This species was treated under the manuscript name “Hormurus eukteanospatha” in Monod (2011a: 285, 532, 537).

Material: AMNH [LP4340]; ♂ holotype; Papua New Guinea, East New Britain Province, Wowo, 11 km NW of Marmar village, on old logging road to Pakia, about 850 m, 5.45°S, 151.46°E; 23.II.2005; leg. J.D. Slapcinsky & K. Netchy (JS 769).

Etymology: The name araiaspathe is derived from the ancient Greek words “ἀραιóς, ἀραιά, ἀραιóν” [thin, narrow, slight, slender] and “σπάθη” [broad blade]. The epithet is an invariable feminine noun in apposition and refers to the unusually slender distal lamina of the hemispermatophore.

Diagnosis: Hormurus araiaspathe sp. nov. differs from other Papuan Hormurus by the following combination of characters. The male holotype has a distinct proximal gap between the suprabasal lobe of the fixed finger and a corresponding notch on the fixed finger (Fig. 15A), as in males of H. barai sp. nov. (Fig. 25A), H. oyatabu sp. nov. (Fig. 43A), Hormurus oyawaka sp. nov. (Fig. 34A) and H. krausi sp. nov. (Fig. 152A), whereas in other species the fingers are contiguous; H. araiaspathe sp. nov. also possesses a very weak patellar process without a medially located apex (Figs 12, 14E, G), like H. barai sp. nov. (Figs 22, 24F-G, I), whereas all other Papuan species have a more strongly developed patellar process with a medially located pointed apex; telotarsi I-III have one to two small ventromedian spinules (Fig. 17A-C), whereas other species have no such spinules; one to three retroventral spinules are located proximally on the telotarsi (Fig. 17), whereas other species are equipped with only one proximal spinule; the anal arch of metasoma segment V has few weak spinules (Fig. 18C), whereas it is crenulate or with conical teeth in other species; metasoma segment V bears 12 ventral macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on the ventrosubmedian carinae and three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on the lateral carinae (Figs 4B, 18B), whereas this segment bears 14 or more macrosetae in the other species; the distal lamina of the hemispermatophore is unusually slender, narrower than the basal part of the stalk (Fig. 19), whereas distal lamina and stalk base are similar in width in all other species.

Description of adult male: Colouration (Fig. 12): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus dark orange, anterior part with darker infuscation; fingers dark brown. Carapace reddish brown, median ocular region black. Tergites reddish brown. Pedipalps reddish dark brown to black; carinae and fingers black. Legs slightly paler than tergites, pale brown with brown infuscation dorsally, orange to reddish brown ventrally, prolateral carina of femora black. Coxapophyses I-II dark reddish brown; leg coxae and sternum orange with dark brown infuscation; sternites light to dark brown, posterior half of sternite V pale yellow; genital operculum and pectines pale yellow. Metasoma dark brown to black; telson slightly paler than metasoma, dark reddish brown, aculeus black.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 13A-B): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct. Median ocular tubercle slightly raised; median ocelli at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by approximately the diameter of a median ocellus. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to each other. Surfaces minutely and sparsely granular, except for smooth anterior areas of frontal lobes and median ocular area.

Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 12, 14): Segments rather short and stout, with femur length approximately equal to that of carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 15): Fixed finger: basal lobe present and conical; suprabasal notch distinct and deep; basal lobe small; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to median lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on suprabasal notch; few sparse denticles on basal lobe. Movable finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal lobe well developed but markedly wider than high, gently rounded dorsally and lacking a sharp conical tooth, not overlapping with fixed finger; suprabasal lobe and corresponding notch on fixed finger with distinct proximal gap; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to suprabasal lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles on basal notch absent; few sparse denticles basally.

Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 14I-L): proventral carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; promedian carinae absent; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, similarly developed as proventral carina; retrodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more distinct in proximal third, less strongly developed than prodorsal carina; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, slightly more developed than retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only distinct proximally as a costate-granular ridge. Patella (Fig. 14E-H): proventral carina visible as a costate-granular ridge proximally, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium to large spiniform granules, equally developed, fused medially into low spiniform process without medially located apex; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of small spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a ridge of small spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (comprising medium to large granules). Chela manus (Fig. 14A-D): proventral and promedian carinae visible as faint ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed; prodorsal carina obsolete; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina obsolete; digital carina visible as a ridge of small spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only distinct proximal to condyle of movable finger, expressed as a ridge of small spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (medium to large granules); ventromedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules.

Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 14I-L): prolateral intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral dorsal intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small spiniform granules; retrolateral ventral intercarinal surface smooth or nearly so, with few small spiniform granules scattered distally; ventral intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules proximally, smooth distally. Patella (Fig. 14E-H): prolateral intercarinal surface densely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth distally; dorsal intercarinal surface densely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules; retrolateral intercarinal surface with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth distally; ventral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 14A-D): prolateral intercarinal surface densely covered with medium to large spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal, retrolateral and ventral intercarinal surfaces densely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules. Chela fingers densely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, smooth or nearly so distally, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db together in a single large smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 14E-H): d₂ trichobothrium distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobothria arranged in three groups, i.e. esb₁, esb₂+em_1-2 and est (esb₂ closer to em_1-2 than to esb₁); three et trichobothria; three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 14A-D): Dt situated in proximal third of manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb aligned with Est; Est situated near midpoint of manus; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb closer to eb than to est; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria.

Coxosternum (Fig. 16A, C): Coxa III elongated anterodistally, without anterodistal process. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), slightly wider than long.

Legs (Fig. 17): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, proventral and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: proventral and retroventral rows each with 4/3, 4/4, 4/4 and 3/4 setiform macrosetae. Telotarsi I-IV: proventral and retroventral rows each with 3/4, 4/4, 4/4, 4/4 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with 1-3 proximal spinules. Telotarsi I-III: 1-2 ventromedian spinules. Ungues curved, half of telotarsus length or less.

Genital operculum (Fig. 16A): Composed of two subtriangular sclerites.

Pectines (Fig. 16A-B): Moderately elongate, distal edge reaching but not extending beyond distal edge of coxa IV; fulcra and three marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 7-8; teeth straight, entirely covered with sensory papillae.

Mesosoma (Figs 12, 13A, C-D): Pre-tergites I-VII and posterior margins of pre-tergites smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; intercarinal surfaces of I-VII smooth or nearly so medially, sparsely covered with minute granules laterally, posterior third more densely granular; intercarinal surface of VII sparsely covered with minute granules; intercarinal surfaces of III-VII with distinct reticulate network of ridges and dimples. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI short, their length less than third of sternite width, and distinctly crescent shaped. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 18): Not markedly compressed laterally; sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so; dorsal intercarinal surface of V smooth and shiny medially; distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V (usually only faintly expressed anteriorly).

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae distinct anteriorly and expressed as a faint ridge on segment I, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); pair of ventrosubmedian carinae distinct but weakly developed as low ridges. Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two-thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segments I-II: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carinae without large spiniform granules. Segments III-IV: dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carinae without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae without distinct granules or spines; anal arch faintly crenulate (with sparse and minute granules).

Ventral metasoma setation: Segment I with eight macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and one pair (anterior) on ventrolateral carinae; segments II-IV each with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segment V with 12 macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and three pairs (anterior, supramedian and posterior) on ventrolateral carinae.

Telson (Fig. 18A): Slightly longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (less than half of vesicle length), sharply curved.

Hemispermatophore (Fig. 19): Stalk slightly longer than stem. Distal lamina curved, without distal crest on anterior margin, markedly narrower than basal part of stalk; single laminar hook situated in basal third of stalk (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 0.4-0.47, median = 0.43); transverse ridge distinct, approximately aligned with base of laminar hook, merging with anterior margin more distally than base of laminar hook. Capsule: hemisolenos thin, folded on itself only proximally and unfolding to flattened distal tip distally (tip and base approximately of same width), without lateral longitudinal carina, laterodistal accessory hook and medioposterior accessory apophysis; tip of hemisolenos more proximal than base of laminar hook, more distal than tip of clasper. Clasper well developed, forming distinct hump, not hook-like, with small lateral knob-like accessory process. Subex well developed, spoon-shaped, merging anteriorly with base of clasper; posterior edge forming obtuse angle (>90°) with hemisolenos; anterior edge forming right angle (90°) with hemisolenos.

Description of adult female: Female unknown.

Distribution: Hormurus araiaspathe sp. nov. is known from only one locality in the eastern part of New Britain Island, Bismarck Archipelago, off the northeastern coast of New Guinea (Fig. 20).

This species was treated under the manuscript name “Hormurus aethes” in Monod, 2011a (280, 531, 536, figs 15D, 29D, 35C, 38D).

Material: AMNH [LP 3001]; ♂ holotype; Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Mount Obree, slope S of camp 1, 1600 m; 3.II.2004; leg. J.D. Slapcinsky & F. Kraus – UMMZ [LP 3001]; 1 ♂ paratype; same data as for holotype. – AMNH [LP 2999]; 1 ♂ paratype; Mt Obree, W slope, Fenu 2, 1560 m; 31.I.2004; leg. F. Kraus – AMNH [LP 3000]; 1 ♂ paratype; Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Mt Obree, W slope, Fenu 2, 1560 m; 3.II.2004; leg. F. Kraus – AMNH [LP 3002]; 3 ♀ paratypes; same data as for holotype; 6.II.2004, leg. J.D. Slapcinsky & F. Kraus – AMNH [LP 3003]; 1 ♀ paratype; same data as for holotype; 31.I.2004; leg. J.D. Slapcinsky & F. Kraus – AMNH [LP 3004]; 1 ♀paratype; Mt Obree, ridge W of camp 1, 1550-1640 m; 4.II.2004; leg. J.D. Slapcinsky & F. Kraus – UMMZ [LP 3005]; 1 ♀, 2 juvenile paratypes; Mt Obree, pond about 200 m S of camp 2; 7.II.2004; leg. F. Kraus & J.D. Slapcinsky – MHNG-ARTO-26552; 1 ♀ paratype; Mt Obree, 1870 m, under logs, 9.45°S, 148.00°E; VIII.2019; leg. B. Iova.

Etymology: The Barai are Papuan people living on the north-western slopes of Mount Obree where the type specimens were collected. The Barai are part of the larger Koiari tribe (Dutton, 1969, 1973). The epithet is an invariable name in apposition.

Diagnosis: Hormurus barai sp. nov. differs from other Papuan Hormurus by the following combination of characters. The species lacks a basal lobe on the fixed chela finger of males (Fig. 25A) which is present in all other species; the dorsal intercarinal surfaces of the patella and chela are covered with much smaller granules (Fig. 24A-B, F-G) than in other species; H. barai sp. nov. also possesses a very weak patellar process without a medially located apex (Figs 21-22, 24F-G, I), like in H. araiaspathe sp. nov. (Figs 12, 14E, G) and H. oyatabu sp. nov. (Figs 40, 42F-G, I), whereas all other Papuan species have a more strongly developed patellar process with a medially located pointed apex. The Esb trichobothrium on the pedipalp chela is located midway between the Eb group and Est (Fig. 24C), whereas it is closer to Est in the other species; the anterior margin of coxa III in males (Fig. 26A, C) is not as elongated distally as in the other species; pectines have two marginal lamellae (Fig. 26A-B, D-E), compared to three in other taxa; respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI are round/oval (Fig. 22B, D), whereas they are distinctly crescent-shaped in the other species; the ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae of metasoma segment V bear few strong spiniform granules (Fig. 28), whereas they bear no or only minutes granules in the other taxa; the anal arch of metasoma segment V is equiped with strong conical teeth (Fig. 28), whereas it is crenulate with less developed teeth in other species; metasoma segments II-IV have eight ventral macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on the ventrosubmedian carinae and one pair (anterior) on the lateral carinae (Fig. 28C), whereas they possess ten or more macrosetae in the other species.

Description of adult male (holotype): Colouration (Figs 21, 22A-B): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus yellow to orange with darker infuscation, more pronounced anteriorly; fingers light brown. Carapace reddish brown, median ocular region black. Tergites brown. Pedipalps reddish brown; carinae and fingers black. Legs paler than tergites, orange to yellow, distal segments (tibiae, basitarsi and telotarsi) paler; dorsal surface with brown infuscation, more pronounced proximally, absent on telotarsi; prolateral carina of femora dark brown. Coxapophyses and coxae I-II orange to brown; coxae III-IV yellow with black anterior margin; sternum yellow to light brown; genital operculum and pectines pale yellow. Sternite III pale yellow; sternites IV-VI yellow with brown lateral margins, these dark areas becoming more distinct and covering more surface on most posterior segments; posterior half of sternite V markedly paler than anterior half; sternite VII dark brown with lighter spots anteriorly. Metasoma light reddish brown with darker infuscation; telson paler than metasoma, vesicle orange, aculeus reddish brown.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 23A, C): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct. Median ocular tubercle slightly raised; median ocelli present, at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by more than their diameter. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to each other. Surfaces minutely and densely granular, except for smooth anterior areas of frontal lobes and median ocular area.

Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 21, 22A-B, 24B-E, G-J, L-O): Segments rather short and stout, with femur length approximately equal to that of carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 25A, C-D): Fixed finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal notch distinct and deep; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to median lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on suprabasal notch and basally. Movable finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal lobe well developed, conical, gently rounded dorsally and lacking sharp conical tooth, not overlapping with fixed finger; suprabasal lobe and corresponding notch on fixed finger with distinct proximal gap; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to suprabasal lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on basal notch; few sparse denticles basally.

Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 24L-O): proventral carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; promedian carinae absent; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, similarly developed as proventral carina; retrodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, similarly developed as prodorsal carina; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, similarly developed as retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules. Patella (Fig. 24G-J): proventral carina visible as costate-granular ridge proximally, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium to large spiniform granules, equally developed, fused medially into low spiniform process without medially located apex; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of small to medium-sized spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of large granules). Chela manus (Fig. 24B-E): proventral carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than promedian carina; promedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of small granules; prodorsal carina obsolete; dorsomedian carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina absent; digital carina visible as a ridge of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only discernible proximal to condyle of movable finger as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of large granules); ventromedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules.

Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 24L-O): prolateral intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral dorsal intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules; retrolateral ventral intercarinal surface smooth or nearly so, with few small spiniform granules scattered distally; ventral intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Patella (Fig. 24G-J): prolateral intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of small spiniform granules, distal area smooth; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of small spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 24B-E): prolateral intercarinal surface covered with dense reticulate network of small spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of small spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with large anastomosed granules and sparse small spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela fingers densely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, smooth or nearly so distally, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db separated from each other, each in a small smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 24G-J): d₂ trichobothrium distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobotria arranged in three groups, i.e. esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est (esb₂ closer to esb₁ than to em_1-2); three et trichobothria; three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 24B-E): Dt situated in proximal third of manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb midway between Eb group and Est; Est situated near midpoint of manus; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb closer to eb than to est; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria.

Coxosternum (Fig. 26A, C): Coxa III not elongated anterodistally, without anterodistal process. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), wider than long.

Legs (Fig. 27): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, proventral and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: proventral and retroventral rows each with 3/4, 3/4, 4/4 and 4/4 setiform macrosetae, respectively. Telotarsi I-IV: proventral and retroventral rows each with 3-4/4, 3-4/4, 4-5/4-5 and 5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with one proximal spinule; ventromedian spinules absent. Ungues curved, half of telotarsus length or less.

Genital operculum (Fig. 26A): Composed of two subtriangular sclerites.

Pectines (Fig. 26A-B): Moderately elongate, distal edge reaching but not extending beyond distal edge of coxa IV; fulcrae and two marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 5-5; teeth straight, entirely covered with sensory papillae.

Mesosoma (Figs 21, 22A-B, 23A, E): Pre-tergites I-VII and posterior margins of pre-tergites smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; intercarinal surfaces of I-VII sparsely covered with minute granules; reticulate network of ridges and dimples indistinct on tergites I-VI, faint on tergite VII. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI short, their length less than third of sternite width, and round/oval. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 28B-C): Not markedly compressed laterally; sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so (segment V almost smooth); dorsal intercarinal surface of V smooth and shiny medially; distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V (usually only faintly expressed anteriorly).

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae developed anteriorly as a faint ridge on segment I, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); paired ventrosubmedian carinae distinct but weakly developed as low ridges. Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two-thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segment I: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carinae without large spiniform granules. Segment II: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carinae essentially without large spiniform granules (one weak subposterior spiniform granule sometimes present on one of the ventrosubmedian carinae). Segments III-IV: dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carinae without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae with few large spines in posterior half; anal arch with scattered large spines.

Ventral metasoma setation: Segments I-IV each with eight macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and one pair (anterior) on ventrolateral carinae; segment V with 12 macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median/supramedian and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and three pairs (anterior, supramedian and posterior) on ventrolateral carinae.

Telson (Fig. 28B): Slightly longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (less than half of vesicle length), sharply curved.

Hemispermatophore (Fig. 29): Stalk longer than stem. Distal lamina curved, without distal crest on anterior margin; single laminar hook situated in basal third of stalk (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 0.34-0.35, median = 0.34); transverse ridge distinct, approximately aligned with base of laminar hook, merging with anterior margin more distally than base of laminar hook. Capsule: hemisolenos thin, folded on itself only proximally and unfolding to flattened distal tip distally (tip and base approximately of same width), without lateral longitudinal carina, laterodistal accessory hook or medioposterior accessory apophysis; tip of hemisolenos more proximal than base of laminar hook, more distal than tip of clasper. Clasper well developed, forming distinct hump, not hook-like, with small anterior knob-like accessory process. Subex well developed, spoon-shaped, anteriorly merging with base of clasper; posterior edge forming obtuse angle (>90°) with hemisolenos; anterior edge forming right angle (90°) with hemisolenos.

Description of adult female: Same characters as in male except as follows. Colouration (Fig. 22C-D): Legs and telson slightly darker than in male.

Pedipalps (Figs 22C-D, 24A, F, K): Segments not markedly shorter than in male, but patella and chela slightly more robust.

Chela fingers (Fig. 25B): Dentate margins linear or nearly so, without pronounced lobe and notch, with two rows of primary denticles extending from tip to base of fingers and bearing large inner accessory denticles.

Carapace (Fig. 23B, D): Posteromedian margin smooth.

Coxosternum (Fig. 26D, F): Anterior margin of coxa III slightly elongated anterodistally.

Genital operculum (Fig. 26D): Oval to semi-oval, distinctly wider than long (length/width ratio = 0.54-0.62, median = 0.58); opercular sclerites fused, with distinct median suture; posterior notch present, at least weakly developed.

Pectines (Fig. 26D-E): Short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV. Pectinal teeth count 4-4; teeth short and straight, sensory papillae covering only distal third.

Mesosoma (Figs 22C-D, 23B, F): Anterior half of intercarinal surfaces of post-tergites I-VII smooth, posterior half sparsely covered with minute granules.

Metasoma (Fig. 28A, D-G): Notably thicker and slightly less granular than in male. Ventrosubmedian carinae of metasoma segment II with 0-1 pairs of strong, subposterior spiniform granules.

Intraspecific variation: Pedipalp trichobothria: Trichobothria esb, em and est on the retrolateral surface of the patella are exceptionally arranged into four groups (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est), rather than into three (esb₂ apart from esb₁).

Leg spination: The number of setiform macrosetae varies from three to four proventrally on telotarsi I-II, and from four to five proventrally and retroventrally on telotarsi III.

Female genital operculum: The length/width ratio varies between 0.54 and 0.62 (median = 0.58).

Pectines: The pectinal teeth count varies from four to five in females.

Metasoma: Spination: A subposterior spiniform granule may be expressed on one ventrosubmedian carina of segments I-II in males, and on one or both ventrosubmedian carinae of metasoma segment II in females. An additional supramedian macroseta is expressed on a ventrolateral carina of metasoma segment III in one specimen. Setation appears to be more variable on metasoma segment V than on the other segments.

Ventral metasoma setation: The number of macrosetae varies from 12 to 14, with the presence of one to three additional subposterior macrosetae in some specimens (Fig. 28D-G).

Hemispermatophore: The basal part/distal lamina ratio varies from 0.34 to 0.35 (median = 0.34).

Distribution and ecology: Hormurus barai sp. nov. is only known from, and probably endemic to, the mid-northwestern slopes of Mount Obree (Fig. 30). This mountain is part of the Owen Stanley Range, it culminates at 3080 m and it is known as Ghost Mountain or as Suwemalla in the local dialect. Specimens were collected from under rocks and logs in a primary forest with very large emergent Agathis trees, with an open understorey and with large amounts of leaf litter and deep duff (F. Kraus, pers. comm.).

This species was treated under the manuscript name “Hormurus kilkerranicus” (in part) in Monod (2011a: 287, 532, 542).

Material: AMNH [LP 2 728]; ♂ holotype; Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Province, D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Fergusson Island, S slope of Oya Waka, 1100 m, 9.46°S, 150.56°E; 12.VIII.2002; leg. F. Kraus (JS-0641). – AMNH [LP 2728]; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ paratypes; same data as for holotype. – UMMZ [LP 2728]; 1 ♂ paratype; same data as for holotype.

Etymology: Oya Waka is the local name of Mount Maybole (1665 m), the second highest peak on Fergusson Island, where the new species was found and to which it is probably endemic. The epithet is an invariable name in apposition.

Diagnosis: Hormurus oyawaka sp. nov., H. barai sp. nov. and H. oyatabu sp. nov. share a unique set of characters that differentiate them from other Papuan Hormurus. They possess small pectines with a low number of teeth (5-7 in male and 4-6 in females) (Figs 26A-B, D-E, 35A-B, D-E, 44A-B, D-E), whereas other Papuan species have larger pectines with at least seven teeth in males and at least six in females. A faint reticulate network of ridges and dimples is visible only on the last four mesosomal post-tergites of females of H. oyawaka sp. nov. (Fig. 32B, F), H. barai sp. nov. (Fig. 23B, F) and H. oyatabu sp. nov. (Fig. 41B, F), whereas in females of the other Papuan species this macrosculpture is more pronounced and usually visible on all segments.

