estimates were positively related across a season, but relationships were variable among nights. Also, we discovered that the strength of the association between methods varied across sites, indicating that local factors may influence acoustic sampling. We determined that variation in acoustic estimates of migration activity was associated with cloud cover, crosswind, date, migrant height, migrant speed, moon illumination, tailwind, and time of night. For radar, we found crosswind, date, migrant height, migrant speed, tailwind, and time of night to be associated with variations in estimates of migration activity. Overall, our findings support those of previous studies from eastern North America and demonstrate that, despite regional differences, estimates from each method are also correlated in western North America. Our findings provide new insight into factors associated with variation in estimates of migration activity from 2 widely used methods and an improved understanding of factors that impact migration behavior.

LAY SUMMARY

  • We generated and compared estimates of migration activity quantified by weather radar and acoustic monitoring at 50 and 55 locations at White Sands Missile Range in western North America during the fall migration seasons of 2021 and 2022.

  • We found a strong positive relationship between estimates of migration activity from each method on a seasonal basis, but the relationships varied significantly from night to night.

  • Variability in estimates of migration activity was associated with a variety of factors including cloud cover, crosswind, date, migrant height, migrant speed, moon illumination, and time within the night.

  • Our research corroborates studies conducted in eastern North America which have found positive relationships between estimates of migration activity derived from weather radar and nocturnal flight call monitoring across nights, but not within nights.

  • Additional research into the factors contributing to variability in individual flight calling behavior is needed to develop a more complete understanding of avian migration behavior.

La migración de aves implica los movimientos de miles de millones de individuos, pero es difícil de estudiar porque ocurre principalmente de noche. Buscamos mejorar el entendimiento de los métodos disponibles para estudiar la migración, particularmente en regiones poco estudiadas del oeste de América del Norte. Evaluamos dos métodos: el radar meteorológico y el monitoreo de llamadas en vuelo nocturnas. Analizamos la variabilidad en las estimaciones de actividad migratoria de cada método, cómo se relacionan las estimaciones, e identificamos factores asociados con la variación en esta relación. Colectamos datos de radar y de llamadas en vuelo del sur de Nuevo México en el oeste de América del Norte durante la migración de otoño de 2021 y 2022. Estudios similares se han realizado en el este de América del Norte, pero se desconoce si la variabilidad regional altera la relación entre las estimaciones de cada método. Encontramos que las estimaciones estaban positivamente relacionadas a lo largo de la temporada, pero las relaciones variaban entre las noches. También descubrimos que la fuerza de la asociación entre los métodos variaba según los sitios, indicando que los factores locales pueden influir en el muestreo acústico. Determinamos que la variación en las estimaciones acústicas de actividad migratoria estaba asociada con la cobertura de nubes, el viento cruzado, la fecha, la altura del migrante, la velocidad del migrante, la iluminación de la luna, el viento a favor y la hora de la noche. Para el radar, encontramos que el viento cruzado, la fecha, la altura del migrante, la velocidad del migrante, el viento a favor y la hora de la noche estaban asociados con la variación en las estimaciones de actividad migratoria. En general, nuestros hallazgos respaldan los de estudios previos del este de América del Norte y demuestran que, a pesar de las diferencias regionales, las estimaciones de cada método también están correlacionadas en el oeste de América del Norte. Nuestros hallazgos brindan una nueva perspectiva sobre los factores asociados con la variación en las estimaciones de actividad migratoria de dos métodos ampliamente utilizados y una mejor comprensión de los factores que afectan el comportamiento migratorio.

Dylan M. Osterhaus, Benjamin M. Van Doren, Kyle G. Horton, Fitsum Abadi, Timothy F. Wright, and Martha J. Desmond "Evaluation of methods to estimate nocturnal bird migration activity: A comparison of radar and nocturnal flight call monitoring in the American West," Ornithological Applications 127(1), 1-17, (2 November 2024). https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duae062
Received: 2 August 2024; Accepted: 23 October 2024; Published: 2 November 2024
KEYWORDS
aeroecología
aeroecology
bioacoustics
bioacústica
bird migration
comportamiento migratorio
llamada en vuelo nocturna
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