Radiation-induced esophageal injury (RIEI) is a major dose-limiting complication of radiotherapy, mainly acute esophagitis. However, understanding of radiation injury and repair mechanisms in esophageal epithelial cells remains limited. MiR-132-3p and its uridylated isoform (miR-132-3p-UUU) are upregulated in radiation esophageal injury, yet their role in radiation-induced esophageal injury progression remains unexplored. We expressed miR-132-3p and its uridine form in irradiated human esophageal epithelial cells (HEEC) and secreted exosomes was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis and colony formation were used to determine biological effects. Cell cycle assays and dual luciferase reporter assays were used to assess the relationship between miR-132-3p and its uridylated isoforms and MEF2A. The addition of miR-132-3p mimics or overexpression of miR-132-3p significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of esophageal epithelial cells (HEEC cells as well as primary cells) and increased radiation damage. This was reversed by its uridylated isoform by reducing binding to MEF2A and regulating the cell cycle. Furthermore, miR-132-3p and its triuridylated isomer also regulate apoptosis after irradiation through pathways other than reactive oxygen species (ROS). In conclusion, our data reveal that radiation-induced miR-132-3p uridylation and exosome-mediated intercellular communication and tri-uridylated isoforms are protective against radiation-induced esophageal injury. Furthermore, miR-132-3p offers new opportunities as a promising biomarker widely present in human body fluids for the prediction of radiation esophagitis as a biomarker.