Hormurus oyawaka sp. nov. and H. oyatabu sp. nov. are very closely related and differ from H. barai sp. nov. by the following combination of characters: (1) a basal lobe is present on the fixed finger of the pedipalp chela of males (Figs 34A, 43A) instead of no basal lobe in H. barai sp. nov. (Fig. 25A); (2) the retrodorsal carina of the pedipalp femur is less developed than the prodorsal and retroventral carinae (Figs 33K-M, 42K-M) as opposed to similarly developed as the prodorsal and retroventral carinae in H. barai sp. nov. (Fig. 24K-M); (3) the ventral intercarinal surface of the pedipalp chela manus is covered by spiniform granules (Figs 33D, 42D) rather than by anastomosed granules in H. barai sp. nov. (Fig. 24D); (4) the proventral rows of basitarsi I-II bear four macrosetae (Figs 36A-B, 45A-B) instead of three in H. barai sp. nov. (Fig. 27A-B); (5) the retroventral rows on basitarsi I-IV bear five macrosetae (Figs 36, 45) instead of four macrosetae in H. barai sp. nov. (Fig. 27); (6) the hemispermatophore clasper lacks an anterior accessory process (Figs 38, 47) rather than possessing a small knob-like process in H. barai sp. nov. (Fig. 29). Moreover, H. oyawaka sp. nov. differs from H. barai sp. nov. and H. oyatabu sp. nov. in the strong development of its prolateral patellar process (Figs 31, 33F-G, I), whereas in the other two species the patellar process is less strongly developed (Figs 21, 22, 24F-G, I, 40, 42F-G, I). A list of additional characters distinguishing H. oyawaka sp. nov. and H. oyatabu sp. nov. is provided in the diagnosis of the latter.

Description of adult male (holotype): Colouration (Fig. 31A-B): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus orange with darker infuscation, more pronounced anteriorly; fingers dark brown. Carapace reddish brown, median ocular region black. Tergites brown. Pedipalps reddish brown; carinae and fingers black. Legs paler than tergites, dorsal surface pale brown with darker infuscation except on telotarsi; ventral surface brown to yellow, distal segments (tibiae, basitarsi and telotarsi) paler than proximal ones; prolateral carina of femora black. Coxapophyses I-II dark brown, anterior tip pale yellow; leg coxae brown with orange spots and black anterior margin; sternum dark brown, slightly paler posteriorly; genital operculum and pectines pale yellow. Sternites III-VI dark brown, paler medially; posterior margin of sternite V pale yellow; sternite VII dark brown. Metasoma reddish brown with darker infuscation; telson paler than metasoma, vesicle dark orange, aculeus reddish brown.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 32A, C): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct. Median ocular tubercle slightly raised; median ocelli present, at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by more than the diameter of a median ocellus. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to each other. Surfaces minutely and densely granular, except for smooth anterior areas of frontal lobes and median ocular area.

Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 31A-B, 33B-E, G-J, L-O): Segments moderately elongated, with femur slightly longer than carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 34A, C-D): Fixed finger: basal lobe present and conical; suprabasal notch distinct and deep; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to median lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on suprabasal notch; few sparse denticles on basal lobe. Movable finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal lobe well developed, conical, gently rounded dorsally and lacking sharp conical tooth, not overlapping with fixed finger; suprabasal lobe and corresponding notch on fixed finger with distinct proximal gap; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to suprabasal lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on basal notch; few sparse denticles basally.

Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 33L-O): proventral carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; promedian carinae absent; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, these similarly developed as proventral carina; retrodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, slightly less strongly developed than prodorsal carina, more distinct in proximal third of segment; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, more developed than retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only distinct proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules. Patella (Fig. 33G-J): proventral carina discernible as costate-granular ridge proximally, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium to large spiniform granules, equally developed, fused medially and forming prominent spiniform process with medially located pointed apex; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of small to medium-sized spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium-sized granules). Chela manus (Fig. 33B-E): proventral and promedian carinae visible as faint ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed; prodorsal carina obsolete; dorsomedian carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina obsolete; digital carina visible as a ridge of small spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only distinct proximal to condyle of movable finger, expressed as a ridge of small spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium to large granules); ventromedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules.

Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 33L-O): prolateral intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small spiniform granules, smooth proximally; ventral intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth distally. Patella (Fig. 33G-J): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal half smooth; dorsal intercarinal surface covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral intercarinal surface with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 33B-E): prolateral intercarinal surface covered with dense reticulate network of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela fingers densely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, smooth or nearly so distally, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db each in a small smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 33G-J): d₂ trichobothrium distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobotria arranged in three groups, i.e. esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est (esb₂ closer to esb₁ than to em_1-2); three et trichobothria; three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 33B-E): Dt situated near midpoint of chela manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb closer to Est than to Eb group; Est situated near midpoint; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb closer to eb than to est; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria.

Coxosternum (Fig. 35A, C): Coxa III elongated anterodistally, without anterodistal process. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), wider than long.

Legs (Fig. 36): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, pro- and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 4/5, 4/5, 4/5 and 4/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively. Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 4/4, 4/4, 5/5 and 5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with one proximal spinule; ventromedian spinules absent. Ungues curved, half the length of the telotarsus or less.

Genital operculum (Fig. 35A, C): Composed of two subtriangular sclerites.

Pectines (Fig. 35A-B): Moderately elongated, distal edge reaching but not extending beyond distal edge of coxa IV; fulcrae and three marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 6-6; teeth straight, entirely covered with sensory papillae.

Mesosoma (Figs 31A-B, 32A, E): Pre-tergites I-VII and posterior margins of pre-tergites smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; intercarinal surfaces of I-VII densely covered with small spiniform granules, less so anteromedially; intercarinal surfaces of III-VII with distinct but faint reticulate network of ridges and dimples. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI short, their length less than third of sternite width, and distinctly crescent shaped. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 37B-C): Not markedly compressed laterally; sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so (segment V smooth in some specimens); dorsal intercarinal surface of V smooth and shiny medially; distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V (usually only faintly expressed anteriorly).

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae expressed anteriorly as a faint ridge on segment I, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); paired ventrosubmedian carinae weakly developed (as low ridges). Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two-thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segment I: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules. Segment II: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large posterior spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with two pairs of subposterior spiniform granules and one pair of median spiniform granules. Segment III-IV: dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carinae without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae without distinct granules or spines; anal arch crenulate. Ventral metasoma setation: Segment I-IV each with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segment V with 16 macrosetae, i.e. four pairs (anterior, median, subposterior and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and four pairs (anterior, supramedian, subposterior and posterior) on ventrolateral carinae.

Telson (Fig. 37B): Slightly longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (less than half of vesicle length), sharply curved. Hemispermatophore (Fig. 38): Stalk and stem approximately equal in size. Distal lamina curved, without distal crest on anterior margin; single laminar hook situated in basal third of stalk (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 0.39-0.43, median = 0.41); transverse ridge distinct, approximately aligned with base of laminar hook, merging with anterior margin more distally than base of laminar hook. Capsule: hemisolenos thin, folded on itself only proximally, distally unfolded towards flattened distal tip (tip and base approximately of same width), without lateral longitudinal carina, laterodistal accessory hook or medioposterior accessory apophysis; tip of hemisolenos more proximal than base of laminar hook, more distal than tip of clasper. Clasper well developed as a distinct hump, not hook-like, without anterior accessory process. Subex well developed, spoon-shaped, merging anteriorly with base of clasper; posterior edge forming obtuse angle (>90°) with hemisolenos; anterior edge forming right angle (90°) with hemisolenos.

Description of adult female: Same characters as in male except as follows. Pedipalps (Figs 31C-D, 33A, F, K): Segments slightly shorter or more robust than in male. Prolateral patellar process slightly less developed than in male.

Chela fingers (Fig. 34B): Dentate margins linear or nearly so, without pronounced lobe and notch, with two rows of primary denticles extending from tip to base of fingers and bearing large inner accessory denticles.

Carapace (Fig. 32B, D): Anteromedian surface and frontal lobes smooth, only faintly granular along median longitudinal sulci and anterior furcated sulci; posteromedian margin smooth; other surfaces less granular than in male.

Genital operculum (Fig. 35D): Oval to semi-oval, distinctly wider than long (length/width ratio = 0.67); opercular sclerites partly fused, with distinct median suture; posterior notch present, at least weakly developed. Pectines (Fig. 35D-E): Short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV. Pectinal teeth count 4-5; teeth short and straight, sensory papillae covering only distal half.

Mesosoma (Figs 31C-D, 32B, F): Post-tergites: intercarinal surfaces of I-III smooth, faintly granular laterally; intercarinal surfaces of IV-VI entirely smooth; intercarinal surfaces of VII smooth, posterior half sparsely granular.

Intraspecific variation: Pedipalp trichobothria: On the retrolateral side of the patella trichobothrium esb₂ may be located midway between esb₁ and em_1-2 rather than grouping with esb₁. This results in four (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est) rather than three (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est) groups. On the retrolateral side of the chela manus Esb may be more distal, aligning with Est.

Pectines: The pectinal teeth count varies from four to five in females.

Metasoma: Spination: one of the ventrosubmedian carinae of segment I may exceptionally contain an additional subposterior spiniform granule, whereas the ventrosubmedian carina of segment II in some specimens possesses one subposterior spiniform granule less than normal (three instead of four subposterior granules on ventrosubmedian carinae in total).

Hemispermatophore: The basal part/distal lamina ratio varies from 0.39 to 0.43 (median = 0.41).

Distribution and ecology: Hormurus oyawaka sp. nov. was only collected on Fergusson Island, D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago, off the northeastern tip of New Guinea, Milne Bay Province (Fig. 39). The species is probably endemic to Mount Maybole (locally known as Oya Waka), a mountain culminating at 1141 m, as indicated by the presence of H. oyatabu sp. nov., a distinct, closely related species, on Mount Kilkerran, the other peak of Fergusson island, located only 25 km to the east. Both species appear to occur only above 1000 m, whereas H. hypseloscolus sp. nov. is only found below 900 m in altitude.

The specimens examined were collected in a small-crowned lowland hill forest (Paijmans, 1975a, b, 1976) on steep terrain, under rocks in a dry streambed. The site receives little direct sunlight because of surrounding ridges and frequent clouds. Although the region had endured a month-long drought when the scorpions were collected, moisture was still present under logs and some rocks (F. Kraus, pers. comm.).

This species was treated under the manuscript name “Hormurus kilkerranicus” (part) in Monod (2011a: 287, 532, 542).

Material: AMNH [LP 2719]; ♂ holotype; Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Province, D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Fergusson Island, NE slope of Mount Kilkerran, 1100 m, 9.46°S, 150.78E; 21.VIII.2002; leg. F. Kraus. – AMNH [LP 2719]; 7 ♂ paratypes; same data as for holotype. – AMNH [LP 2720]; 8 ♀ paratypes; same data as for holotype; 19.VIII.2002; leg. F. Kraus. – UMMZ [LP 2722]; 3 subadult ♂, 3 subadult ♀ paratypes; same data as for holotype; 19.VIII.2002; leg. F. Kraus. – AMNH [LP 2723]; 3 juvenile ♀ paratypes; same data as for holotype but at 1000 m; 21.VIII.2002; leg. F. Kraus. – AMNH [LP 2732]; 6 ♀ paratypes; same data as for holotype; 19.VIII.2002; leg. F. Kraus.

Etymology: Oya Tabu is the local name of the Kilkerran Massif, which includes the highest peak on Fergusson Island (1947 m). The epithet is an invariable name in apposition.

Diagnosis: Hormurus oyatabu sp. nov. is closely related to H. oyawaka sp. nov. but differs in the following combination of characters: the patellar process is less strongly developed (Figs 40, 42F-G, I) than in H. oyawaka sp. nov. (Figs 31, 33F-G, I); the prolateral outline of the male pedipalp chela has two distinct angles (Fig. 42B) instead of forming a regular curve (Fig. 33B); the basal lobe of the fixed chela finger of males is weaker (Fig. 43A) than in H. oyawaka sp. nov. (Fig. 34A); the telson is slightly more slender and elongated (Fig. 46A-B) than in H. oyawaka sp. nov. (Fig. 37A-B).

Description of adult male (holotype): Colouration (Fig. 40A-B): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus orange with darker infuscation, more pronounced anteriorly; fingers dark brown. Carapace reddish brown, median ocular region black. Tergites brown. Pedipalps reddish brown; carinae and fingers black. Legs paler than tergites, dorsal surface pale brown to orange with darker infuscation except on telotarsi; ventral surface brown to yellow, distal segments (tibiae, basitarsi and telotarsi) paler than basal ones; prolateral carina of femora black. Coxapophyses I-II dark brown, anterior tip pale yellow; leg coxae brown with orange spots and black anterior margin; sternum dark brown, slightly paler posteriorly than anteriorly; genital operculum and pectines pale yellow. Sternites III-V brown, their posterior half pale yellow; sternite VI darker than other sternites, posterior half slightly paler than anterior half; sternite VII dark brown. Metasoma reddish brown with darker infuscation; telson paler than metasoma, vesicle dark orange, aculeus reddish brown.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 41A, C): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct. Median ocular tubercle slightly raised; median ocelli present, at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by more than the diameter of a median ocellus. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to each other. Surfaces minutely and densely granular, except for smooth anterior areas of frontal lobes and median ocular area.

Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 40A-B, 42B-E, G-J, L-O): Segments moderately elongated, with femur slightly longer than carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 43A, C-D): Fixed finger: basal lobe present but weakly developed; suprabasal notch distinct and deep; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to median lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on suprabasal notch; single row of sparse denticles on basal lobe. Movable finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal lobe well developed, conical, gently rounded dorsally and lacking sharp conical tooth, not overlapping with fixed finger; suprabasal lobe and corresponding notch on fixed finger with distinct proximal gap; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to suprabasal lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on basal notch; few sparse denticles basally.

Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 42L-O): proventral carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; promedian carinae absent; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, similarly developed as proventral carina; retrodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, slightly less developed than prodorsal carina, more distinct in proximal third of segment; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, more developed than retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only discernible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules. Patella (Fig. 42G-J): proventral carina discernible as costate-granular ridge proximally, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium to large spiniform granules, equally developed, fused medially into low spiniform process lacking medially located pointed apex; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of small to medium-sized spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium-sized granules). Chela manus (Fig. 42B-E): proventral and promedian carinae visible as faint ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed; prodorsal carina obsolete; dorsomedian carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina obsolete; digital carina visible as a ridge of small spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only discernible proximal to condyle of movable finger as a ridge of small spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium to large granules); ventromedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules. Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 42L-O): prolateral intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small spiniform granules, smooth proximally; ventral intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth distally. Patella (Fig. 42G-J): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small spiniform granules, distal half smooth; dorsal intercarinal surface covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral intercarinal surface with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 42B-E): prolateral intercarinal surface covered with dense reticulate network of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela fingers densely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, smooth or nearly so distally, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db each in a small smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 42G-J): d₂ trichobothrium distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobothria arranged in four groups (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est); three et trichobothria; three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 42B-E): Dt situated in proximal third of manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb closer to Est than to Eb group; Est situated near midpoint of manus; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb closer to eb than to est; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria.

Coxosternum (Fig. 44A, C): Coxa III elongated anterodistally, without anterodistal process. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), wider than long.

Legs (Fig. 45): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, pro- and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 4/5, 4/5, 4/5 and 4/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively. Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral row each with 4/4, 4/4, 5/5 and 5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with one proximal spinule; ventromedian spinules absent. Ungues curved, shorter than telotarsus, half its length or less.

Genital operculum (Fig. 44A): Composed of two subtriangular sclerites.

Pectines (Fig. 44A-B): Moderately elongated, distal edge reaching but not extending beyond distal edge of coxa IV; fulcrae and three marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 6-7; teeth straight, entirely covered with sensory papillae.

Mesosoma (Figs 40A-B, 41A, E): Pre-tergites I-VII and posterior margins smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; intercarinal surfaces of I-VII densely covered with small spiniform granules, less so anteromedially; intercarinal surfaces of III-VII with distinct but faint reticulate network of ridges and dimples. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI short, their length less than third of sternite width, and distinctly crescent shaped. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 46B-C): Not markedly compressed laterally; sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so (segment V smooth in some specimens); dorsal intercarinal surface of segment V smooth and shiny medially; distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V than on other segments (usually only faintly expressed anteriorly).

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae anteriorly discernible as a faint ridge on segment I, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); paired ventrosubmedian carinae weakly developed (as low ridges). Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two-thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segment I: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with 1-2 pairs of subposterior spiniform granules and rarely one pair of median spiniform granules. Segment II: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large posterior spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with 1-3 pairs of posterior spiniform granules and 0-2 pairs of median spiniform granules. Segments III-IV: dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carinae without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae without distinct granules or spines; anal arch crenulate.

Ventral metasoma setation: Segments I-IV each with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segment V with 16 macrosetae, i.e. four pairs (anterior, median, subposterior and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and four pairs (anterior, supramedian, subposterior and posterior) on ventrolateral carinae.

Telson (Fig. 46B): Slightly longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (less than half of vesicle length), sharply curved. Hemispermatophore (Fig. 47): Stalk and stem approximately equal in size. Distal lamina curved, without distal crest on anterior margin; single laminar hook situated in basal third of stalk (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 0.39-0.58, median = 0.49); transverse ridge distinct, approximately aligned with base of laminar hook, merging with anterior margin more distally than base of laminar hook. Capsule: hemisolenos thin, folded on itself only proximally, above that unfolded to a flattened distal area (tip and base approximately of same width), without lateral longitudinal carina, laterodistal accessory hook or medioposterior accessory apophysis; tip of hemisolenos more proximal than base of laminar hook, more distal than tip of clasper. Clasper well developed, forming distinct hump, not hook-like, without anterior accessory process. Subex well developed, spoon-shaped, merging anteriorly with base of clasper; posterior edge forming obtuse angle (>90°) with hemisolenos; anterior edge forming right angle (90°) with hemisolenos.

Description of adult female: Same characters as for male except as follows. Pedipalps (Figs 40C-D, 42A, F, K): Segments slightly shorter or more robust than in male.

Chela fingers (Fig. 43B): Dentate margins linear or nearly so, without pronounced lobe and notch, with two rows of primary denticles extending from tip to base of fingers and bearing large inner accessory denticles.

Carapace (Fig. 41B, D): Anteromedian surface and frontal lobes smooth, only faintly granular along median longitudinal sulci and anterior furcated sulci; posteromedian margin smooth; other surfaces less granular than in male.

Genital operculum (Fig. 44D): Oval to semi-oval, distinctly wider than long (length/width ratio = 0.66-0.81, median = 0.74); opercular sclerites partly fused, with distinct median suture; posterior notch present, at least weakly developed.

Pectines (Fig. 44D-E): Short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV. Pectinal teeth count 4-6; teeth short and straight, sensory papillae covering only distal half.

Mesosoma (Fig. 40C-D, 41B, F): Post-tergites: intercarinal surfaces of I-III smooth, faintly granular laterally; intercarinal surfaces of IV-VI entirely smooth; intercarinal surfaces of VII smooth, posterior half with sparse granules laterally.

Intraspecific variation: Pedipalp trichobothria: On the retrolateral side of the patella trichobotria esb, em and est may be arranged in three groups instead of four, i.e. esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est (esb₁ closer to esb₂). On the retrolateral side of the pedipalp chela of some specimens Esb is more distal than in others, aligning with Est.

Leg spination: The number of setiform macrosetae varies from three to four in the proventral rows of telotarsi II-III, and from four to five in the retroventral row of telotarsi III-IV.

Female genital operculum: The length/width ratio varies from 0.66 to 0.81 (median = 0.74).

Pectines: The pectinal teeth count varies from five to seven in males and from four to six in females.

Metasoma: Spination: 1-2 pairs of subposterior spiniform granules and 0-1 pair of median spiniform granules are present on the ventrosubmedian carinae of segment I. Similarly, the ventrosubmedian carinae of segment II possess 1-3 pairs of posterior spiniform granules and 0-2 pairs of median spiniform granules. For each segment one granule more or one granule less may be expressed in each group of granules.

Ventral metasoma setation: Segments I-IV may bear eight or nine macrosetae instead of ten, and segment V 15 instead of 16 due to the non-expression of one or two macrosetae.

Hemispermatophore: The basal part/distal lamina ratio varies from 0.39 to 0.58 (median = 0.49).

Distribution and ecology: Hormurus oyatabu sp. nov. is probably endemic to Mount Kilkerran, the highest peak of Fergusson island, D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago, off the northeastern tip of New Guinea, Milne Bay Province (Fig. 48; see description of H. oyawaka sp. nov. for details). The specimens were collected in a habitat very similar to that of H. oyawaka sp. nov., i.e. under the rocks of a dry streambed (with moisture still present under logs and rocks) in a small-crowned lowland hill forest (Paijmans, 1975a, b, 1976) on steep terrain (F. Kraus, pers. comm.).

Material: AMNH [LP 4741]; ♂ holotype; Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Province, Woodlark Island, 1 km N of Guasopa, 30 m, disturbed rainforest on limestone, 9.21°S, 152.94°E; 24.I.2003; leg. J.D. Slapcinsky (JS-0591). – AMNH [LP 4741]; 1 ♂, 2 ♀ paratypes; same data as for holotype. – UMMZ [LP 4741]; 1 subadult ♂, 1 juvenile ♂, 1 juvenile ♀ paratypes; same data as for holotype.

Etymology: In the regional dialect, Muyua is the name of Woodlark Island where the type specimens were collected. The epithet is an invariable name in apposition.

Diagnosis: Hormurus muyua sp. nov. and H. slapcinskyi sp. nov. can be distinguished from the other Papuan congeners by the position of the hemispermatophore lamellar hook and the shape of the female genital operculum. Among the species with a subdistal hemispermatophore lamellar hook (situated between 1/3 and 3/7 from the base of the stalk; basal part/distal lamina ratio > 0.5 and < 0.75), H. muyua sp. nov. and H. slapcinskyi sp. nov. are the only species in which the female genital operculum is distinctly wider than long (length/width ratio < 0.85).

Hormurus muyua sp. nov. differs from H. slapcinskyi sp. nov. in the following characters: (1) the carapace and tergite surfaces in H. muyua sp. nov. (Fig. 51) are slightly less granular than in H. slapcinskyi sp. nov. (Fig. 60); (2) the pedipalp segments in H. muyua sp. nov. (Fig. 52) are higher and less elongated than in H. slapcinskyi sp. nov. (Fig. 61); (3) the retrodorsal carina of the pedipalp femur is slightly less developed than the prodorsal and retroventral carinae in H. muyua sp. nov. (Fig. 52K-M), whereas it is markedly less developed than the prodorsal and retroventral carinae in H. slapcinskyi sp. nov. (Fig. 61K-M); (4) metasoma segment I bears eight macrosetae in males of H. muyua sp. nov. (Fig. 56C) instead of ten in the male of H. slapcinskyi sp. nov. (Fig. 65C); (5) the hemispermatophore distal lamina in H. muyua sp. nov. (Fig. 57) is less curved (almost straight) than in H. slapcinskyi sp. nov. (Fig. 66).

Description of adult male (holotype): Colouration (Figs 49, 50A-B): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus dark orange with brown infuscation, more pronounced anteriorly; fingers dark brown to black. Carapace reddish brown, median ocular region black. Tergites brown. Pedipalps reddish brown; carinae and fingers black. Legs paler than tergites, dorsal surface orange to yellow distally; ventral surface dark orange to yellow (tibiae, telotarsi and basitarsi paler than other segments); prolateral carina of femora black. Coxapophyses I-II dark brown, their anterior tips pale yellow; leg coxae orange; sternum orange, posteriorly slightly paler than anteriorly; genital operculum and pectines pale yellow. Sternites III-V brown, their posterior halves pale yellow; sternites VI-VII dark brown. Metasoma reddish brown with darker infuscation; telson paler than metasoma, vesicle dark orange, aculeus reddish brown.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 51A, C): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct. Median ocular tubercle slightly raised; median ocelli present, at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by approximately the diameter of a median ocellus. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to each other. Surfaces minutely and sparsely granular, except for smooth anterior areas of frontal lobes, median ocular area and posteromedian margin.

Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 49, 50A-B, 52B-E, G-J, L-O): Segments distinctly elongated, femur longer than carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 53A, C-D): Fixed finger: basal lobe well developed and conical; suprabasal notch distinct and deep; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to median lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; few sparse denticles on suprabasal notch; single row of denticles on basal lobe. Movable finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal lobe well developed, conical, gently rounded dorsally and lacking sharp conical tooth, not overlapping with fixed finger; suprabasal lobe and corresponding notch on fixed finger contiguous, no proximal gap or at most a reduced gap evident only when fingers closed; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to suprabasal lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on basal notch; single row of sparse denticles basally.

Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 52L-O): proventral carina expressed as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; promedian carinae absent; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, similarly developed as proventral carina; retrodorsal carina expressed as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, similarly developed as prodorsal carina, more distinct in proximal third of segment; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, more developed than retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only discernible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules. Patella (Fig. 52G-J): proventral carina discernible as a costate-granular ridge proximally, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium to large spiniform granules, equally developed, fused medially into prominent spiniform process with medially located pointed apex; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium-sized granules). Chela manus (Fig. 52B-E): proventral and promedian carinae visible as faint ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed; prodorsal carina obsolete, visible as a very faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; dorsomedian carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina obsolete; digital carina visible as a ridge of small spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only distinct proximal to condyle of movable finger, visible as a ridge of small spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium to large granules); ventromedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules.

Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 52L-O): prolateral intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral dorsal intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules; retrolateral ventral intercarinal surface smooth or nearly so, with few small spiniform granules scattered distally; ventral intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth distally. Patella (Fig. 52G-J): prolateral intercarinal surface densely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth distally; dorsal intercarinal surface covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral intercarinal surface with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 52B-E): prolateral intercarinal surface covered with dense reticulate network of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela fingers densely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, smooth or nearly so distally, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db together in a single large smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 52G-J): d₂ trichobothrium distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobotria arranged in three groups (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est); three et trichobothria; three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 52B-E): Dt situated in proximal third of manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb closer to Est than to Eb group; Est situated near midpoint; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb closer to eb than to est; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria.

Coxosternum (Fig. 54A, C): Coxa III elongated anterodistally, without anterodistal process. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), wider than long.

Legs (Fig. 55): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, pro- and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 4/4, 4/4, 4/5 and 4/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively. Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral row each with 3/4, 4/4, 4/4 and 4-5/4-5 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with one proximal spinule; ventromedian spinules absent. Ungues curved, shorter than telotarsus, half its length or less.

Genital operculum (Fig. 54A): Composed of two subtriangular sclerites.

Pectines (Fig. 54A-B): Moderately elongated, distal edge reaching but not extending beyond distal edge of coxa IV; fulcrae and three marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 8-9; teeth straight, entirely covered with sensory papillae.

Mesosoma (Figs 50A-B, 51A, E): Pre-tergites I-VII and posterior margins of pre-tergites smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; intercarinal surfaces of I-VII densely covered with small spiniform granules, less so anteromedially on segments I-IV; intercarinal surfaces of III-VII with distinct but faint reticulate network of ridges and dimples. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI short, their length less than third of sternite width, and distinctly crescent-shaped. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 56B-C): Not markedly compressed laterally; intercarinal surfaces sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so; dorsal intercarinal surface of V smooth and shiny medially; distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V (usually only faintly expressed anteriorly).

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae discernible anteriorly as a faint ridge on segment I, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); paired ventrosubmedian carinae weakly developed (as low ridges). Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segment I: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules. Segment II: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior and 0-1 pair of median spiniform granules. Segments III-IV: dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carina without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae without distinct granules or spines; anal arch crenulate.

Ventral metasoma setation: segment I with eight macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and one pair (anterior) on ventrolateral carinae; segments II-IV each with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segment V with 16 macrosetae, i.e. four pairs (anterior, median, subposterior and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and four pairs (anterior, supramedian, subposterior and posterior) on ventrolateral carinae.

Telson (Fig. 56B): Slightly longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (less than half of vesicle length), sharply curved.

Hemispermatophore (Fig. 57): Stalk and stem approximately equal in size. Distal lamina very slightly curved, almost straight, without distal crest on anterior margin; a single laminar hook, submedian, situated between 1/3 and 3/7 from base of stalk (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 0.49-0.58, median = 0.52); transverse ridge distinct, more proximal than base of laminar hook, merging with anterior margin more distally than base of laminar hook. Capsule: hemisolenos thin, folded on itself only proximally, above that unfolded to flattened distal tip (tip and base approximately of the same width), without lateral longitudinal carina, laterodistal accessory hook or medioposterior accessory apophysis; tip of hemisolenos more proximal than base of laminar hook, more distal than tip of clasper. Clasper well developed, forming a distinct hump, not hook-like, without anterior accessory process. Subex well developed, spoon-shaped, merging anteriorly with base of clasper; posterior edge forming obtuse angle (>90°) with hemisolenos; anterior edge forming right angle (90°) with hemisolenos.

Description of adult female: Same characters as for male except as follows. Colouration (Fig. 50C-D): Legs, telson, coxapophyses, sternum and sternites slightly darker than in male.

Pedipalps (Figs 50C-D, 52A, F, K): Segments distinctly shorter or more robust than in male.

Chela fingers (Fig. 53B): Dentate margins linear or nearly so, without pronounced lobe and notch, with two rows of primary denticles extending from tip to base of fingers and bearing large inner accessory denticles.

Carapace (Fig. 51B, D): Anteromedian surface and frontal lobes smooth, only faintly granular along median longitudinal sulci and anterior furcated sulci.

Genital operculum (Fig. 54D): Oval to semi-oval, distinctly wider than long (length/width ratio = 0.73-0.84, median = 0.78); opercular sclerites partly fused, with distinct median suture; posterior notch present, at least weakly developed.

Pectines (Fig. 54D-E): Short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV. Pectinal teeth count 6-8; teeth short and straight, sensory papillae only covering distal half.

Mesosoma (Figs 50C-D, 51B, F): Post-tergites: reticulate network of ridges and dimples on segments III-VI more distinct than on other segments; intercarinal surfaces of I-III medially smooth, laterally granular; intercarinal surfaces of IV-VI almost totally smooth, faintly granular along lateral margins; intercarinal surfaces of VII densely granular, its proximal third smooth.

Metasoma (Fig. 56A): Ventral metasoma setation: segment I with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae.

Intraspecific variation: Pedipalp trichobothria: In some specimens trichobotria esb, em and est on the retrolateral side of the patella are arranged in four groups instead of three, i.e. esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est (esb₁ apart from esb₂). On the retrolateral side of the pedipalp chela Esb may be more distal, aligning with Est.

Leg spination: The number of setiform macrosetae varies from three to four in the proventral rows of telotarsi I-II and in the retroventral row of telotarsi I, and from four to five in the proventral rows of telotarsi III-IV and in the retroventral row of telotarsi IV.

Female genital operculum: The length/width ratio varies from 0.73 to 0.84 (median = 0.78).

Pectines: The pectinal teeth count varies from eight to nine in males and from six to eight in females.

Metasoma: Spination: An additional subposterior spiniform granule may be expressed on one of the ventrosubmedian carinae of segment I. The ventrosubmedian carinae of segment II possess 0-1 pair of median spiniform granules, and one granule less may be expressed in the subposterior pair.

Ventral metasoma setation: In males an additional supramedian macroseta may be expressed on one of the ventrolateral carinae of segment I, making it a total of nine macrosetae instead of the usual eight.

Hemispermatophores: The basal part/distal lamina ratio varies from 0.49 to 0.58 (median = 0.52).

Distribution: Hormurus muyua sp. nov. is probably endemic to Woodlark Island, off the eastern tip of New Guinea, Milne Bay Province (Fig. 58).

Conservation status: Since 2007 the forests of Woodlark Island have been threatened by several agroforestry, logging and mining projects (Hance, 2008, 2014; Kraus, 2017b, 2021; Cerullo, 2019, 2020). These projects from various extractive industries, if carried out, would have disastrous consequences on the endemic fauna of Woodlark Island, probably driving many representatives of the endemic biota of the island, including scorpions, to extinction (Kraus, 2021).

In 2007 Carter Holdings Limited, formerly Vitroplant Limited, acquired a lease to develop a large-scale biofuel project on the island. The company was planning to clear 70 % of the island forests to establish a monoculture oil palm plantation. Following a large public campaign against the project, the lease was temporarily put on hold by the Papua New Guinea government. However, in 2019 the customary landownership of the islanders was revoked by the Waigani National Court in favor of Carter Holdings Limited (Robby, 2020), and 60,400 hectares of forests were then returned as agricultural lease to the company.

Moreover, in 2014, Kulawood Limited, a Malaysian logging company, submitted a forest clearance application concerning 30,000 hectares of forests (around 40 % of the island surface) to the Papua New Guinean Forest Authority. Today, the status of the application remains unknown. In 2019, the Australian mining company Geopacific Resources Limited that is running exploratory operations on the island started to expand its infrastructure in preparation for an open-pit gold mine with deep-sea mine tailings disposal, an undertaking which involves the relocation of a complete village. The company faces strong opposition from the local community and discussions between the two parties and the Mineral Resources Authority (MRA) of Papua New Guinea are currently ongoing to solve the dispute.

Material: AMNH [LP 4741]; ♂ holotype; Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Province, Woodlark Island, 1 km N of Guasopa, 30 m, disturbed rainforest on limestone, 9.21°S, 152.94°E; 24.I.2003; leg. J.D. Slapcinsky (JS-0591). – AMNH [LP 4741]; 1 ♀ paratype; same data as for holotype.

Etymology: The species is named after John Slapcinsky, a prominent limnologist from the Florida Museum of Natural History, who conducted several invertebrate surveys in Papua New Guinea, and who collected a large part of the material studied in this paper, including the type specimens of this species. The epithet is an invariable name in apposition.

Diagnosis: Hormurus slapcinskyi sp. nov. differs from H. muyua sp. nov. in the following characters: (1) the carapace surface and tergite surfaces in H. slapcinskyi sp. nov. (Fig. 60) are slightly more granular than in H. muyua sp. nov. (Fig. 51); (2) the pedipalp segments in H. slapcinskyi sp. nov. (Fig. 61) are not as high and more elongated than in H. muyua sp. nov. (Fig. 52); (3) the retrodorsal carina of the pedipalp femur is markedly less developed than the prodorsal and retroventral carinae in H. slapcinskyi sp. nov. (Fig. 61K-M), whereas it is slighlty less developed than the prodorsal and retroventral carinae in H. muyua sp. nov. (Fig. 52K-M); (4) metasoma segment I bears ten macrosetae in the male of H. slapcinskyi sp. nov. (Fig. 65C) instead of eight in the males of H. muyua sp. nov. (Fig. 56C); (5) the distal lamina of the hemispermatophore in H. slapcinskyi sp. nov. (Fig. 66) is distinclty more curved than in H. slapcinskyi sp. nov. (Fig. 57).

Description of adult male: Colouration (Fig. 59A-B): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus dark orange with brown infuscation, more pronounced anteriorly; fingers dark brown to black. Carapace reddish brown, median ocular region black. Tergites brown. Pedipalps reddish brown; carinae and fingers black. Legs paler than tergites, dorsal surface pale brown to yellow distally; ventral surface dark orange to yellow (tibiae, telotarsi and basitarsi paler); prolateral carina of femora black. Coxapophyses I-II dark brown, their anterior tips pale yellow; leg coxae and sternum brown; genital operculum and pectines yellow. Sternites III-V brown to dark brown, their posterior margins paler than the remaining surfaces; sternites VI-VII dark brown. Metasoma reddish brown with darker infuscation; telson paler than metasoma, vesicle orange, aculeus reddish brown.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 60A, C): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct. Median ocular tubercle slightly raised; median ocelli present, at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by approximately the diameter of a median ocellus. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to each other. Surfaces minutely and densely granular, except for smooth anterior areas of frontal lobes and median ocular area.

Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 59A-B, 61B-E, G-J, L-O): Segments distinctly elongated, femur longer than carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 62A, C-D): Fixed finger: basal lobe well developed and conical; suprabasal notch distinct and deep; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to median lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; few scattered denticles on suprabasal notch; a single row of denticles on basal lobe. Movable finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal lobe well developed, conical, gently rounded dorsally and lacking sharp conical tooth, not overlapping with fixed finger; suprabasal lobe and corresponding notch on fixed finger contiguous, no proximal gap or at most a reduced gap evident only when fingers closed; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to suprabasal lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; single row of sparse denticles basally.

Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 61L-O): proventral carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; promedian carinae absent; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, similarly developed as proventral carina; retrodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, less strongly developed than prodorsal carina, more distinct in proximal third of segment; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, distinctly more developed than retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only discernible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules. Patella (Fig. 61G-J): proventral carina discernible as costate-granular ridge proximally, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed, fused medially into prominent spiniform process with pointed medially located apex; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium-sized granules). Chela manus (Fig. 61B-E): proventral and promedian carinae visible as faint ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed; prodorsal carina obsolete, visible as a very faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; dorsomedian carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina obsolete; digital carina visible as a ridge of small spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only discernible proximal to condyle of movable finger as a ridge of small spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium to large granules); ventromedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules.

Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 61L-O): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with minute spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small spiniform granules, proximally smooth; ventral intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth distally. Patella (Fig. 61G-J): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth distally; dorsal intercarinal surface covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral intercarinal surface with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 61B-E): prolateral intercarinal surface covered with dense reticulate network of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela fingers densely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, smooth or nearly so distally, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db together in a single large smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 61G-J): d₂ trichobothria distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobotria arranged in three groups (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est); three et trichobothria; three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 61B-E): Dt situated in proximal third of manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb closer to Est than to Eb group; Est situated near midpoint; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb only slightly closer to eb than to est; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria.

Coxosternum (Fig. 63A, C): Coxa III elongated anterodistally, without anterodistal process. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), wider than long.

Legs (Fig. 64): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, pro- and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 4/4, 4/5, 4/5 and 4/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively. Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral row each with 3/4, 4/4, 4/4 and 5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with one proximal spinule; ventromedian spinules absent. Ungues curved, shorter than telotarsus, half its length or less.

Genital operculum (Fig. 63A, C): Composed of two subtriangular sclerites.

Pectines (Fig. 63A-B): Moderately elongated, distal edge reaching but not extending beyond distal edge of coxa IV; fulcrae and three marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 8-9; teeth straight, entirely covered with sensory papillae.

Mesosoma (Figs 59A-B, 60A, E): Pre-tergites I-VII and posterior margins of pre-tergites smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; intercarinal surfaces of I-VII densely covered with small spiniform granules; intercarinal surfaces of III-VII with distinct but faint reticulate network of ridges and dimples. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI short, their length less than third of sternite width, and distinctly crescent shaped. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 65B-C): Not markedly compressed laterally; intercarinal surfaces sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so; dorsal intercarinal surface of V smooth and shiny medially; distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V (usually only faintly expressed anteriorly).

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae visible anteriorly as a faint ridge on segment I, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); paired ventrosubmedian carinae weakly developed (as low ridges). Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two-thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segment I: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules. Segment II: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules and one pair of median spiniform granules. Segments III-IV: dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carinae without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae without distinct granules or spines; anal arch crenulate.

Ventral metasoma setation: Segments I-IV each with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segment V with 16 macrosetae, i.e. four pairs (anterior, median, subposterior and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and four pairs (anterior, supramedian, subposterior and posterior) on ventrolateral carinae.

Telson (Fig. 65B): Slightly longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (less than half of vesicle length), sharply curved.

Hemispermatophore (Fig. 66): Stalk and stem approximately equal in size. Distal lamina curved, almost straight, without distal crest on anterior margin; a single laminar hook, submedian, situated between 1/3 and 3/7 from base of stalk (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 0.52-0.56, median = 0.54); transverse ridge distinct, more proximal than base of laminar hook, merging with anterior margin more distally than base of laminar hook. Capsule: hemisolenos thin, folded on itself only proximally, above that unfolded to flattened distal tip (tip and base approximately of same width), without lateral longitudinal carina, laterodistal accessory hook or medioposterior accessory apophysis; tip of hemisolenos more proximal than base of laminar hook, more distal than tip of clasper. Clasper well developed as a distinct hump, not hook-like, without anterior accessory process. Subex well developed, spoon-shaped, merging anteriorly with base of clasper; posterior edge forming obtuse angle (>90°) with hemisolenos; anterior edge forming right angle (90°) with hemisolenos.

Description of adult female: Same characters as for male except as follows. Colouration (Fig. 59C-D): Legs and telson slightly darker than in male.

Pedipalps (Figs 59C-D, 61A, F, K): Segments noticeably shorter or more robust than in male.

Chela fingers (Fig. 62B): Dentate margins linear or nearly so, without pronounced lobe and notch, with two rows of primary denticles extending from tip to base of fingers and bearing large inner accessory denticles.

Carapace (Fig. 60B, D): Posteromedian margin smooth. Genital operculum (Fig. 63D, F): Oval to semi-oval, distinctly wider than long (length/width ratio = 0.78); opercular sclerites partly fused, with distinct median suture; posterior notch present, at least weakly developed. Pectines (Fig. 63D-E): Short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV. Pectinal teeth count 7; teeth short and straight, sensory papillae covering only distal half.

Mesosoma (Figs 59C-D, 60B, F): Post-tergites: reticulate network of ridges and dimples on segments III-VII more distinct than in male; intercarinal surfaces of I-III medially smooth, laterally granular; intercarinal surfaces of IV-VI almost completely smooth, faintly granular along lateral margins; intercarinal surfaces of VII densely granular, proximal third smooth.

Intraspecific variation: Pedipalp trichobothria: In some specimens trichobotria esb, em and est on the retrolateral side of the patella are arranged in four groups instead of three, i.e. esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est (esb₁ apart from esb₂). On the retrolateral side of the pedipalp chela Esb may be more distal, aligning with Est.

Leg spination: The number of setiform macrosetae varies from three to four in the proventral row on telotarsi II and from four to five in the proventral row on telotarsi IV.

Pectines: The pectinal teeth count varies from eight to nine in males.

Metasoma: Spination: One less granule may be expressed in the median group of granules of the ventrosubmedian carinae on segment I.

Ventral metasoma setation: Segment I may bear nine macrosetae instead of ten because one of the supramedian macrosetae of the ventrolateral carinae is not expressed in some specimens.

Hemispermatophores: The basal part/distal lamina ratio varies from 0.52 to 0.56 (median = 0.54).

Distribution: Hormurus slapcinskyi sp. nov. is probably endemic to Woodlark Island, off the eastern tip of New Guinea, Milne Bay Province (Fig. 58).

This species was treated under the manuscript name “Hormurus ankistros” in Monod (2011a: 281, 532, 536, figs 17A-B, 18, 26-28).

Material: AMNH [LP 4339]; ♀ holotype; Papua New Guinea, Sandaun Province, Sindik, 0.3 km NW of Parkop village, 3 km NW of Sibilanga Mission, 426 m, broadleaf tropical hill forest, 3.42°S, 142.52°E; 12.V.2005; leg. J.D. Slapcinsky, S. Nimbisan & K. Netchy (JS 793). – AMNH [LP 4339]; 1 subadult ♀paratype; same data as for holotype.

Etymology: The species name ancylolobus is the Latinized version of the ancient Greek words “ἀγκύλoς” [crooked, curved, beaked, hooked] and “λoβóς” [elongated projection, protuberance]. The epithet is an invariable noun in apposition and refers to the unusual hook-like anterodistal process of coxae III observed in the female holotype. Except for the present species, these anterodistal processes are absent in Hormurus females, only present in males of H. krausi sp. nov. and H. papuanus.

Diagnosis: Hormurus ancylolobus sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from other Papuan congeners by the presence of pointed processes at the anterodistal tips of coxae II-III in mature females (Fig. 70B, D-E). Those are hook-like and more strongly developed on coxae III than on coxae II. This unique character is not present in any other known Hormurus species. Moreover, the median notch of the anterior carapace margin in H. ancylolobus sp. nov. (Fig. 68A) is deeper than in other Papuan Hormurus.

Description of adult female: Colouration (Fig. 67): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus light brown with darker infuscation, more pronounced anteriorly; fingers black. Carapace black with lighter spots (reddish brown) in posterior half. Tergites brown. Pedipalps black, ventral intercarinal surfaces reddish brown. Legs dark brown with a network of lighter spots, as dark as tergites. Coxapophyses I-II black, their anterior tips brown; leg coxae and sternum brown with a network of orange spots; genital operculum and pectines yellow. Sternites III-VI brown to dark brown; sternite V with posterior margin pale yellow; sternite VII dark brown to black. Metasoma black, intercarinal surfaces slightly lighter (reddish brown). Telson reddish brown to black, aculeus black.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 68A-B): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct. Median ocular tubercle slightly raised; median ocelli present, at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by approximately the diameter of a median ocellus. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to each other. Surfaces minutely and densely granular except for smooth anterior areas of frontal lobes and of median ocular area.

Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 67, 69): Segments rather short, femur approximately equal in length to carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 70A): Dentate margins of movable and fixed fingers linear or nearly so, without pronounced lobe and notch, with two rows of primary denticles extending from tip to base of fingers and bearing large inner accessory denticles.

Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 69I-L): proventral carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; promedian ventral carina obsolete, reduced to a single large granule in basal third of segment; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, more developed than proventral carina; retrodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, similarly developed as prodorsal carina; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, similarly developed as retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only discernible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules. Patella (Fig. 69E-H): proventral carina discernible as a costate-granular ridge proximally, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium to large spiniform granules, these equally developed and fused medially into a prominent spiniform process with a pointed, medially located apex; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium to large granules). Chela manus (Fig. 69A-D): proventral and promedian carinae visible as faint ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, these equally developed; prodorsal carina obsolete, visible as a very faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; dorsomedian carina visible as a faint ridge of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina obsolete; digital carina visible as a ridge of small spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only distinct proximal to condyle of movable finger, expressed as a ridge of small spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium-sized granules); ventromedian carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, becoming decreasingly pronounced distally.

Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 69I-L): prolateral intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral intercarinal surface almost entirely smooth, very sparsely covered with small spiniform granules; proximal half of ventral intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal half smooth. Patella (Fig. 69E-H): prolateral intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; dorsal intercarinal surface covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; retrolateral intercarinal surface with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 69A-D): prolateral intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela fingers densely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, smooth or nearly so distally, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db together in a single large smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 69E-H): d₂ trichobothrium distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobotria arranged in three groups, i.e. esb₁, esb₂+em_1-2 and est (esb₂ closer to em_1-2 than to esb₁); three et trichobothria; three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 69A-D): Dt situated in proximal third of manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb aligned with Est; Est situated near midpoint; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb closer to eb than to est; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria.

Coxosternum (Fig. 70B, D-E): Coxa II with a distinct but small pointed anterodistal process. Coxa III with a distinct hook-like anterodistal process. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), wider than long.

Legs (Fig. 71): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, pro- and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 4/4, 4/5, 4/5 and 4/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively. Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral row each with 3/3-4, 4/4, 5/5 and 5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with one proximal spinule; ventromedian spinules absent. Ungues curved, shorter than telotarsus, more than half its length.

Genital operculum (Fig. 70B): Oval to semi-oval, distinctly wider than long (length/width ratio = 0.83); opercular sclerites partly fused, with distinct median suture; posterior notch present, at least weakly developed.

Pectines (Fig. 70B-C): Short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV; fulcrae and three marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 9-10; teeth short and straight, sensory papillae covering only distal half.

Mesosoma (Figs 67, 68A, C-D): Pre-tergites I-VII and posterior margins of pre-tergites smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; intercarinal surfaces of I-II medially smooth, laterally granular; intercarinal surfaces of III-VI almost totally smooth, faintly granular along lateral margins; intercarinal surfaces of VII densely granular, proximal third smooth; intercarinal surfaces of III-VII with distinct reticulate network of ridges and dimples. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI long, their length at least one third of sternite width, and distinctly crescent shaped. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 72): Not markedly compressed laterally; sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so (segment IV-V almost smooth); dorsal intercarinal surface of V smooth and shiny medially; a distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V (usually only faintly expressed anteriorly).

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae on segment I anteriorly expressed as a faint ridge, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); paired ventrosubmedian carinae weakly developed (as low ridges). Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two-thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segment I: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules and with 0-1 pair of median granules. Segment II: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules and 1-2 pairs of median spiniform granules. Segments III-IV: dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carina without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventromedian carina without spiniform granules; anal arch crenulate.

Ventral metasoma setation: Segments I-IV each with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segment V with 16 macrosetae, i.e. four pairs (anterior, median, subposterior and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae, and four pairs (anterior, supramedian, subposterior and posterior) on ventrolateral carinae.

Telson (Fig. 72A): Slightly longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (less than half of vesicle length), sharply curved.

Intraspecific variation: Leg spination: The number of setiform macrosetae in the retroventral row of telotarsi I varies from three to four.

Pectines: The pectinal teeth count varies from nine to ten in females.

Metasoma: Spination: One extra granule may be expressed in the median and subposterior groups of the ventrosubmedian carinae of segments I-II. One spiniform granule may be expressed in the posterior half of one of the ventrolateral carinae of segment V.

Distribution: Hormurus ancylolobus sp. nov. is only known from one locality in northern Papua New Guinea, Sandaun Province (Fig. 73).

Material: AMNH [LP 2731]; ♂ holotype; Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Province, Pini Range, abandoned logging road W of Duabo Mission Station, 325 m, small remnant of rainforest in secondary forest, in large rotting log, 10.41°S, 150.30°E; 30.IV.2002; leg. F. Kraus. – AMNH [LP 2731]; 1 juvenile ♂ paratype; same data as for holotype. – UMMZ [LP 2731]; 1 juvenile ♂ paratype; same data as for holotype. – AMNH [LP 2716]; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ paratypes; Milne Bay Province, Cloudy Mountains, Ubwam Mountain, headwater to Watuti River, 715 m, rainforest, under logs, 10.50°S, 150.23°E; 11.IV.2002; leg. J.D. Slapcinsky (JS-0506). – UMMZ [LP 2716]; 1 imm. paratype; Milne Bay Province, Cloudy Mountains, Ubwam Mountain, headwater to Watuti River, 715 m, rainforest, under logs, 10.50°S, 150.23°E; 11.IV.2002; leg. J.D. Slapcinsky (JS-0506). – MHNG-ARTO-26551; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 juvenile ♂, 1 juvenile ♀ paratypes; Duabo Lookout, 359 m, 10.42°S, 150.31°E; VIII.2006; leg. C. Austin. – MHNG-ARTO-26550; 2 ♂, 3 ♀, 2 subadult ♂ paratypes; Milne Bay Province, East Cape, N/S Rd, 261 m, 10.31°S, 150.62°E; 8.VIII.2006; leg. C. Austin. – MHNG-ARTO-26552; 4 ♀, 1 subadult ♀ paratypes; Milne Bay Province, Halowia Village, 22 m, 10°20.14S, 150°34.38E; VIII.2006; leg. C. Austin.

Etymology: The species is named after the late Howard Don Cameron. Upon his retirement from the University of Michigan in 2010, Cameron was the Chairman of the Department of Classical Studies, as well as Curator of Zoology. He was interested in arachnids, and especially scorpions. Because of their friendship, Fred Kraus made a concerted effort to collect scorpions, in addition to amphibians and reptiles, during his expeditions. A large part of the material upon which the present study is based is thus an indirect result of Cameron's influence.

Diagnosis: Hormurus cameroni sp. nov. is morphologically close to Hormurus maiwa sp. nov., both species possess hemispermatophores with subdistal lamellar hooks (situated between 1/3 and 3/7 from the base of the stalk; basal part/distal lamina ratio > 0.5 and < 0.75) and female genital opercula that are as wide as long (length/width ratio > 0.85 and < 1).

Hormurus cameroni sp. nov. differs from H. maiwa sp. nov. in the following characters: (1) the frontal lobes of the carapace are smooth in H. cameroni sp. nov. (Fig. 75), whereas they are at least sparsely granular in H. maiwa sp. nov. (Fig. 94); (2) the medially located apex of the prolateral patellar process of the pedipalp in H. cameroni sp. nov. (Fig. 76F-G, I) is less developed and less curved than in H. maiwa sp. nov. (Fig. 95F-G, I); (3) the pedipalps of H. cameroni sp. nov. (Fig. 76) are more finely granular and with weaker carinae than those of H. maiwa sp. nov. (Fig. 95); (4) on the retrolateral side of the pedipalp patella trichobothrium esb₂ is closer to esb₁ than to em_1-2, resulting in three (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est) or four (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est) groups in H. cameroni sp. nov. (Fig. 76H), whereas esb₂ is close to em_1-2, resulting in three groups (esb₁, esb₂+em_1-2 and est) in H. maiwa sp. nov. (Fig. 95H); (5) the pectines are slightly more elongated in H. cameroni sp. nov. (Fig. 78A-B, D-E) than in H. maiwa sp. nov. (Fig. 97A-B, D-E); (6) the hemispermatophore stalk is only slightly longer than the stem in H. cameroni sp. nov. (Fig. 81), whereas the length difference is much more pronounced in H. maiwa sp. nov. (Fig. 100); (7) the transverse ridge of the hemispermatophore merges with the anterior margin of the stalk more distally than the base of the laminar hook in H. cameroni sp. nov. (Fig. 81A, D-E, G), whereas it merges more proximally than the base of the laminar hook in H. maiwa sp. nov. (Fig. 100A, D-E, H).

Description of adult male (holotype): Colouration (Fig. 74A-B): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus dark orange with brown infuscation, more pronounced anteriorly; fingers black. Carapace reddish brown, median ocular region black. Tergites reddish brown, its carinae darker. Pedipalps reddish brown; carinae and fingers black. Legs paler than tergites, dorsal surface pale brown to orange distally, with darker infuscation except on telotarsi; ventral surface dark orange to yellow (tibiae, telotarsi and basitarsi paler); prolateral carina of femora black. Coxapophysis II black; coxapophysis I and leg coxae light brown to orange, anterior margin black; sternum black, with two large light brown spots posteriorly; sternites III-V light brown, with a network of orange spots and dark brown lateral margins, V with posterior margin pale yellow; sternite VI dark brown, with network of orange spots; sternite VII dark brown; genital operculum and pectines pale yellow. Metasoma reddish brown with darker infuscation; telson paler than metasoma, vesicle orange, aculeus reddish brown.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 75A, C): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct. Median ocular tubercle slightly raised; median ocelli present, at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by approximately the diameter of a median ocellus. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to each other. Surfaces minutely and densely granular, except for smooth frontal lobes (median longitudinal sulci and anterior furcated sulci granular) and median ocular area.

Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 74A-B, 76B-E, G-J, L-O): Segments long and slender, femur distincly longer than carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 77A, C-D): Fixed finger: basal lobe well developed and conical; suprabasal notch distinct and deep; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to median lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; few sparse denticles on suprabasal notch; single row of denticles on basal lobe. Movable finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal lobe well developed, conical, gently rounded dorsally and lacking sharp conical tooth, not overlapping with fixed finger; suprabasal lobe and corresponding notch on fixed finger contiguous, no proximal gap or at most a reduced gap only evident when fingers closed; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to suprabasal lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; few sparse denticles basally.

Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 76L-O): proventral carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; promedian carinae absent; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules, similarly developed as proventral carina; retrodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, similarly developed as prodorsal carina, more distinct in proximal third of segment; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, distinctly more developed than retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only discernible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules. Patella (Fig. 76G-J): proventral carina expressed as costate-granular ridge proximally, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed, fused medially into prominent spiniform process with medially located pointed apex; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium to large granules). Chela manus (Fig. 76B-E): proventral and promedian carinae visible as faint ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed; prodorsal carina obsolete, visible as very faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; dorsomedian carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina obsolete; digital carina visible as a ridge of small spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only discernible proximal to condyle of movable finger as a ridge of small spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium to large granules); ventromedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules.

Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 76L-O): prolateral intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface densely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral dorsal intercarinal surface sparsely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules; retrolateral ventral intercarinal surface densely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, proximally smooth; ventral intercarinal surface densely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Patella (Fig. 76G-J): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 76B-E): prolateral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela fingers densely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, smooth or nearly so distally, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db together in a single large smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 76G-J): d₂ trichobothrium distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobotria arranged in three groups (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est); three et trichobothria; three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 76B-E): Dt situated in proximal third of manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb aligned with Est, sometimes situated slightly more distal to it; Est situated near midpoint; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb only slightly closer to eb than to est; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria. Coxosternum (Fig. 78A, C): Coxa III elongated anterodistally, without anterodistal process. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), slightly wider than long.

Legs (Fig. 79): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, pro- and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 3/4, 4/5, 4/5 and 4/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively. Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 3-4/4, 4/4, 4-5/4 and 4-5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with one proximal spinule; ventromedian spinules absent. Ungues shorter than telotarsus, half its length or less.

Genital operculum (Fig. 78A): Composed of two subtriangular sclerites.

Pectines (Fig. 78A-B): Moderately elongated, distal edge reaching but not extending beyond distal edge of coxa IV; fulcrae and three marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 8-9; teeth straight, entirely covered with sensory papillae.

Mesosoma (Figs 74A-B, 75A, E): Pre-tergites I-VII and posterior margins of pre-tergites smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; intercarinal surfaces of I-VII densely covered with small spiniform granules, slightly less granular medially on I-III; intercarinal surfaces of III-VII with distinct but faint reticulate network of ridges and dimples. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI short, their length less than third of sternite width, and distinctly crescent shaped. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 80B-C): Not markedly compressed laterally; intercarinal surfaces sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so; dorsal intercarinal surface of V smooth and shiny medially; distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V (usually only faintly expressed anteriorly).

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae discernible anteriorly as a faint ridge on segment I, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); paired ventrosubmedian carinae weakly developed (as low ridges). Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two-thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segment I: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules and 0-1 pair of median granules. Segment II: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules and one pair of median spiniform granules. Segments III-IV: dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carina without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral carinae without distinct granules or spines, ventromedian carina usually also without distinct spines, rarely with minute spiniform granules; anal arch crenulate.

Ventral metasoma setation: Segment I with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segments II-IV each with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segment V with 16 macrosetae, i.e. four pairs (anterior, median, subposterior and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and four pairs (anterior, supramedian, subposterior and posterior) on ventrolateral carinae.

Telson (Fig. 80B): Slightly longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (less than half of vesicle length), strongly curved.

Hemispermatophore (Fig. 81): Stalk slightly longer than stem. Distal lamina curved, without distal crest on anterior margin; single laminar hook, submedian, situated between 1/3 and 3/7 from base of stalk (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 0.55-0.66, median = 0.57); transverse ridge distinct, more proximal than base of laminar hook, merging with anterior margin more distally than base of laminar hook. Capsule: hemisolenos thin, folded on itself only proximally, above that unfolded to flattened distal tip (tip and base approximately of same width), without lateral longitudinal carina, laterodistal accessory hook or medioposterior accessory apophysis; tip of hemisolenos more proximal than base of laminar hook, more distal than tip of clasper. Clasper well developed, forming distinct hump, not hook-like, without anterior accessory process. Subex well developed, spoon-shaped, merging anteriorly with base of clasper; posterior edge forming obtuse angle (>90°) with hemisolenos; anterior edge forming right angle (90°) with hemisolenos.

Description of adult female: Same characters as for male except as follows. Pedipalps (Figs 74C-D, 76A, F, K): Segments noticeably shorter or more robust than in male.

Chela fingers (Fig. 77B): Dentate margins linear or nearly so, without pronounced lobe and notch, with two rows of primary denticles extending from tip to base of fingers and bearing large inner accessory denticles.

Carapace (Fig. 75B, D): Posteromedian margin smooth.

Genital operculum (Fig. 78D): Oval to semi-oval, as wide as long or only slightly wider than long (length/width ratio = 0.72-1.00, median = 0.94); opercular sclerites partly fused, with distinct median suture; posterior notch present, at least weakly developed.

Pectines (Fig. 78D-E): Short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV. Pectinal teeth count 6-7; teeth short and straight, sensory papillae covering only distal half.

Mesosoma (Figs 74C-D, 75B, F): Post-tergites: reticulate network of ridges and dimples on segments III-VII more distinct than in male; intercarinal surfaces of I-II medially smooth, laterally granular; intercarinal surfaces of III-VI almost totally smooth, faintly granular along lateral margins; intercarinal surfaces of VII densely granular, proximal third smooth.

Metasoma (Fig. 80A): Spination: ventrosubmedian carinae of segment II with 1-2 pairs of subposterior spiniform granules and 0-2 pairs of median spiniform granules.

Intraspecific variation: Pedipalp trichobothria: On the retrolateral side of pedipalp patella trichobothrium esb₁ is in some specimens located midway between esb₂ and em_1-2, resulting in four groups (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est) instead of three.

Leg spination: The number of setiform macrosetae varies from three to four in the proventral row of telotarsi I and from four to five in the proventral rows of telotarsi III-IV. Genital operculum: The length/width ratio varies from 0.72 to 1.00 (median = 0.94).

Pectines: The pectinal teeth count varies from eight to nine in males and from six to seven in females.

Metasoma: Spination: 0-1 pair of median spiniform granules is present on the ventrosubmedian carinae of segment I; 1-2 pairs of subposterior spiniform granules and 0-2 pairs of median spiniform granules are present on the ventrosubmedian carinae of segment II. Furthermore, one more or one fewer granule may be expressed in each group of granules on each segment.

Ventral metasoma setation: One or two fewer macroseta may be expressed on each segment (usually in the supramedian group and less frequently in the anterior or posterior groups) resulting in a total of eight or nine macrosetae instead of ten on segments I-IV, and a total of 15 instead of 16 on segment V.

Hemispermatophores: The basal part/distal lamina ratio varies from 0.55 to 0.66 (median = 0.57).

Distribution and ecology: Hormurus cameroni sp. nov. is only known from the eastern tip of mainland New Guinea, Milne Bay Province (Fig. 82). Specimens were found in or under logs on the forest floor.

This species was treated under the manuscript name “Hormurus yelae” in Monod (2011a: 294, 533, 536).

Material: AMNH [LP 3007]; ♂ holotype; Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Province, Rossel Island, Pipikea, camp 2, 253 m, 11.33°S, 154.22°E; 11.V.2004; leg. J.D. Slapcinsky (JS-0718). – AMNH [LP 3007]; 7 ♀paratypes; same data as for holotype. – UMMZ [LP 3007]; 5 imm. paratypes; same data as for holotype. – AMNH [LP 3006]; 1 ♀ paratype; Rossel Island, Lubwe creek at base of Tachu Gap, 638 m, 11.35°S, 154.22°E; 6.V.2004; leg. J.D. Slapcinsky (JS-0716).

Etymology: Yela is the Papuan name for Rossel Island, to which the species is most probably endemic. The epithet is an invariable name in apposition.

Diagnosis: Hormurus yela sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from other Papuan Hormurus by the ventral setation of the metasoma. This species has the highest number of macrosetae (Fig. 90C): 12 on segment I, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on the ventrosubmedian carinae and three pairs (anterior, median and supramedian) on the lateral carinae, 16 on segments II-IV, i.e. four pairs (anterior, submedian, median and posterior) on the ventrosubmedian carinae and four pairs (anterior, submedian, median and supramedian) on the ventrolateral carinae, and 20 on segment V, i.e. five pairs (anterior, median, supramedian, subposterior and posterior) on the ventrosubmedian carinae and five pairs (anterior, median, supramedian, subposterior and posterior) on the lateral carinae. Moreover, among Papuan Hormurus the presence of a tetrahedral anterior accessory process on the hemispermatophore claspers (Fig. 91) is unique to this species.

Description of adult male (holotype): Colouration (Figs 83, 84A-B): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus dark orange with brown infuscation, more pronounced anteriorly; fingers black. Carapace reddish brown, median ocular region black. Tergites brown. Pedipalps reddish brown; carinae and fingers black. Legs paler than tergites, dorsal and ventral surfaces dark orange to yellow distally (tibiae, telotarsi and basitarsi paler than other sclerites); prolateral carina of femora black. Coxapophysis II brown to black; coxapophysis I and leg coxae light brown to orange; sternum light brown; sternites III-VI light brown to brown, with darkened lateral margins, V with medioposterior half pale yellow; sternite VII dark brown; genital operculum and pectines pale yellow. Metasoma reddish brown; telson paler than metasoma, vesicle orange, aculeus reddish brown.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 85A, C): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct. Median ocular tubercle slightly raised; median ocelli present, at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by approximately the diameter of a median ocellus. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to each other. Surfaces minutely and sparsely granular, except for smooth frontal lobes (median longitudinal sulci and anterior furcated sulci granular) and median ocular area.

Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 83, 84A-B, 86B-E, G-J, L-O): Segments long and slender, femur longer than carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 87A, C-D): Fixed finger: basal lobe well developed and conical; suprabasal notch distinct and deep; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to median lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on suprabasal notch; single row of denticles on basal lobe. Movable finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal lobe well developed, conical, gently rounded dorsally and lacking sharp conical tooth, not overlapping with fixed finger; suprabasal lobe and corresponding notch on fixed finger contiguous, no proximal gap or at most a reduced gap only evident when fingers closed; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to suprabasal lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; few sparse denticles basally.

Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 86L-O): Proventral carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; promedian carinae absent; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules, similarly developed as proventral carina; retrodorsal carina visible as a ridge of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, less developed than prodorsal carina, more distinct in proximal third of segment; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, distinctly more developed than retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only discernible proximally as a ridge of small spiniform granules. Patella (Fig. 86G-J): proventral carina expressed as costate-granular ridge proximally, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed, fused medially into low spiniform process with pointed medially located apex; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of small spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of small to medium-sized spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina costate-granular (composed of medium-sized spiniform granules). Chela manus (Fig. 86B-E): proventral and promedian carinae equally developed, visible as faint ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules; prodorsal carina obsolete, visible as very faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; dorsomedian carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina obsolete; digital carina visible as a ridge of small spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only discernible proximal to condyle of movable finger, developed as a ridge of small spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium-sized to large granules); ventromedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules.

Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 86L-O): prolateral intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface densely covered with small spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral dorsal intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small spiniform granules; retrolateral ventral intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, proximally smooth; ventral intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Patella (Fig. 86G-J): prolateral intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; dorsal intercarinal surface covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; retrolateral intercarinal surface with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 86B-E): prolateral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela fingers densely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, smooth or nearly so distally, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db together in a single large smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 86G-J): d₂ trichobothrium distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobotria arranged in three groups (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est); three et trichobothria; three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 86B-E): Dt situated in proximal third of manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb closer to Est than to Eb group; Est situated near midpoint; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb, eb, est and et equidistant from each other; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria.

Coxosternum (Fig. 88A, C): Coxa III elongated anterodistally, without anterodistal process. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), wider than long.

Legs (Fig. 89): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, pro- and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 4/4, 4/4, 4/5 and 4/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively. Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral row each with 3-4/4, 4/4, 4-5/5 and 4-5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with one proximal spinule; ventromedian spinules absent. Ungues shorter than telotarsus, half its length or less.

Genital operculum (Fig. 88A): Composed of two subtriangular sclerites.

Pectines (Fig. 88A-B): Moderately elongated, distal edge reaching but not extending beyond distal edge of coxa IV; fulcrae and three marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 7-8; teeth straight, entirely covered with sensory papillae.

Mesosoma (Figs 84A-B, 85A, E): Pre-tergites I-VII and posterior margins of pre-tergites smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; intercarinal surfaces of I-VI almost smooth medially, sparsely covered with small spiniform granules laterally, posterior half more densely granular; intercarinal surface of VII sparsely covered with small spiniform granules; intercarinal surfaces of III-VII with distinct but faint reticulate network of ridges and dimples. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI short, their length less than third of sternite width, and distinctly crescent shaped. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 90B-C): Not markedly compressed laterally; sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so (segment V almost smooth); dorsal intercarinal surface of V smooth and shiny medially; distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V (usually only faintly expressed anteriorly).

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae expressed anteriorly as a faint ridge on segment I, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); paired ventrosubmedian carinae weakly developed (as low ridges). Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two-thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segment I: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules. Segment II: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules and 0-1 pair of median spiniform granules. Segments III-IV: dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carina without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae without distinct granules or spines; anal arch crenulate.

Ventral metasoma setation: Segment I with 12 macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and three pairs (anterior, median and supramedian) on lateral carinae; segments II-IV each with 16 macrosetae, i.e. four pairs (anterior, submedian, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and four pairs (anterior, submedian, supramedian and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae]; segment V with 19 macrosetae, i.e. four pairs (anterior, median, subposterior and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae, five pairs (anterior, median, supramedian, subposterior and posterior) on lateral carinae and one supramedian macroseta between ventrosubmedian carinae.

Telson (Fig. 90B): Slightly longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (less than half of vesicle length), sharply curved. Hemispermatophore (Fig. 91): Stalk longer than stem. Distal lamina curved, without distal crest on anterior margin; single laminar hook, submedian, situated between 1/3 and 3/7 from base of stalk (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 0.57-0.60, median = 0.58); transverse ridge distinct, approximately aligned with base of laminar hook, merging with anterior margin more distally than base of laminar hook. Capsule: hemisolenos thin, folded on itself only proximally, above that unfolded to flattened distal tip (tip and base approximately of same width), without lateral longitudinal carina, laterodistal accessory hook or medioposterior accessory apophysis; tip of hemisolenos more proximal than base of laminar hook and more distal than tip of clasper. Clasper well developed, forming distinct hump, not hook-like, with tetrahedral anterior accessory process. Subex well developed, spoon-shaped, merging anteriorly with base of clasper; posterior edge forming an obtuse angle (>90°) with hemisolenos; anterior edge forming a right angle (90°) with hemisolenos.

Description of adult female: Same characters as for male except as follows. Colouration (Fig. 84C-D): Legs and telson slightly darker than in male.

Pedipalps (Figs 84C-D, 86A, F, K): Segments noticeably shorter or more robust than in male.

Chela fingers (Fig. 87B): dentate margins linear or nearly so, without pronounced lobe and notch, with two rows of primary denticles extending from tip to base of fingers and bearing large inner accessory denticles.

Carapace (Fig. 85B, D): Posteromedian margin smooth.

Genital operculum (Fig. 88D): Oval to semi-oval, as wide as long or only slightly wider than long (length/width ratio = 0.89-0.96 median = 0.91); opercular sclerites partly fused, with distinct median suture; posterior notch present, at least weakly developed.

Pectines (Fig. 88D-E): Short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV. Pectinal teeth count 5-7; teeth short and straight, sensory papillae covering only distal half.

Mesosoma (Figs 84C-D, 85B, F): Post-tergites: reticulate network of ridges and dimples on segments III-VII more distinct than in male; intercarinal surfaces of I-II medially smooth, granular along lateral margins; intercarinal surfaces of III-VI almost totally smooth, faintly granular along lateral margins; intercarinal surfaces of VII densely granular in distal two-thirds, in proximal third smooth.

Intraspecific variation: Pedipalp trichobothria: On the retrolateral side of the pedipalp patella trichobothrium esb₁ is in some specimens located midway between esb₂ and em_1-2 rather than close to esb₂, resulting in four groups (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est) instead of three. On the retrolateral side of the pedipalp chela Esb can be more distal than usual, aligning with Est.

Leg spination: The number of setiform macrosetae varies from three to four in the proventral row of telotarsi I and from four to five in the proventral row of telotarsi III-IV.

Genital operculum: The length/width ratio varies from 0.89 to 0.96 (median = 0.91).

Pectines: The pectinal teeth count varies from seven to eight in males and from five to seven in females.

Metasoma: Spination: 0-1 pair of median spiniform granules is present in the ventrosubmedian carinae of segment II. One or two extra granules may be expressed in the subposterior group of granules of segment I, and one fewer granule may be expressed in the median or subposterior group of granules of segment II.

Ventral metasoma setation: 0-3 fewer macrosetae may be expressed on one segment. Thus, segment I may possess 11 or 13 macrosetae instead of 12 (one more or one fewer expressed), segment II may have 14 or 15 instead of 16 (one or two not expressed), segments III-IV may have 15 instead of 16 (one not expressed) and segment V may have 17, 18 or 20 instead of 19 (one or two not expressed or one extra expressed) (Fig. 90C-H).

Hemispermatophores: The basal part/distal lamina ratio varies from 0.57 to 0.6 (median = 0.58).

Distribution and ecology: Hormurus yela sp. nov. is probably endemic to Rossel Island, the easternmost island of the Louisiade Archipelago off the eastern tip of New Guinea, Milne Bay Province (Fig. 92). Specimens were collected in a small ditch that retained moisture and was littered with numerous small rocks.

This species was treated under the manuscript name “Hormurus milneanus” in Monod (2011a: 289, 532, 543).

Material: AMNH (without registration number); ♂holotype; Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Province, Kwagira River, Peria Creek, camp 7 [9°39′28.8″S, 149°19′40.8″E]; 14.VIII.-6.IX.1953; leg. G.M. Tate, Archbold Expedition. – AMNH (without registration number); 1 ♂, 4 ♀, 1 juvenile ♂ paratypes; same data as for holotype. – AMNH (without registration number); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 1 juvenile ♂, 1 juvenile ♀ paratypes; Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Province, Maneau Range, N slope of Mount Dayman, camp 6 [9°41′31.2″S, 149°18′28.8″E], 700 m; 13.-26.VII.1953; leg. G.M. Tate, Archbold Expedition.

Etymology: The Maiwa are a Papuan people whose territory extends from the northern slopes and foothills of the Maneo Range, north of Mount Dayman, to the coast in Moi Biri Bay (Dutton, 1971). The type locality alongside the Kwagira or Kwagila River is located in this area. The epithet is an invariable name in apposition.

Diagnosis: Hormurus maiwa sp. nov. is morphologically close to Hormurus cameroni sp. nov. The two species differ in the following characters: (1) the frontal lobes of the carapace are at least sparsely granular in H. maiwa sp. nov. (Fig. 94), whereas they are smooth in H. cameroni sp. nov. (Fig. 75); (2) the medially located apex of the prolateral patellar process is more developed and more curved in H. maiwa sp. nov. (Fig. 95F-G, I) than in H. cameroni sp. nov. (Fig. 76F-G, I); (3) the pedipalps of H. maiwa sp. nov. (Fig. 95) are more coarsely granular and with stronger carinae than those of H. cameroni sp. nov. (Fig. 76); (4) on the retrolateral side of the pedipalp patella trichobothrium esb₂ is close to em_1-2, resulting in three groups (esb₁, esb₂+em_1-2 and est) in H. maiwa sp. nov. (Fig. 95H), whereas esb₂ is closer to esb₁ than to em_1-2, resulting in three (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est) or four (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est) groups in H. cameroni sp. nov. (Fig. 76H); (5) the pectines are slightly shorter in H. maiwa sp. nov. (Fig. 97) than in H. cameroni sp. nov. (Fig. 78); (6) the hemispermatophore stalk is distincly longer than the stem in H. maiwa sp. nov. (Fig. 100), whereas the length difference is much less pronounced in H. cameroni sp. nov. (Fig. 81); (7) the transverse ridge merges with the anterior margin of the stalk more proximally than the base of laminar hook in H. maiwa sp. nov. (Fig. 100A, D-E, H), whereas it merges more distally than the base of laminar hook in H. cameroni sp. nov. (Fig. 81A, D-E, G).

Description of adult male (holotype): Colouration (Fig. 93A-B): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus dark orange with brown infuscation, more pronounced anteriorly; fingers black. Carapace reddish brown, median ocular region black. Tergites brown. Pedipalps reddish brown; carinae and fingers black. Legs slightly paler than tergites, light brown to dark orange, prolateral carina of femora black. Coxapophysis I orange, its anterior tip yellow; coxapophysis II, leg coxae and sternum reddish brown to dark orange; sternites III-VI brown, with darker lateral margins, V with posterior margin pale yellow; sternite VII dark brown; genital operculum and pectines pale orange. Metasoma reddish brown with darker infuscation; telson paler than metasoma, vesicle orange, aculeus reddish brown.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 94A, C): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct. Median ocular tubercle slightly raised; median ocelli present, at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by approximately the diameter of a median ocellus. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to each other. Surfaces minutely and densely granular, except for smooth anterior areas of frontal lobes and median ocular area.

Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 93A-B, 95B-E, G-J, L-O): Segments long and slender, femur distinctly longer than carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 96A, C-D): Fixed finger: basal lobe well developed and conical; suprabasal notch distinct and deep; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to median lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on suprabasal notch; single row of denticles on basal lobe. Movable finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal lobe well developed, conical, gently rounded dorsally and lacking sharp conical tooth, not overlapping with fixed finger; suprabasal lobe and corresponding notch on fixed finger contiguous, no proximal gap or at most a reduced gap only evident when fingers closed; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to suprabasal lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on suprabasal notch; few sparse denticles basally.

Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 95L-O): proventral carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules; promedian carinae absent; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules, similarly developed as proventral carina; retrodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules, less developed than prodorsal carina, more distinct in proximal third of segment; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, distinctly more developed than retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only discernible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules. Patella (Fig. 95G-J): proventral carina expressed as costate-granular ridge proximally, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium-sized to large spiniform granules, equally developed, fused medially into prominent spiniform process with pointed and curved medially located apex (hook-like); dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium-sized to large granules). Chela manus (Fig. 95B-E): proventral and promedian carinae visible as faint ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed; prodorsal carina obsolete, visible as very faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; dorsomedian carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina obsolete; digital carina visible as a ridge of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only discernible proximal to condyle of movable finger as a ridge of small spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium to large granules); ventromedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules.

Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 95L-O): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface densely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, proximally smooth; ventral intercarinal surface densely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, distal third smooth. Patella (Fig. 95G-J): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal third smooth; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 95B-E): prolateral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal areas smooth. Chela fingers densely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, smooth or nearly so distally, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db together in a single large smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 95G-J): d₂ trichobothrium distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobotria arranged in three (esb₁, esb₂+em_1-2 and est) or two (esb₁ and esb₂+em_1-2+est) groups; three et trichobothria; three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 95B-E): Dt situated in proximal third of manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb aligned with Est, sometimes slightly more distal; Est situated near midpoint; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb only slightly closer to eb than to est; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria.

Coxosternum (Fig. 97A, C): Coxa III elongated anterodistally, without anterodistal process. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), slightly wider than long.

Legs (Fig. 98): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, pro- and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 4/4, 4/5, 4/5 and 4/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively. Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral row each with 3-4/4, 4-5/4, 4-5/5 and 5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with one proximal spinule; ventromedian spinules absent. Ungues shorter than telotarsus, half its length or less.

Genital operculum (Fig. 97A): Composed of two subtriangular sclerites.

Pectines (Fig. 97A-B): Short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV; fulcrae and three marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 7-9; teeth straight, entirely covered with sensory papillae.

Mesosoma (Figs 93A-B, 94A, E): Pre-tergites I-VII and posterior margins of pre-tergites smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; intercarinal surfaces of I-VI densely covered with small spiniform granules, anteromedian half slightly less granular; intercarinal surface of VII densely covered with small spiniform granules; intercarinal surfaces of III-VII with distinct but faint reticulate network of ridges and dimples. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI short, their length less than third of sternite width, and distinctly crescent shaped. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 99B-C): Not markedly compressed laterally; intercarinal surfaces sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so; dorsal intercarinal surface of V smooth and shiny medially; distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V (usually only expressed faintly anteriorly) than on others.

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae discernible anteriorly as a faint ridge on segment I, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); paired ventrosubmedian carinae weakly developed (as low ridges). Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two-thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segment I: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules and 0-1 pair of median granules. Segment II: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules and 0-1 pair of median granules. Segments III-IV: dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carina without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae without distinct granules or spines; anal arch crenulate.

Ventral metasoma setation: Segment I with eight macosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and one pair (anterior) on lateral carinae, or ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segments II-IV with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segment V with 16 macrosetae, i.e. four pairs (anterior, median, subposterior and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and four pairs (anterior, supramedian, subposterior and posterior) on ventrolateral carinae.

Telson (Fig. 99B): Slightly longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (less than half of vesicle length), sharply curved.

Hemispermatophore (Fig. 100): Stalk distinctly shorter than stem. Distal lamina curved, without distal crest on anterior margin; single laminar hook submedian, situated between 1/3 and 3/7 from base of stalk (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 0.63-0.67, median = 0.66); transverse ridge distinct, more proximal than base of laminar hook, merging with anterior margin more proximally than base of laminar hook. Capsule: hemisolenos thin, folded on itself only proximally and above that unfolded to flattened distal tip (tip and base approximately of same width), without lateral longitudinal carina, laterodistal accessory hook or medioposterior accessory apophysis; tip of hemisolenos more proximal than base of laminar hook, more distal than tip of clasper. Clasper well developed, forming distinct hump, not hook-like, without anterior accessory process. Subex well developed, spoon-shaped, merging anteriorly with base of clasper; posterior edge forming obtuse angle (>90°) with hemisolenos; anterior edge forming right angle (90°) with hemisolenos.

Description of adult female: Same characters as male except as follows. Pedipalps (Figs 93C-D, 95A, F, K): Segments noticeably shorter or more robust than in male.

Chela fingers (Fig. 96B): Dentate margins linear or nearly so, without pronounced lobe and notch, with two rows of primary denticles extending from tip to base of fingers and bearing large inner accessory denticles.

Carapace (Fig. 94B, D): Frontal lobes smooth, median longitudinal sulci and anterior furcated sulci granular; posteromedian margin smooth.

Legs: Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral row each with 3-4/4, 4/4-5, 4-5/4-5 and 4-5/5, respectively, retroventral row with one or two proximal spinules.

Genital operculum (Fig. 97D): Oval to semi-oval, as wide as long or only slightly wider than long (length/width ratio = 0.78-0.92, median = 0.89); opercular sclerites partly fused, with distinct median suture; posterior notch present, at least weakly developed.

Pectines (Fig. 97D-E): Short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV. Pectinal teeth count 6-7; teeth short and straight, sensory papillae covering only distal half.

Mesosoma (Figs 93C-D, 94B, F): Post-tergites: reticulate network of ridges and dimples on segments III-VII more distinct than in male; intercarinal surfaces of I-II medially smooth, laterally granular; intercarinal surfaces of III-VI almost totally smooth, faintly granular along lateral margins; intercarinal surfaces of VII densely granular, proximal third smooth.

Metasoma (Fig. 99A): Spination: Segment II: ventrosubmedian carinae with 1-2 pairs of subposterior spiniform granules and 0-1 pair of median granules.

Intraspecific variation: Pedipalp trichobothria: On the retrolateral side of the pedipalp patella trichobothrium esb₁ is in some specimens located midway between esb₂ and em_1-2 rather than close to em_1-2, resulting in four groups (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est) rather than two or three.

Leg spination: The number of setiform macrosetae varies from three to four in the proventral row of telotarsi I, and from four to five in the proventral rows of telotarsi II-IV and in the retroventral rows of telotarsi II-III. One or two proximal spinules are present on the retroventral rows of the telotarsi.

Genital operculum: The length/width ratio varies from 0.78 to 0.92 (median = 0.89).

Pectines: The pectinal teeth count varies from seven to nine in males and from six to seven in females.

Metasoma: Spination: 0-1 pair of median spiniform granules are present on the ventrosubmedian carinae of segment I; 1-2 pairs of subposterior spiniform granules and 0-1 pair of median spiniform granules are present on the ventrosubmedian carinae of segment II. Furthermore, one more or one fewer granule may be expressed in each group of granules on each segment.

Ventral metasoma setation: One fewer macroseta may be expressed in the anterior group of segment II resulting in a total of nine macrosetae instead of ten. One to three fewer macrosetae may be expressed on segment V (in the anterior, median and/or subposterior groups) resulting in a total of 13 to 15 macrosetae instead of 16.

Hemispermatophores: The basal part/distal lamina ratio varies from 0.63 to 0.67 (median = 0.66).

Distribution: Hormurus maiwa sp. nov. is only known from the eastern banks of the Kwagira River in the northern foothills of Mount Dayman (2987 m) in the Maneau Range, Milne Bay Province (Fig. 101).

Remarks: The type specimens were collected during the fourth Archbold Expedition to New Guinea (Brass, 1956). The expedition leader, Leonard J. Brass, an Australian botanist, was accompanied by two zoologists, Hobart M. van Deusen and Geoffrey M. Tate, and a field assistant from the AMNH, Kenneth M. Wynn. The purpose of the expedition was to gather zoological and botanical collections from the Cape Vogel Peninsula and from the Goodenough and Fergusson Islands in the D'Entrecasteaux group. Six months into the trip (September 1953) Tate suffered a paralytic stroke, prematurely ending his participation in the fieldwork.

Hormurus papuanus Kraepelin, 1914: 333. – Kopstein, 1921: 138 (part). – Monod, 2011a (part): 22, 532, 536, 686-689, fig. 122. – Monod et al., 2019: 148-151, 200, fig. 31, tab. 1.

Liocheles caudicula papuanus (Kraepelin, 1914). – Takashima, 1945: 96.

Liocheles karschii (Keyserling, 1885). – L.E. Koch, 1977: 173-172 (part).

Liocheles papuanus. – Monod, 2000: 113-117, pls 51-55, map 15. – Monod, 2011a: 16.

Material: ZMH (ZMH-A0015414); ♂ lectotype; [Papua New Guinea], SW Küste Neu Pommern [SW coast of New Britain], Liebliche Inseln [Arawe Islands] [6°06′07″S 148°59′53″E]; 11.-12.XII.1908, 05.I.1909, 26.-31.I.1909; leg. G. Duncker, Hamburg Südsee Expedition. – ZMH (ZMH-A0015416); 1 ♂, 4 ♀, 6 imm. ♂, 6 imm. ♀ paralectotypes, same data as for lectotype (2 T. under Steinen [two animals under rocks], 2 T. in moderndem Holz [two animals in decaying logs]). – MHNG-ARTO-26553; 1 ♂, 1 ♀paralectotypes; same data as for lectotype. – ZMH (ZMH-A0015415); 1 ♂, [Papua New Guinea], Neu Pommern [New Britain], Möre Hafen [Kandrian] [6°11′24″S 149°32′51″E], Unterlauf des Wasserfall-Fl. [downstream of waterfall]; 13.-14.XII.1908, 20.-24. II.1909; leg. G. Duncker, Hamburg Südsee Expedition.

Diagnosis: Coxae II-III of H. papuanus bear knob-like anterodistal processes in males and females (Fig. 106A, C-E, G-H). These structures are more strongly developed in males than females, more strongly developed on coxae III than on coxae II in both sexes and less strongly developed in immatures than in adults. They are absent in all other Papuan Hormurus except H. ancylolobus sp. nov. where there are hook-like (Fig. 70B, D-E) instead of knob-like. Moreover, metasoma segment V bears 14 ventral macrosetae in H. papuanus, i.e. four pairs (anterior, median, supramedian and posterior) on the ventrosubmedian carinae and four pairs (anterior, supramedian and posterior) on the ventrolateral carinae (Fig. 108C), whereas most other Papuan congeners possess a higher macrosetal count. Exceptions are H. araiaspathe sp. nov. (Figs 4B, 18B) and H. barai sp. nov. (Figs 4A, 28C), which possesses between 12 and 14 ventral macrosetae on metasoma segment V. The sole known specimen of H. sibonai sp. nov. also bears 13 ventral macrosetae on metasoma segment V (Fig. 145B), but this is most likely an anomalous pattern with three unexpressed macrosetae.

Description of adult male (lectotype): Colouration (Fig. 102A-B): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus dark orange with brown infuscation, more pronounced anteriorly; fingers black. Carapace reddish brown, median ocular region black. Tergites brown. Pedipalps reddish brown; carinae and fingers black. Legs only slightly paler than tergites, light brown to dark orange, prolateral carina of femora black. Coxapophysis I light brown, anterior tip pale yellow; coxapophysis II black; leg coxae and sternum light brown with lighter orange spots; sternites III-VI brown with yellow posterior margin; sternite VII dark brown; genital operculum and pectines pale yellow. Metasoma reddish brown with darker infuscation; telson paler than metasoma, vesicle orange, aculeus reddish brown.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 103A, C): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct. Median ocular tubercle slightly raised; median ocelli present, at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by approximately half the diameter of a median ocellus. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to each other. Surfaces minutely and sparsely granular, except for smooth anterior areas of frontal lobes and median ocular area.

Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 102A-B, 104B-E, G-J, L-O): Segments rather short and stout, femur length approximately equal to that of carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 105A, C-D): Fixed finger: basal lobe well developed and conical; suprabasal notch distinct and deep; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to median lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; single row of scattered denticles basally. Movable finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal lobe well developed, conical, gently rounded dorsally and lacking sharp conical tooth, not overlapping with fixed finger; suprabasal lobe and corresponding notch on fixed finger contiguous, no proximal gap or at most reduced gap only evident when fingers closed; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to suprabasal lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; few sparse denticles basally. Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 104L-O): proventral carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; promedian carinae absent; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, similarly developed as proventral carina; retrodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, less developed than prodorsal carina, more distinct in proximal third of segment; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, distinctly more developed than retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only discernible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules. Patella (Fig. 104G-J): proventral carina discernible as costate ridge proximally, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed, fused medially into prominent spiniform process with pointed medially located apex; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina costate-granular (composed of medium-sized spiniform granules). Chela manus (Fig. 104B-E): proventral and promedian carinae visible as faint ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed; prodorsal carina obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; dorsomedian carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina obsolete; digital carina visible as a ridge of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only distinct proximal to condyle of movable finger, developed as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium to large granules); ventromedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules.

Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 104L-O): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral intercarinal surface smooth or nearly so (only few scattered granules distally); large part of ventral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, distal third smooth. Patella (Fig. 104G-J): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with faint and sparse reticulate network of anastomosed medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 104B-E): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized anastomosed spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela fingers densely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, surface smooth or nearly so distally, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db together in a single large smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 104G-J): d₂ trichobothrium distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobotria arranged in three (esb₁, esb₂+em_1-2 and est) or two groups (esb₁ and esb₂+ em_1-2+est); three et trichobothria; three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 104B-E): Dt situated in proximal half of manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb closer to Est than to Eb group, sometimes aligned with Est; Est situated near midpoint; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb equidistant from eb and est, or nearly so; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria.

Coxosternum (Fig. 106A, C-D): Coxa II with small knob-like anterodistal process. Coxa III with strongly developed knob-like anterodistal process. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), as wide as long.

Legs (Fig. 107): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, pro- and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 3/4, 4/5, 4/5 and 4/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively. Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral row each with 3-4/4, 4/4, 4-5/4-5 and 4-5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with one proximal spinule; ventromedian spinules absent. Ungues shorter than telotarsus, half its length or less.

Genital operculum (Fig. 106A): Composed of two subtriangular sclerites.

Pectines (Fig. 106A-B): Short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV; fulcrae and three marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 8-10; teeth straight, entirely covered with sensory papillae.

Mesosoma (Figs 102A-B, 103A, E): Pre-tergites I-VII and posterior margins of pre-tergites smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; intercarinal surfaces of I-III medially smooth, laterally granular; intercarinal surfaces of IV-VII almost totally smooth, faintly granular along lateral margins; intercarinal surfaces of III-VII with faint reticulate network of ridges and dimples. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI short, their length less than width of sternite III, and distinctly crescent shaped. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 108B-C): Not markedly compressed laterally; sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so (segment V almost smooth); dorsal intercarinal surface of V smooth and shiny medially; distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V (usually only faintly expressed anteriorly).

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae discernible anteriorly as a faint ridge on segment I, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); paired ventrosubmedian carinae weakly developed (as low ridges). Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two-thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segments I-II: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules. Segments III-IV: dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carina without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae without distinct granules or spines; anal arch crenulate.

Ventral metasoma setation: Segment I with eight macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and one pair (anterior) on lateral carinae; segments II-IV each with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segment V with 14 macrosetae, i.e. four pairs (anterior, median, supramedian and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and three pairs (anterior, supramedian and posterior) on ventrolateral carinae.

Telson (Fig. 108B): Slightly longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (its length less than half of vesicle length), sharply curved.

Hemispermatophore (Fig. 109): Stalk distinctly longer than stem. Distal lamina curved, without distal crest on anterior margin; single laminar hook, median, situated between 3/7 and 1/2 from base of stalk (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 0.8-1.01; median = 0.85); transverse ridge distinct, more proximal than base of laminar hook, merging with anterior margin more proximally than base of laminar hook. Capsule: hemisolenos thin, folded on itself only proximally and above that unfolded to flattened distal tip (tip and base approximately of same width), without lateral longitudinal carina, laterodistal accessory hook or medioposterior accessory apophysis; tip of hemisolenos more proximal than base of laminar hook, more distal than tip of clasper. Clasper well developed, forming distinct hump, not hook-like, without anterior accessory process. Subex well developed, spoon-shaped, merging anteriorly with base of clasper; posterior edge forming obtuse angle (>90°) with hemisolenos; anterior edge forming right angle (90°) with hemisolenos.

Description of adult female: Same characters as for male except as follows. Colouration (Fig. 102C-D): Legs slightly darker than in male, almost as dark as tergites.

Pedipalps (Figs 102C-D, 104A, F, K): Segments not noticeably shorter or more robust than in male.

Chela fingers (Fig. 105B): Dentate margins linear or nearly so, without pronounced lobe and notch, with two rows of primary denticles extending from tip to base of fingers and bearing large inner accessory denticles.

Carapace (Fig. 103B, D): Posteromedian margin smooth.

Coxosternum (Fig. 106E, G-H): Knob-like anterodistal processes of coxae II-III less pronouced than in male.

Genital operculum (Fig. 106E): Oval to semi-oval, slightly longer than wide (length/width ratio = 1.07-1.08, median = 1.07); opercular sclerites partly fused, with distinct median suture; posterior notch present, at least weakly developed.

Pectines (Fig. 106E-F): Short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV. Pectinal teeth count 7-9; teeth short and straight, sensory papillae covering only distal half.

Mesosoma (Figs 102C-D, 103B, F): Post-tergites: reticulate network of ridges and dimples more distinct than in male; intercarinal surfaces of I-VII almost totally smooth, faintly granular along lateral and posterior margins.

Intraspecific variation: Pedipalp trichobothria: On the retrolateral side of the pedipalp chela trichobothrium Esb in some specimens is more distal, aligning with Est. Leg spination: The number of setiform macrosetae varies from three to four in the proventral row of telotarsi I, and from four to five in the proventral rows of telotarsi III-IV and in the retroventral rows of telotarsi III.

Genital operculum: The length/width ratio varies from 1.07 to 1.08 (median = 1.07).

Pectines: The pectinal teeth count varies from eight to ten in males and from seven to nine in females.

Metasoma: Spination: Segment II may have one more spiniform granule expressed in the subposterior group. In males a subposterior spiniform granule may be expressed on one of the ventrosubmedian carinae of segment III.

Ventral metasoma setation: One fewer macroseta may be expressed in the supramedian group of segment IV, resulting in a total of nine macrosetae instead of ten.

Hemispermatophores: The basal part/distal lamina ratio varies from 0.8 to 1.02 (median = 0.85).

Distribution and ecology: Hormurus papuanus is known only from the south-western coast of New Britain, the largest island of the Bismark Archipelago, off the northeastern coast of New Guinea (Fig. 110). Specimens were collected under stones and in decaying logs, some close to a stream.

Remarks: The type specimens were collected by (Paul) Georg (Egmont) Duncker during the Hamburg Südsee-Expedition (1908-1910) in the Bismarck Archipelago (Thilenius, 1927). Kraepelin (1914) listed 23 specimens from Neu Pommern (New Britain) and Neu Guinea (New Guinea) in his original description of this species. Among this material two specimens from Finschhafen (Papua New Guinea mainland) belong to a different species which is described below as Hormurus krausi sp. nov.

This species was treated under the manuscript name “Hormurus asychnacaena” in Monod (2011a: 281, 532, 538, figs 16, 36).

Material: AMNH (without registration number); ♂ holotype; Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Lae, Botanical Garden [6°42′56″S, 146°59′14″E]; 18.VII.1964; leg. R. Zweifel & G. Sluder. – ZMB 7204; 1 ♀ paratype; Neu Guinea, [Madang Province], Astrolabe Bay? (see remarks below); leg. R. Rohde. – MHNG-ARTO-26376; 1 ♀ paratype; Morobe Province, Bukaua [6°43′33″S, 147°21′25″E], 35 miles W of Lae, near shore (beach); 26.XII.1972; leg. K.W. Ströder. – ZMB 15165; 3 ♀ paratypes; D. N. Guinea, [Morobe Province], Huon Gulf, Bukaua (Kap Arkona); [III-VII.1909]; leg. R.G. Neuhauss. – USNM 04167; 1 subadult ♂ paratype; New Guinea Area, 135 Med Group, APO 322, Unit 1. c/o PM San Fransisco [Morobe Province, Finschhafen (see remarks below), 6°33′29″S, 147°50′47″E]; 25.IX.1944. – BMNH 1934.2.10.10; 1 subadult ♀ paratype; [Oro Province], Kokoda [8°34′55″S, 147°15′8″E], 1200 ft; 1934; leg. L.E. Cheesman. – BMNH 1922.2.25.2; 1 subadult ♀ paratype; [Morobe Province], Huon Gulf, Lababia [7°17′57″S, 147°7′55″E]; acquisition 9.IV.1922 [probably collected in III.-IV.1920]; leg. W. Potter. – BMNH 1922.2.25.3; 1 subadult ♂ paratype; [Morobe Province], Huon Gulf, Lababia [7°17′57″S, 147°7′55″E]; 9.IV.1922; leg. W. Potter. – ZMB 15164; 1 ♂ paratype; [Morobe Province], Peiowa [Peihowa, 7°32′10″S, 147°22′41″E]; 1912; Reichsgesundheitsamt [Imperial Health Office].

Etymology: The name sporacanthophorus is the Latinized version of the ancient Greek words “σπoράς” [scattered], “ἄκανθα” [thorn, prickle] and “φoρεύς” [bearer, carrier]. The epithet is an invariable noun in apposition and refers to the unusually scattered granulation of the pedipalp cuticular surfaces (Fig. 113A).

Diagnosis: Hormurus sporacanthophorus sp. nov. differs from other Papuan species by the following combination of characters: (1) the median ocular tubercle is distinctly higher and more prominent (Fig. 114) than in any other Papuan species; (2) the suprabasal notch of the fixed finger on the pedipalp chelae of males is much shallower and the suprabasal lobe of the movable finger much weaker (represented by a low hump, Fig. 116A) than in the remaining taxa; (3) the retrodorsal carina of the pedipalp patella is distinct (Fig. 115G-H), whereas in all other Papuan Hormurus except H. ancylolobus sp. nov. it is obsolete and only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of spiniform granules; (4) the intercarinal surfaces of the pedipalp segments are more sparsely granular than in the other species, a difference that is particularly obvious for the dorsal and retrolateral surfaces (Fig. 113A); (5) the pectinal teeth count is the highest of any Papuan species (12-13 for males and 9-11 for females, Fig. 117), only H. ancylolobus sp. nov. gets close to that number (9-10 for females, unknown for males, Fig. 70B-C).

Description of adult male (holotype): Colouration (Fig. 112A-B): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus dark brown with black infuscation, more pronounced anteriorly; fingers black. Carapace reddish brown, median ocular region black. Tergites brown. Pedipalps reddish brown; carinae and fingers black. Legs paler than tergites, orange to yellow, prolateral carina of femora black. Coxapophysis I light brown, its anterior tip pale yellow; coxapophysis II reddish brown to black; coxae I-II and sternum dark orange, coxae II-III lighter than coxae I-II, orange to yellow; sternites III-VI brown, posterior half of V dark yellow; sternite VII dark brown to almost black; genital operculum and pectines pale orange to yellow. Metasoma reddish brown with darker infuscation; telson paler than metasoma, vesicle orange, aculeus reddish brown.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 114A, C): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct. Median ocular tubercle distinctly raised; median ocelli present, at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by approximately the diameter of a median ocellus. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to one another. Surfaces densely granular (with small to medium-sized granules), except for smooth frontal lobes and median ocular area. Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into a bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 112A-B, 115B-E, G-J, L-O): Segments long and slender, femur slightly longer than carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 116A, C-D): Fixed finger: basal lobe weakly developed; suprabasal notch shallow; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to median lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; single row of denticles basally. Movable finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal lobe weakly developed (as a low hump), gently rounded dorsally and lacking sharp conical tooth, not overlapping with fixed finger; suprabasal lobe and corresponding notch on fixed finger contiguous, no proximal gap or at most reduced gap only evident when fingers closed; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to suprabasal lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; single row of sparse denticles basally.

Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 115L-O): proventral carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules; promedian carinae absent; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules, similarly developed as proventral carina; retrodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules, similarly developed as prodorsal carina; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, only slightly more developed than retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only discernible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules. Patella (Fig. 115G-J): proventral carina discernible as costate ridge proximally, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium-sized to large spiniform granules, equally developed, fused medially into prominent spiniform process with medially located pointed apex; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium-sized to large granules). Chela manus (Fig. 115B-E): proventral and promedian carinae visible as faint ridges with medium-sized to large spiniform granules, equally developed; prodorsal carina obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules; dorsomedian carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina obsolete; digital carina visible as a ridge of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only discernible proximal to condyle of movable finger as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium to large granules); ventromedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules.

Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 115L-O): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; ventral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, distal third smooth. Patella (Fig. 115G-J): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces sparsely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with faint and sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, proximal and distal areas smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 115B-E): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal intercarinal surface with faint and sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; retrolateral intercarinal surface with faint and sparse reticulate network of small to medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with faint and sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela fingers sparsely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, smooth or nearly so distally, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db each in single smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 115G-J): d₂ trichobothrium distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobotria arranged in three (esb₁, esb₂+em_1-2 and est) or four (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est) groups; three et trichobothria; three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 115B-E): Dt situated in proximal third of manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb closer to Est than to Eb group, usually aligned with Est, sometimes slightly more distal; Est situated near midpoint; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb distinctly closer to eb than to est; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria.

Coxosternum (Fig. 117A, C): Anterior margin of coxa III elongated distally, without anterodistal process. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), almost as long as wide.

Legs (Fig. 118): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, pro- and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 4/4, 4/5, 4/5 and 4/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively. Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral row each with 3-4/4, 3-4/4, 4-5/4-5 and 4-5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with one proximal spinule; ventromedian spinules absent. Ungues shorter than telotarsus, half its length or less.

Genital operculum (Fig. 117A): Composed of two subtriangular sclerites.

Pectines (Fig. 117A-B): Moderately elongated, distal edge reaching but not extending beyond distal edge of coxa IV; fulcrae and three marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 12-13; teeth straight, entirely covered with sensory papillae.

Mesosoma (Figs 112A-B, 114A, E): Pre-tergites I-VII and posterior margins of pre-tergites smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; intercarinal surfaces of I-VII finely and densely granular, with reticulate network of ridges and dimples. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI long, their length at least one third of sternite width, and distinctly crescent shaped. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 119B-C): Not markedly compressed laterally; sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so (segment V smooth or nearly so); dorsal intercarinal surface of V smooth and shiny medially; distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V (usually only faintly expressed anteriorly).

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae distinct anteriorly, visible as a faint ridge on segment I, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); paired ventrosubmedian carinae weakly developed (as low ridges). Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two-thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segments I-IV: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carinae without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae with scattered minute spiniform granules; anal arch crenulate.

Ventral metasoma setation: Segment I with eight macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and one pair (anterior) on lateral carinae; segments II-IV each with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segment V with 16 macrosetae, i.e. four pairs (anterior, median, subposterior and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and four pairs (anterior, supramedian, subposterior and posterior) on ventrolateral carinae.

Telson (Fig. 119B): Longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (less than half of vesicle length), sharply curved.

Hemispermatophore (Fig. 120): Stalk distinctly longer than stem. Distal lamina curved, without distal crest on anterior margin; single laminar hook, median, situated between positions 3/7 and 1/2 from base of stalk (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 0.74-0.98; median = 0.88); transverse ridge distinct, more proximal than base of laminar hook, merging with anterior margin more proximally than base of laminar hook. Capsule: hemisolenos thin, folded on itself only proximally and above that unfolded to flattened distal tip (tip and base approximately of same width), without lateral longitudinal carina, laterodistal accessory hook or medioposterior accessory apophysis; tip of hemisolenos more proximal than base of laminar hook, more distal than tip of clasper. Clasper well developed, forming distinct hump, not hook-like, with small anterior knob-like accessory process. Subex well developed, spoon-shaped, merging anteriorly with base of clasper; posterior edge forming obtuse angle (>90°) with hemisolenos; anterior edge forming right angle (90°) with hemisolenos.

Description of adult female: Same characters as male except as follows. Colouration (Fig. 112C-D): Legs slightly darker than in male, almost as dark as tergites. Pedipalps (Figs 112C-D, 115A, F, K): Segments noticeably shorter or more robust than in male.

Chela fingers (Fig. 116B): Dentate margins linear or nearly so, without pronounced lobe and notch, with two rows of primary denticles extending from tip to base of fingers and bearing large inner accessory denticles.

Legs: Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral row each with 3-4/4, 4/4, 4-5/3-5 and 4-5/4-5 setiform macrosetae.

Genital operculum (Fig. 117D): Oval to semi-oval, slightly longer than wide (length/width ratio = 1-1.12, median = 1.04); opercular sclerites partly fused, with distinct median suture; posterior notch present, at least weakly developed.

Pectines (Fig. 117D-E): Short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV. Pectinal teeth count 9-11; teeth short and straight, sensory papillae covering only distal two-thirds.

Mesosoma (Figs 112C-D, 114B, F): Post-tergites: reticulate network of ridges and dimples on segments III-VII more distinct than in male; intercarinal surfaces of I-II medially smooth, laterally granular; intercarinal surfaces of III-VI almost totally smooth, faintly granular along lateral margins; intercarinal surfaces of VII faintly granular, in proximal half smooth.

Intraspecific variation: Pedipalp trichobothria: On the retrolateral side of pedipalp patella trichobothrium esb₁ is in some specimens located midway between esb₂ and em_1-2 rather than close to esb₂, resulting in four groups (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est) instead of three (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est). On the retrolateral side of the pedipalp chela Esb may be slightly more proximal than Est, resulting in the two trichobothria not aligning with each other.

Leg spination: The number of setiform macrosetae varies from three to four proventrally on telotarsi I-II, from three to five retrolaterally on telotarsi III, from four to five proventrally on telotarsi III-IV and from four to five retroventrally on telotarsi IV.

Female genital operculum: The length/width ratio varies from 1 to 1.12 (median = 1.04).

Pectines: The pectinal teeth count varies from 12 to 13 in males and from nine to 11 in females.

Ventral metasoma setation: Rarely one more macroseta may be expressed in the supramedian group of segment I, resulting in a total of nine macrosetae instead of eight. Segments II-IV may possess eight or nine instead of ten macrosetae (one or two macroseta not expressed) and segment V 13 to 15 instead of 16 (one to three macrosetae not expressed).

Hemispermatophores: The basal part/distal lamina ratio varies from 0.74 to 0.98 (median = 0.88).

Distribution and ecology: Hormurus sporacanthophorus sp. nov. is known from the coasts of Huon Bay in Morobe Province, and from one locality further inland in Oro Province (Fig. 121). The record from Astrolabe Bay is considered doubtful (see Remarks). Specimens of this species were collected together with specimens of Hormurus krausi sp. nov. at two localities, i.e. Lae and Bukaua. The two species occur syntopically in at least parts of their ranges.

Remarks: Ricardo Rohde was a collector who operated in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay) from 1885 to 1886 before joining the German New Guinea Company in 1887 (Von den Steinen, 2010; Holdings of the archives of the Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte,  http://www.bgaeu.de/BGAEU-EH.htm, accessed 5.II.2021). He was based in New Guinea at least until 1891 and collected during this period in Stephansort and Finschhafen (Wichmann, 1912; Froddin & Gressit, 1982). The specimen with registration number ZMB 7204 was among two other lots (ZMB 7415 and ZMB 7603) labelled as collected in Astrolabe Bay. This locality is considered as doubful for H. sporacanthophorus sp. nov. It is imprecise and out of the distribution range assessed from verified records which mostly encompasses the coastal regions of Huon Gulf. Because Rohde also collected in this geographic area (Finschhafen), it is possibly a case of mislabelling. Richard Gustav Neuhauss was a German physician who travelled in former German New Guinea from 1908 to 1910 in order to conduct anthropological and ethnological studies (Neuhauss, 1909, 1911), and also to collect botanical and zoological samples. On March 15, 1909 he travelled from Sattelberg via Finschhafen to Huon Gulf, establishing himself in Bukaua (Kap Arkona) for the next four months. He made several expeditions from Bukaua: a coastal trip to the English boundary, two expeditions up the Markham River and a trip to the village of Taminugetu. He left Bukaua on July 14, 1909. The three specimens of H. sporacanthophorus sp. nov. with registration number ZMB 15165 must have been collected during this period.

The label data for the specimen under registration number USNM 04167 indicates an Army Postal Office (APO) number. APOs were used during WW II to deliver and send mail to military units on the front lines without going through the regular post offices. Each APO was issued a specific number. APO 322 indicates that the person who collected and sent the specimen, probably an American military officer, was stationed in Finschhafen, Papua New Guinea (Anonymous, 1949).

Lucy Evelyn Cheesman was a British entomologist and explorer. Between 1933 and 1939 she made three solo expeditions to New Guinea under the auspices of the British Museum, London (Garner & Touzel, 2018). The specimen from Kokoda was collected during her first expedition (Cheesman, 1935).

William Potter collected birds for the British Museum in Musom and Singaua (Huon Gulf) from March to April 1920 (Gilliard, 1969). The scorpions from Lababia (BMNH 1922.2.25.2-3) were possibly collected during the same expedition since Lababia is also located in the Huon Gulf.

Material: AMNH (without registration number); ♂holotype; Papua New Guinea, [Milne Bay Province], Cape Vogel Peninsula, Menapi [9°45′35″S, 149°55′54″E], camp 1; 21.III.-4.V.1953; leg. G.M. Tate, Archbold Expedition. – AMNH (without registration number); 2 ♀, 1 subadult ♂, 1 subadult ♀, 2 juvenile ♂, 1 juvenile ♀ paratypes; same data as for holotype. – AMNH (without registration number); 1 ♂, 2 ♀ paratypes; same data as for holotype.

Remark: Three female specimens from the series collected at Menapi camp 1 were not conspecific with H. menapi sp. nov. described below. They are listed below as an unidentified material because the absence of males prevents their differentiation from the other taxa treated in the present contribution.

Etymology: Menapi is the name of the village on the southern coast of Cape Vogel (Milne Bay Province) where the type specimens were collected. The epithet is an invariable name in apposition.

Diagnosis: Hormurus menapi sp. nov. is morphologically close to H. maiwa sp. nov. and H. cameroni sp. nov. and can be easily differentiated from these two species by its hemispermatophore morphology. The laminar hook is median (situated between positions 3/7 and 1/2 from the base of the stalk) in H. menapi sp. nov. (Fig. 129), whereas it is submedian (situated between 1/3 and 3/7 from the base of the stalk) in H. maiwa sp. nov. (Fig. 100) and H. cameroni sp. nov. (Fig. 81).

Description of adult male (holotype): Colouration (Fig. 122A-B): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus brown with black infuscation, more pronounced anteriorly; fingers black. Carapace reddish brown, median ocular region black. Tergites brown. Pedipalps reddish brown; carinae and fingers black. Legs paler than tergites, brown to orange dorsally, orange to yellow ventrally, prolateral carina of femora black. Coxapophysis I light brown, anterior tip pale yellow; coxapophysis II reddish brown to black; leg coxae light brown; sternum brown, lighter posterolaterally; sternites III-VI brown, posteromedian margin of V yellow; sternite VII dark brown to black posteriorly; genital operculum and pectines yellow. Metasoma reddish brown with darker infuscation; telson paler than metasoma, vesicle orange, aculeus reddish brown.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 123A, C): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct; median ocular tubercle slightly raised; median ocelli present, at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by approximately the diameter of a median ocellus. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to each other. Surfaces minutely and densely granular except for smooth frontal lobes (median longitudinal sulci and anterior furcated sulci granular) and median ocular area.

Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 122A-B, 124B-E, G-J, L-O): Segments long and slender, femur longer than carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 125A, C-D): Fixed finger: basal lobe well developed and conical; suprabasal notch distinct and deep; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to median lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on suprabasal notch; a single row of denticles on basal lobe. Movable finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal lobe well developed, conical, gently rounded dorsally and lacking sharp conical tooth, not overlapping with fixed finger; suprabasal lobe and corresponding notch on fixed finger contiguous, no proximal gap or at most reduced gap only evident when fingers closed; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to suprabasal lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on suprabasal notch; few scattered denticles basally.

Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 124L-O): proventral carina developed as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; promedian carinae absent; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, similarly developed to proventral carina; retrodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, similarly developed as prodorsal carina; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules, more developed than retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only discernible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules. Patella (Fig. 124G-J): proventral carina discernible proximally as costate ridge, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium-sized to large spiniform granules, equally developed, fused medially into prominent spiniform process with pointed medially located apex; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium-sized spiniform granules). Chela manus (Fig. 124B-E): proventral and promedian carinae visible as faint ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed; prodorsal carina obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; dorsomedian carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina obsolete; digital carina visible as a ridge of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only discernible proximal to condyle of movable finger as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium-sized granules); ventromedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules.

Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 124L-O): Prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; ventral intercarinal surface densely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Patella (Fig. 124G-J): prolateral intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 124B-E): prolateral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela fingers densely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, smooth or nearly so distally, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db together in a single large smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 124G-J): d₂ trichobothrium distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobotria arranged in three (esb₁, esb₂+em_1-2 and est) or four (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est) groups; three et trichobothria; three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 124B-E): Dt situated in proximal half of manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb closer to Est than to Eb group, sometimes aligned with Est; Est situated near midpoint; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb slightly closer to eb than to est; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria.

Coxosternum (Fig. 126A, C): Anterior margin of coxa III elongated distally, without anterodistal process. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), as long as wide or nearly so.

Legs (Fig. 127): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, pro- and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 4/4, 4/5, 4/5 and 4/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively. Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral row each with 4/4, 4/4, 4-5/5 and 4-5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with one proximal spinule; ventromedian spinules absent. Ungues shorter than telotarsus, half its length or less.

Genital operculum (Fig. 126A): Composed of two subtriangular sclerites.

Pectines (Fig. 126A-B): Moderately elongated, distal edge reaching but not extending beyond distal edge of coxa IV; fulcrae and three marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 7-8; teeth straight, entirely covered with sensory papillae.

Mesosoma(Figs122A-B,123A,E):Pre-tergitesI-VIIand posterior margins of pre-tergites smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; intercarinal surfaces of I-VII densely covered with small spiniform granules, slightly less so medially on I-III; intercarinal surfaces of III-VII with distinct but faint reticulate network of ridges and dimples. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI short, their length less than third of sternite width, and distinctly crescent shaped. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 128B-C): Not markedly compressed laterally; sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so (segment V almost smooth); dorsal intercarinal surface of V smooth and shiny medially; distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V (usually only faintly expressed anteriorly).

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae discernible anteriorly as a faint ridge on segment I, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); paired ventrosubmedian carinae weakly developed (as low ridges). Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two-thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segment I: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules. Segment II: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with 1-2 pairs of subposterior spiniform granules and 0-1 pair of median granules. Segments III-IV: dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carina without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae with scattered minute spiniform granules; anal arch crenulate.

Ventral metasoma setation: Segment I with eight macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and one pair (anterior) on lateral carinae, or ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segments II-IV each with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segment V with 16 macrosetae, i.e. four pairs (anterior, median, subposterior and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and four pairs (anterior, supramedian, subposterior and posterior) on ventrolateral carinae.

Telson (Fig. 128B): Slightly longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (its length less than half of vesicle length), sharply curved.

Hemispermatophore (Fig. 129): Stalk distinctly longer than stem. Distal lamina curved, without distal crest on anterior margin; single laminar hook, median, situated between 3/7 and 1/2 from base of stalk (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 0.89-0.98, median = 0.97); transverse ridge distinct, more proximal than base of laminar hook, merging with anterior margin more proximally than base of laminar hook. Capsule: hemisolenos thin, folded on itself only proximally and above that unfolded to flattened distal tip (tip and base approximately of the same width), without lateral longitudinal carina, laterodistal accessory hook or medioposterior accessory apophysis; tip of hemisolenos more proximal than base of laminar hook, more distal than tip of clasper. Clasper well developed, forming distinct hump, not hook-like, without anterior accessory process. Subex well developed, spoon-shaped, merging anteriorly with base of clasper; posterior edge forming obtuse angle (>90°) with hemisolenos; anterior edge forming right angle (90°) with hemisolenos.

Description of adult female: Same characters as for male except as follows. Colouration (Fig. 122C-D): Legs slightly darker than in male, almost as dark as tergites.

Pedipalps (Figs 122C-D, 124A, F, K): Segments noticeably shorter or more robust than in male.

Chela fingers (Fig. 125B): Dentate margins linear or nearly so, without pronounced lobe and notch, with two rows of primary denticles extending from tip to base of fingers and bearing large inner accessory denticles.

Legs: Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 4/4, 4-5/4, 4-5/5 and 5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively.

Genital operculum (Fig. 126D): Oval to semi-oval, as wide as long or nearly so (length/width ratio = 1.00-1.04, median = 1.01); opercular sclerites partly fused, with distinct median suture; posterior notch present, at least weakly developed.

Pectines (Fig. 126D-E): Short distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV. Pectinal teeth count 7; teeth short and straight, sensory papillae covering only distal half.

Mesosoma (Figs 122C-D, 123B, F): Post-tergites: reticulate network of ridges and dimples on segments III-VII more distinct than in male; intercarinal surfaces of I-II medially smooth, laterally granular; anterior half of intercarinal surfaces of III-VI medially smooth, laterally granular, posterior half densely granular; anterior half of intercarinal surfaces of VII smooth, posterior half densely granular.

Metasoma (Fig. 128A): Spination: ventrosubmedian carinae of segment I with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules and 0-1 pair of median granules.

Intraspecific variation: Pedipalp trichobothria: On the retrolateral side of the pedipalp patella trichobothrium est is in some specimens close to em_1-2, resulting in three groups (esb₁, esb₂+em_1-2 and est) instead of three (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est) or four (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est). On the retrolateral side of the pedipalp chela Esb may be slightly more distal, aligning with Est.

Leg spination: The number of setiform macrosetae varies from four to five in the proventral row on telotarsi II-IV.

Female genital operculum: The length/width ratio varies from 1.00 to 1.04 (median = 1.01).

Pectines: The pectinal teeth count varies from seven to eight in males.

Metasoma: Spination: On the ventrosubmedian carinae of segment I 0-1 pair of median spiniform granules is present, and one more spiniform granule may be expressed in the subposterior group. One more spiniform granule may be expressed in the subposterior group of segment II, and one more or one fewer may be expressed in the median group.

Ventral metasoma setation: Eight to ten macroseta are expressed on segment I. Segment V may have 13 to 15 macrosetae instead of 16 (one to three macrosetae not expressed).

Hemispermatophores: The basal part/distal lamina ratio varies from 0.89 to 0.99 (median = 0.97).

Distribution and ecology: Hormurus menapi sp. nov. is only known from Menapi Village on the southern coast of the Cape Vogel Peninsula, north of Goodenough Bay in Milne Bay Province, eastern tip of New Guinea (Fig. 130, see also Fig. 101B). Hormurus menapi sp. nov. was collected together and is probably co-occurring with an undescribed Hormurus species (see further below).

Remarks: See remarks in the description of H. maiwa sp. nov. for details about the 1953 Archbold Expedition, and Fig. 101B for a historical map of the localities surveyed during this trip.

This species was treated under the manuscript name “Hormurus tagulae” in Monod (2011a: 293, 532, 537).

Material: AMNH [LP 3008]; ♂ holotype; Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Province, Sudest Island, Araetha Village, at sea level, 11.44°S, 153.43°E; 11.IV.2004; leg. J.D. Slapcinsky (sample JS-0705). – AMNH [LP 3008]; 1 ♀, 6 imm. paratypes; same data as for holotype. – UMMZ [LP 3008]; 6 imm. paratypes; same data as for holotype.

Etymology: Tagula is the Papuan name of Sudest Island where the types specimens were collected. The epithet is an invariable name in apposition.

Diagnosis: H. tagula sp. nov. is morphologically close to H. sibonai sp. nov. The two species may be differentiated by two characters in male specimens: (1) the number of pectinal teeth is higher in H. tagula sp. nov. (9-11; Fig. 135) than in H. sibonai sp. nov. (8, Fig. 143A-B); (2) the anterodistal tips of coxae II-III are narrower and more elongated in H. tagula sp. nov. (Fig. 135) than in H. sibonai sp. nov. (Fig. 143A, C).

Description of adult male: Colouration (Fig. 131A-B): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus dark brown with black infuscation, more pronounced anteriorly; fingers black. Carapace reddish brown, median ocular region black. Tergites brown. Pedipalps reddish brown; carinae and fingers black. Legs paler than tergites, pale brown dorsally, orange to yellow ventrally, prolateral carina of femora black. Coxapophyses I-II light brown, anterior tips black; coxae I-IV orange to yellow; sternum light brown, posterolaterally orange; sternites III-VI brown, posterior half of V pale yellow; sternite VII dark brown, almost black; genital operculum and pectines yellow. Metasoma reddish brown with darker infuscation; telson paler than metasoma, vesicle yellow to orange, aculeus reddish brown.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 132A, C): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct. Median ocular tubercle slightly raised; median ocelli present, at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by approximately the diameter of a median ocellus. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to each other. Surfaces densely granular (with small to medium-sized granules), except for smooth anterior areas of frontal lobes and median ocular area.

Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 131A-B, 133B-E, G-J, L-O): Segments moderately elongated, femur longer than carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 134A, C-D): Fixed finger: basal lobe well developed and conical; suprabasal notch distinct and deep; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to median lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on suprabasal notch; single row of denticles on basal lobe. Movable finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal lobe well developed, conical, gently rounded dorsally and lacking sharp conical tooth, not overlapping with fixed finger; suprabasal lobe and corresponding notch on fixed finger contiguous, no proximal gap or at most reduced gap only evident when fingers closed; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to suprabasal lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on suprabasal notch; few sparse denticles basally.

Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 133L-O): proventral carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules; promedian carinae absent; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules, more developed than proventral carina; retrodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, less strongly developed than prodorsal carina; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, more developed than retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only discernible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules. Patella (Fig. 133G-J): proventral carina discernible as costate-granular ridge proximally, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium-sized to large spiniform granules, equally developed, fused medially into prominent spiniform process with pointed medially located apex; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium-sized granules). Chela manus (Fig. 133B-E): proventral and promedian carinae visible as faint ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed; prodorsal carina obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; dorsomedian carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina obsolete; digital carina visible as a ridge of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only discernible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximal to condyle of movable finger; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of large granules in proximal half and medium-sized ones in distal half); ventromedian carina obsolete, only proximally expressed as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules.

Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 133L-O): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; ventral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Patella (Fig. 133G-J): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 133B-E): prolateral intercarinal surface covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela fingers densely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, smooth or nearly so in distal half, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db together in a single large smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 133G-J): d₂ trichobothrium distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobotria arranged in three (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est) or four (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est) groups; three et trichobothria; three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 133B-E): Dt situated in proximal half of manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb closer to Est than to Eb group; Est situated near midpoint; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb slightly closer to eb than to est; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria.

Coxosternum (Fig. 135A, C): Anterior margin of coxa III markedly elongated distally, without anterodistal process. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), almost as long as wide.

Legs (Fig. 136): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, pro- and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 4/4, 4/4, 4/5 and 4/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively. Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral row each with 4/4, 4-5/4-5, 4-5/5 and 5/4-5 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with one proximal spinule; ventromedian spinules absent. Ungues shorter than telotarsus, half its length or less.

Genital operculum (Fig. 135A): Composed of two subtriangular sclerites.

Pectines (Fig. 135A-B): Relatively short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV; fulcrae and three marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 9-11; teeth straight, entirely covered with sensory papillae.

Mesosoma (Figs 131A-B, 132A, E): Pre-tergites I-VII and posterior margins of pre-tergites smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; intercarinal surfaces of I-III densely covered with small spiniform granules, smooth anteromedially; intercarinal surfaces of IV-VII densely covered with small spiniform granules, less so anteromedially; intercarinal surfaces III-VII with distinct but faint reticulate network of ridges and dimples. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI short, their length less than third of sternite width, and distinctly crescent shaped. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 137B-C): Not markedly compressed laterally; sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so (segment V almost smooth); dorsal intercarinal surface of V smooth and shiny medially; distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V (usually only faintly expressed anteriorly).

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae discernible anteriorly as a faint ridge on segment I, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); paired ventrosubmedian carinae weakly developed (as low ridges). Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two-thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segment I: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules. Segment II: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules and 0-1 pair of median granules. Segments III-IV: dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carina without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae without large spiniform granules; anal arch crenulate.

Ventral metasoma setation: Segment I with eight macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and one pair (anterior) on lateral carinae, or ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segments II-IV with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segment V with 16 macrosetae, i.e. four pairs (anterior, median, subposterior and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and four pairs (anterior, supramedian, subposterior and posterior) on ventrolateral carinae.

Telson (Fig. 137B): Slightly longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (less than half of vesicle length), sharply curved. Hemispermatophore: Unknown. Given its state of preservation, the holotype, which is the only male known, is probably a freshly molted specimen. The paraxial organs were probably not functional yet and the hemispermatophores had not been secreted at the time of preservation.

Description of adult female: Same characters as for male except as follows. Colouration (Fig. 131C-D): Legs slightly darker than in male, almost as dark as tergites.

Pedipalps (Figs 131C-D, 133A, F, K): Segments slightly shorter and more robust than in males.

Chela fingers (Fig. 134B): Dentate margins linear or nearly so, without pronounced lobe and notch, with two rows of primary denticles extending from tip to base of fingers and bearing large inner accessory denticles.

Legs: Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 4/3-4, 4/4, 4-5/5 and 5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively.

Genital operculum (Fig. 135D): Oval to semi-oval, longer than wide (length/width ratio = 1.15); opercular sclerites partly fused, with distinct median suture; posterior notch present, at least weakly developed.

Pectines (Fig. 135D-E): Short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV. Pectinal teeth count 7-8; teeth short and straight, sensory papillae covering only distal half.

Mesosoma (Figs 131C-D, 132B, F): Post-tergites: reticulate network of ridges and dimples on segments III-VII more distinct than in male; intercarinal surfaces of I-II medially smooth, laterally granular; anterior half of intercarinal surfaces of III-VI medially smooth, laterally granular, posterior half densely granular; anterior half of intercarinal surfaces of VII smooth, posterior half densely granular.

Metasoma (Fig. 137A): Spination of segment I: ventrosubmedian carinae with 1-2 pairs of subposterior spiniform granules.

Intraspecific variation: Pedipalp trichobothria: On the retrolateral side of the pedipalp patella trichobothrium esb₁ is in some specimens located midway between esb₂ and em_1-2 rather than close to esb₂, resulting in four groups (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est) instead of three (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est). Esb on the retrolateral side of the pedipalp chela may be slightly more distal, aligning with Est.

Leg spination: The number of setiform macrosetae varies from three to four retroventrally on telotarsi I, from four to five proventrally on telotarsi II-III, and from four to five retroventrally on telotarsi II and IV.

Pectines: The pectinal teeth count varies from nine to 11 in males, and from seven to eight in females.

Metasoma: Spination: 1-2 pairs of subposterior spiniform granules are present on the ventrosubmedian carinae of segment I, and one extra spiniform granule in this group may be expressed in specimens with only one pair; 0-1 pair of median spiniform granules is present on the ventrosubmedian carinae of segment II, one fewer spiniform granule may be expressed in the median and subposterior groups, and one more may be expressed in the subposterior group.

Ventral metasoma setation: Eight to ten macroseta are expressed on segment I. One fewer macroseta may be expressed in the anterior group of segment IV, making it a total of nine instead of ten macrosetae, and in the subposterior group of segment V, making it a total of 15 instead of 16 macrosetae.

Distribution: Hormurus tagula sp. nov. is only known from Sudest Island (also known as Tagula or Vanatinai), the largest island of the Louisiades Archipelago, in Milne Bay Province, off the eastern tip of New Guinea (Fig. 138).

Material: AMNH [LP 4744]; ♂ holotype; Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Province, D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Normanby Island, Sewa Bay, 10.04°S, 150.98°E; 31.I.2003; leg. F. Kraus. (JS-0630).

Etymology: Sibonai is the predominant dialect spoken in the Sewa Bay area on Fergusson Island (Frawley, 2003; Glottolog website  https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sewa1251 (accessed 9.XII.2022) where the holotype was collected. The epithet is an invariable name in apposition.

Diagnosis: Among Papuan Hormurus H. sibonai sp. nov., H. hypseloscolus sp. nov., H. krausi sp. nov. and H. tagula sp. nov. form a distinct group characterized by a distal position of the hemispermatophore laminar hook (situated in the distal half of the stalk; basal part/distal lamina ratio > 1) and by the longer than wide female genital opercula (length/width ratio >1). Hormurus sibonai sp. nov. can be distinguished from the other species in this group by the following characters in adult males (the female of H. sibonai sp. nov. is unknown): (1) the pedipalps in H. sibonai sp. nov. (Fig. 139) are much less elongated than in H. hypseloscolus sp. nov. (Figs 158, 159A-B); (2) the suprabasal lobe of the pedipalp chela finger and the corresponding notch of the fixed finger are contiguous in H. sibonai sp. nov. (Fig. 142), whereas they are separated by a distinct gap in H. krausi sp. nov. (Fig. 152A); (3) the anterodistal tips of coxae III do not exhibit any process or morphological modification in H. sibonai sp. nov. (Fig. 143A, C), whereas they are more elongated and narrower in H. tagula sp. nov. (Fig. 135A, C) and H. hypseloscolus sp. nov. (Fig. 163A, C), and they have an unusual lanceolate shape in H. krausi sp. nov. (Fig. 153A, C); (4) the number of pectinal teeth in H. sibonai sp. nov. (8; Fig. 143A-B) is lower than in H. tagula sp. nov. (9-11; Fig. 135A-B); (5) H. sibonai sp. nov. possesses eight ventral macrosetae on metasoma segment I (Fig. 145B), i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on the ventrosubmedian carinae and one pair (anterior) on the lateral carinae, whereas the other three species possess ten, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on the ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on the ventrolateral carinae (Figs 137C, 155C, 165C); (6) the hemispermatophore lamellar hook is less distal in H. sibonai sp. nov. (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 1.2; Fig. 146) than in two of the other three species (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 1.43-1.8/1.84-1.93; Figs 156, 166, hemispermatophore unknown for H. tagula sp. nov.).

Description of adult male: Colouration (Fig. 139): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus dark brown with black infuscation, more pronounced anteriorly; fingers black. Carapace reddish brown, median ocular region black. Tergites brown. Pedipalps reddish brown; carinae and fingers black. Legs paler than tergites, dorsal surface brown with lighter spots (orange to yellow) more pronounced on tibiae and basitarsi, telotarsi yellow; ventral surface orange, distal segments (tibiae, basitarsi and telotarsi) slightly paler; prolateral carina of femora black. Coxapophyses I-II light brown, their anterior tip black; coxae I-IV light brown; sternum and sternites brown; genital operculum light brown, pectines light brown to yellow. Metasoma reddish brown with darker infuscation; telson paler than metasoma, vesicle yellow to orange, aculeus reddish brown.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 140A-B): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct. Median ocular tubercle slightly raised; median ocelli present, at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by approximately the diameter of a median ocellus. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to each other. Surfaces finely and densely granular, except for smooth anterior half of frontal lobes and median ocular area.

Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 139, 141): Segments moderately elongated, femur slightly longer than carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 142): Fixed finger: basal lobe well developed and conical; suprabasal notch distinct and deep; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to median lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on suprabasal notch; single row of denticles on basal lobe. Movable finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal lobe well developed, conical, gently rounded dorsally and lacking sharp conical tooth, not overlapping with fixed finger; suprabasal lobe and corresponding notch on fixed finger contiguous, no proximal gap or at most reduced gap only evident when fingers closed; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to suprabasal lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on suprabasal notch; few scattered denticles basally.

Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 141I-L): proventral carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; promedian carinae absent; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules, more developed than proventral carina; retrodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, less strongly developed than prodorsal carina; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, more developed than retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only discernible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules. Patella (Fig. 141E-H): proventral carina discernible as costate-granular ridge proximally, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium-sized to large spiniform granules, equally developed, fused medially into prominent spiniform process with pointed medially located apex; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium-sized granules). Chela manus (Fig. 141A-D): proventral and promedian carinae visible as faint ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed; prodorsal carina obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; dorsomedian carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina obsolete; digital carina visible as a ridge of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only discernible proximal to condyle of movable finger as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of large granules in proximal half, medium-sized in distal half); ventromedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules.

Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 141I-L): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; ventral intercarinal surface densely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, distal third smooth. Patella (Fig. 141E-H): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 141A-D): prolateral intercarinal surface covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela fingers densely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, smooth or nearly so distally, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db together in a single large smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 141E-H): d₂ trichobothrium distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobotria arranged in three groups (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est); three et trichobothria; three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 141A-D): Dt situated in proximal half of manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb closer to Est than to Eb group, aligned with Est; Est situated near midpoint; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb closer to eb than to est; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria.

Coxosternum (Fig. 143A, C): Anterior margin of coxa III moderately elongated distally, without anterodistal process. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), slightly wider than long.

Legs (Fig. 144): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, pro- and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 4/4, 4/5, 4/5 and 4/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively. Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral row each with 3-4/4, 4/4, 5/4 and 5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with one proximal spinule; ventromedian spinules absent. Ungues shorter than telotarsus, half its length or less.

Genital operculum (Fig. 143A): Composed of two subtriangular sclerites.

Pectines (Fig. 143A-B): Moderately elongated, distal edge reaching but not extending beyond distal edge of coxa IV; fulcrae and three marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 8; teeth straight, entirely covered with sensory papillae.

Mesosoma (Figs 139, 140A, C-D): Pre-tergites I-VII and posterior margins of pre-tergites smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; intercarinal surfaces of I densely covered with small spiniform granules, smooth anteromedially; intercarinal surfaces of II-V densely covered with small spiniform granules, less so anteromedially; intercarinal surfaces of VI-VII densely covered with small spiniform granules; intercarinal surfaces of III-VII with distinct but faint reticulate network of ridges and dimples. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI short, their length less than third of sternite width, and distinctly crescent shaped. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 145): Not markedly compressed laterally; sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so (segment V almost smooth); dorsal intercarinal surface of V smooth and shiny medially; distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V (usually only faintly expressed anteriorly).

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae discernible anteriorly as a faint ridge on segment I, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); paired ventrosubmedian carinae weakly developed (as low ridges). Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two-thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segment I: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules. Segment II: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules and one pair of median granules. Segments III-IV: dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carina without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae without large spiniform granules; anal arch crenulate.

Ventral metasoma setation: Segment I with eight macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and one pair (anterior) on lateral carinae; segments II-IV each with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segment V with 16 macrosetae, i.e. four pairs (anterior, median, subposterior and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and four pairs (anterior, supramedian, subposterior and posterior) on ventrolateral carinae.

Telson (Fig. 145A): Longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (less than half of vesicle length), sharply curved.

Hemispermatophore (Fig. 146): Stalk distinctly longer than stem. Distal lamina curved, without distal crest on anterior margin; single laminar hook, situated in distal half of stalk (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 1.2); transverse ridge distinct, significantly more proximal than base of laminar hook, merging with anterior margin significantly more proximally than base of laminar hook. Capsule: hemisolenos thin, folded on itself only proximally and above that unfolded to flattened distal tip (tip and base approximately of same width), without lateral longitudinal carina, laterodistal accessory hook or medioposterior accessory apophysis; tip of hemisolenos more proximal than base of laminar hook, more distal than tip of clasper. Clasper well developed, forming distinct hump, not hook-like, with small anterior accessory process. Subex well developed, spoon-shaped, merging anteriorly with base of clasper; posterior edge forming obtuse angle (>90°) with hemisolenos; anterior edge forming right angle (90°) with hemisolenos.

Intraspecific variation: Leg spination: The number of setiform macrosetae varies from three to four in the proventral row of telotarsi I.

Metasoma: Spination: An extra subposterior spiniform granule may be expressed in one of the ventrosubmedian carinae of segment I.

Ventral metasoma setation: One or two fewer macrosetae may be expressed on each of the segments II-IV, making it a total of eight or nine instead of the usual ten per segment; and one to three fewer macrosetae may be expressed on segment V, making it a total of 13, 14 or 15 instead of the usual 16.

Distribution: Hormurus sibonai sp. nov. is only known from Normanby Island (also known in the local languages as Kwaiatabu and Duau), the southernmost island of the D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago, in Milne Bay Province, off the northeastern tip of New Guinea (Fig. 147).

Hormurus papuanus Kraepelin, 1914 (in part; misidentification): 331, 333. – Monod, 2000 (in part; misidentification): 291, 536, 686-687, fig. 122.

Material: AMNH [LP 2715]; ♂ holotype; Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Mt Shungol, W of Apele, near junction of Kasang Creek and Ouz River, 860 m, broadleaf forest, arboreal, 1-3 m above ground on mossy tree trunks, 6.83°S, 146.70°E; 22.X.2003; leg. J.D. Slapcinsky & F. Kraus. – AMNH [LP 2715]; 1 ♂ paratype; same data as for holotype. – UMMZ [LP 2721]; 1 subadult ♂ paratype; same data as for holotype. – AMNH [LP 2724]; 1 ♀ paratype; Morobe Province, Mt Shungol, W of Apele, near junction of Kasang Creek and Ouz River, 750 m, broadleaf forest, arboreal, 1-3 m above ground on mossy tree trunks, 6.83°S, 146.70°E; 25.X.2003; leg. J.D. Slapcinsky. – AMNH [LP 2714]; 1 ♂ paratype; Morobe Province, Mt Shungol, site of Old Apele Village, 420 m, overgrown coconut and Pandanus garden, under coconut palm leaves, 6.79°S, 146.68°E; 24.X.2003; leg. J.D. Slapcinsky. – AMNH [LP 2725]; 1 ♀ paratype; Mt Shungol, W of Apele, Bwemamik, junction of Bwemamik Creek and Ouz River, 730 m, mature broadleaf forest, 6.81°S, 146.69°E; 17.X.2003; leg. J.D. Slapcinsky & F. Kraus. – UMMZ [LP 2726]; 1 subadult ♀, 1 juvenile paratypes; same data as for AMNH [LP 2725]. – UMMZ [LP 2727]; 1 juvenile ♀paratype; same data as for AMNH [LP 2725]. – ZMB 15165 Bis; 2 ♂, 3 ♀, 2 juvenile ♀ paratypes; D. N. Guinea, [Morobe Province], Huon Gulf, Bukaua (Kap Arkona) [6°43′33″S, 147°21′25″E]; [III.-VII.1909]; leg. R.G. Neuhauss. – CAS (without registration number); 3 ♂, 2 ♀, 1 subadult ♂ paratypes; Morobe Province, Finschhafen [6°33′29″S, 147°50′47″E]; IV.1944; leg. E.S. Ross. – CAS (without registration number); 1 ♂ paratype; Finschhafen; 7.IV.1944; leg. E.S. Ross. – CAS (without registration number); 1 ♀paratype; Finschhafen; 21.IV.1944; leg. E.S. Ross. – CAS (without registration number); 1 juvenile ♂paratype; Finschhafen; IV.1944; leg. E.S. Ross. – CAS (without registration number); 1 juvenile ♀ paratype; Finschhafen; 12.IV.1944; leg. E.S. Ross. – AMNH (without registration number); 1 juvenile ♀ paratype; Morobe Province, Lae [6°43′24″S, 146°59′46″E]; 1959; leg. J. Gunn. – AMNH (without registration number); 1 ♀, 1 juvenile ♀ paratypes; Morobe Province, Huon Peninsula, Lae (within city limits); 1.X.1964; leg. H.M. van Deusen. – AMNH (without registration number); 1 ♀, 1 juvenile ♀ paratypes; Lae, Botanical Garden; 18.VII.1964; leg. R. Zweifel & K. Sluder. – AMNH (without registration number); 1 subadult ♀ paratype; Morobe Province, 12 miles W of Lae, 600 ft; 18.VIII.1964; leg. R. Tweifel & K. Sluder. – ZMH (ZMH-A0015417); 2 ♂ paratypes; [Morobe Province] Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Sattelberg [6°29′S, 147°46′E] b. Finsch Hafen; IX.1908-IV.1909; leg. G. Duncker, Hamburg Südsee-Expedition. – ZMB 7603; 1 ♂, 6 ♀, 1 subadult ♀ paratypes; Neu Guinea, [Madang Province], Astrolabe Bay? (see Remarks); leg. R. Rohde.

Etymology: The species is named after Fred Kraus, a herpetologist from Michigan University who has conducted extensive zoological surveys across Papua New Guinea. Although he focused on reptiles and amphibians, he also collected scorpions, including the types specimens of the present species.

Diagnosis: H. krausi sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from the other two species with a distal hemispermatophore lamellar hook, H. hypseloscolus sp. nov. and H. sibonai sp. nov., by the following characters in adult males: (1) on the pedipalp chelae of H. krausi sp. nov. there is a distinct proximal gap between the suprabasal lobe on the movable finger and the corresponding notch on the fixed finger (Fig. 152A), whereas in H. hypseloscolus sp. nov. (Fig. 162A) and H. sibonai sp. nov. (Fig. 142A) the lobe and notch are contiguous, without a proximal gap; (2) the basal lobe of the fixed chela finger is weakly developed in H. krausi sp. nov. (Fig. 152A), whereas in H. hypseloscolus n. sp (Fig. 162A) and H. sibonai n. sp (Fig. 142A) it is much larger; (3) the anterodistal tip of coxae III has a distinct lanceolate shape in the male of H. krausi sp. nov. (Fig. 153A, C), whereas in males of H. hypseloscolus sp. nov. (Fig. 163A, C) and H. sibonai sp. nov. (Fig. 143A, C) the anterodistal tip of coxae III does not exhibit any pronounced morphological modification or accessory process.

Description of adult male (holotype): Colouration (Figs 148, 149A-B): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus brown with black infuscation, more pronounced anteriorly; fingers black. Carapace reddish brown with infuscation, median ocular region black. Tergites brown with black infuscation. Pedipalps reddish brown; carinae and fingers black. Legs paler than tergites, brown to dark orange dorsally, orange to yellow ventrally, prolateral carina of femora black. Coxapophysis I brown, anterior tip pale yellow; coxapophysis II reddish brown to black; coxae I-II brown; sternum brown, lighter posterolaterally; sternites III-VI brown, posterior margin of V pale yellow; sternite VII dark brown to black posteriorly; genital operculum and pectines pale yellow. Metasoma reddish brown with darker infuscation; telson paler than metasoma, vesicle orange, aculeus reddish brown.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 150A, C): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct; median ocular tubercle slightly raised; median ocelli present, at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by approximately the diameter of a median ocellus. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to each other. Surfaces minutely and sparsely granular, except for smooth anterior areas of frontal lobes and median ocular area.

Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 148, 149A-B, 151B-E, G-J, L-O): Segments moderately elongated, femur slightly longer than carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 152A, C-D): Fixed finger: basal lobe weakly developed and conical; suprabasal notch distinct and deep; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to median lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on suprabasal notch; few scattered denticles on basal lobe. Movable finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal lobe well developed, conical, gently rounded dorsally and lacking sharp conical tooth, not overlapping with fixed finger; suprabasal lobe and corresponding notch on fixed finger with distinct proximal gap; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to suprabasal lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent basally.

Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 151L-O): proventral carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules; promedian carinae absent; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized to large spiniform granules, similarly developed as proventral carina; retrodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, less developed than prodorsal carina; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, more developed than retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only discernible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules. Patella (Fig. 151G-J): proventral carina discernible as a costate-granular ridge proximally, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium-sized to large spiniform granules, equally developed, fused medially into prominent spiniform process with pointed medially located apex; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium-sized granules). Chela manus (Fig. 151B-E): proventral and promedian carinae visible as faint ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed; prodorsal carina obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; dorsomedian carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina obsolete; digital carina visible as a ridge of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only discernible proximal to condyle of movable finger as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium-sized granules); ventromedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules.

Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 151L-O): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral dorsal intercarinal surface sparsely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules; retrolateral ventral intercarinal surface smooth or nearly so (very few scattered granules present); ventral intercarinal surface densely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, distal third smooth. Patella (Fig. 151G-J): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 151B-E): prolateral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela fingers densely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, smooth or nearly so distally, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db together in a single large smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 151G-J): d₂ trichobothria distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobotria arranged in three (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est) or four (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est) groups; three et trichobothria; three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 151B-E): Dt situated in proximal half of manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb closer to Est than to Eb group, usually aligned with Est, sometimes more distal than Est; Est situated near midpoint; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb distinctly closer to eb than to est; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria. Coxosternum (Fig. 153A, C-D): Anterior margin of coxa III elongated distally, with a distinct lanceolate shape. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), as long as wide or nearly so.

Legs (Fig. 154): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, pro- and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 4/4, 4/5, 4/5 and 4/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively. Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral row each with 3-4/4, 3-4/4, 4-5/4-5 and 4-5/4-5 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with one proximal spinule; ventromedian spinules absent. Ungues shorter than telotarsus, half its length or less.

Genital operculum (Fig. 153A): Composed of two subtriangular sclerites.

Pectines (Fig. 153A-B): Moderately elongated, distal edge reaching but not extending beyond distal edge of coxa IV; fulcrae and three marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 7-9; teeth straight, entirely covered with sensory papillae.

Mesosoma (Figs 149A-B, 150A, E): Pre-tergites I-VII and posterior margins of pre-tergites smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; posterior half of intercarinal surfaces of I-VI densely covered with small spiniform granules, anterior half smooth medially, finely and densely granular laterally; intercarinal surfaces of VII densely covered with small spiniform granules; intercarinal surfaces of III-VII with distinct but faint reticulate network of ridges and dimples. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI long, their length at least one third of sternite width, and distinctly crescent shaped. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 155B-C): Not markedly compressed laterally; sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so (segment V almost smooth); dorsal intercarinal surface of V smooth and shiny medially; distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V (usually only faintly expressed anteriorly).

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae discernible as a faint ridge anteriorly on segment I, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); paired ventrosubmedian carinae weakly developed (as low ridges). Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two-thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segment I: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules. Segment II: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules and 0-1 pair of median granules. Segments III-IV: dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carina without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae usually without granules, rarely with few scattered minute spiniform granules or spines; anal arch crenulate. Ventral metasoma setation: Segments I-IV each with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segment V with 16 macrosetae, i.e. four pairs (anterior, median, subposterior and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and four pairs (anterior, supramedian, subposterior and posterior) on ventrolateral carinae.

Telson (Fig. 155B): Slightly longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (less than half of vesicle length), sharply curved.

Hemispermatophore (Fig. 156): Stalk slightly longer than stem. Distal lamina curved, without distal crest on anterior margin; single laminar hook, situated in distal half of stalk (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 1.43-1.80, median = 1.62); transverse ridge distinct, significantly more proximal than base of laminar hook and merging with anterior margin significantly more proximally than base of laminar hook. Capsule: hemisolenos thin, folded on itself only proximally and above that unfolded to flattened distal tip (tip and base approximately of same width), without lateral longitudinal carina, laterodistal accessory hook or medioposterior accessory apophysis; tip of hemisolenos more proximal than base of laminar hook, more distal than tip of clasper. Clasper well developed, forming distinct hump, not hook-like, with small to medium-sized anterior accessory process. Subex well developed, spoon-shaped, merging anteriorly with base of clasper; posterior edge forming obtuse angle (>90°) with hemisolenos; anterior edge forming right angle (90°) with hemisolenos.

Description of adult female: Same characters as for male except as follows.

Pedipalps (Figs 149C-D, 151A, F, K): Segments not noticeably shorter or more robust than in males.

Chela fingers (Fig. 152B): Dentate margins linear or nearly so, without pronounced lobe and notch, with two rows of primary denticles extending from tip to base of fingers and bearing large inner accessory denticles.

Carapace (Fig. 150B, D): Frontal lobes and posteromedian margin smooth.

Coxosternum (Fig. 153E, G-H): Anterodistal margin of coxa III without morphological modification or accessory process.

Leg spination: Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral row each with 3-4/3-4, 3-4/4, 4-5/4-5 and 4-5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively.

Genital operculum (Fig. 153E): Oval to semi-oval, longer than wide (length/width ratio = 1.12-1.25, median = 1.2); opercular sclerites partly fused, with distinct median suture; posterior notch present, at least weakly developed.

Pectines (Fig. 153E-F): Short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV. Pectinal teeth count 6-8; teeth short and straight, sensory papillae covering only distal half.

Mesosoma (Figs 149C-D, 150B, F): Post-tergites: reticulate network of ridges and dimples on segments III-VII more distinct than in male; intercarinal surfaces of I-III medially smooth, laterally granular; intercarinal surfaces of IV-VI smooth or nearly so, lateral areas very faintly granular; anterior half of intercarinal surfaces of VII smooth, posterior half granular.

Intraspecific variation: Pedipalp trichobothria: On the retrolateral side of the patella trichobothria esb, em and est may be arranged in three (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est) or four (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est) groups. On the retrolateral side of the pedipalp chela Esb may be slightly more proximal, not aligning with Est.

Leg spination: The number of setiform macrosetae varies from three to four proventrally on telotarsi I-II, from three to four retroventrally on telotarsi I, and from four to five proventrally and retroventrally on telotarsi III-IV. Female genital operculum: The length/width ratio varies from 1.12 to 1.25 (median = 1.2).

Pectines: The pectinal teeth count varies from seven to nine in males and from six to eight in females.

Metasoma: Spination: One extra subposterior spiniform granule may be expressed on one of the ventrosubmedian carinae of segments I-II. On segment II the ventrosubmedian carinae have 0-1 pair of median granules, and one fewer median spiniform granule may be expressed on one of them.

Ventral metasoma setation: Segment IV may have nine macrosetae instead of the usual ten (one macroseta not expressed).

Hemispermatophores: The basal part/distal lamina ratio varies from 1.43 to 1.8 (median = 1.62).

Distribution and ecology: Hormurus krausi sp. nov. has only been reported from Morobe Province, on the southern coasts of the Huon Peninsula and in the Herzog Mountains south-east of Lae (Fig. 157). The record from Astrolabe Bay is considered doubtful (see description of H. sporacanthophorus sp. nov. for details). This species appears to be facultatively arboreal: it has been collected in broadleaf forests on mossy tree trunks, 1-3 m above the ground, but also in overgrown coconut and Pandanus gardens, under coconut palm leaves. It is probably syntopic with Liocheles australasiae (Fabricius, 1775) in Finschhafen and Lae, and with H. sporacanthophorus sp. nov. in Bukaua and Lae, because it was collected together with these two species at the localities mentioned.

Remarks: Edward Sherman Ross was an entomologist who worked as a curator at the Californian Academy of Sciences. During World War II he was sent to the battlefront in New Guinea and the Philippines, where he served as the commanding officer of an army malaria survey unit (Ross, 2009). When off-duty, he spent time collecting insects and other arthropods, among which are several specimens of the present species now deposited in the CAS collections.

All the specimens from the American Museum of Natural History listed in the material examined were collected during the last two Archbold expeditions to New Guinea:

(1) John Gunn was part of the collecting team in Lae during the sixth Archbold Expedition (Brass, 1964). He was probably a local guide.

(2) Hobart M. van Deusen was an employee of the American Museum of Natural History from 1945 to 1975, retiring as curator of the Mammalogy Department. He participated in three Archbold Expeditions to New Guinea, as mammalogist in 1953 and 1959, and as leader in 1964 (Horner & Van Gelder, 1979). He collected one female specimen of H. sporacanthophorus sp. nov. from Lae during the seventh and last of these expeditions in 1964.

(3) Richard G. Zweifel was a Curator of Herpetology at the AMNH from 1954 to 1989. He and his assistant Kip Sluder were guests of the seventh Archbold Expedition and collected mostly herpetological specimens (Van Deusen, 1964).

(Paul) Georg (Egmont) Duncker, an ichthyologist employed by the Hamburg Zoological Museum, collected two of the specimens listed above during the Hamburg Südsee-Expedition (1908-1910) to the Bismarck Archipelago (Thilenius, 1927). These specimens were originally part of the type series of H. papuanus Kraepelin, 1914.

Information on R. G. Neuhauss is provided in the description of H. sporacanthophorus sp. nov.

This species was treated under the manuscript name “Hormurus hypselankylis” in Monod (2011a: 286, 532, 541).

Material: AMNH[LP 2717]; ♂ holotype; Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Province, D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Fergusson Island, Basima, 250 m, 9.45°S, 150.8°E; 31.VIII.2002; leg. F. Kraus (sample JS-0640). – AMNH [LP 2717]; 3 ♀ paratypes; same data as for holotype. – UMMZ [LP 2717]; 1 ♀ paratype; same data as for holotype. – AMNH (without registration number); 1 ♀ paratype; Fergusson Island, mountains between Agamoia and Ailuluai, 900 m (Fig. 101B) [9°35′12″S, 150°37′50″E]; 5.-17.VI.1956; leg. L.J. Brass, Archbold Expedition.

Etymology: The name hypseloscolus is derived from the ancient Greek words “ὑψηλóς” [high] and “σκῶλoς” [pointed stake, thorn]. The epithet is an invariable noun in apposition and refers to the position of the hemispermatophore laminar hook, which is the most distal among the currently recognized species of Hormurus.

Diagnosis: Hormurus hypseloscolus sp. nov. differs from all other Papuan congeners in the very distal position of the hemispermatophore lamellar hook (Fig. 166). The basal part/distal lamina ratio varies from 1.84 to 1.93 (median = 1.88) in H. hypseloscolus sp. nov., whereas this ratio never exceeds 1.8 in the other species from Papua New Guinea. Moreover, the anterodistal margin of coxa III of males is narrower and more elongated in H. hypseloscolus sp. nov. (Fig. 163A, C) than in the other species. Small spiniform granules are present on the ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carinae of segment V in H. hypseloscolus sp. nov., whereas these granules are usually absent in the other species.

Description of adult male: Colouration (Figs 158, 159A-B): Dorsal surface of chelicera manus brown with black infuscation, more pronounced anteriorly; fingers black. Carapace reddish brown with infuscation, median ocular region black. Tergites brown with black infuscation. Pedipalps reddish brown; carinae and fingers black. Legs paler than tergites, orange with brown infuscation dorsally, orange to yellow ventrally, prolateral carina of femora black. Coxapophysis I brown, anterior tip pale yellow; coxapophysis II reddish brown to black; leg coxae orange-brown; sternum brown, lighter posterolaterally; sternites III-VI brown, posterior margin of V pale yellow; sternite VII dark brown to black posteriorly; genital operculum and pectines pale yellow. Metasoma reddish brown with darker infuscation; telson paler than metasoma, vesicle orange, aculeus reddish brown to black.

Cuticle: Nongranular surfaces of carapace, pedipalps, legs, mesosoma and metasoma finely punctate.

Carapace (Fig. 160A, C): Anterior margin with median notch moderately excavated. Anterior furcated sutures distinct; median ocular tubercle slightly raised; median ocelli present, at least twice the size of lateral ocelli, separated from each other by approximately the diameter of a median ocellus. Three pairs of lateral ocelli, equal in size, equidistant and adjacent to each other. Surfaces minutely and sparsely granular, except for smooth frontal lobes (median longitudinal sulci and anterior furcated sulci granular) and median ocular area.

Chelicerae: Basal and median teeth of fixed finger fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with four teeth (one basal, one median, one subdistal and one distal); dorsal distal tooth smaller than ventral distal tooth; ventral margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 158, 159A-B, 161B-E, G-J, L-O): Segments long and slender, femur longer than carapace. Chela almost asetose.

Chela fingers (Fig. 162A, C-D): Fixed finger: basal lobe well developed and conical; suprabasal notch distinct and deep; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to median lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent on suprabasal notch; single line of denticles on basal lobe. Movable finger: basal lobe absent; suprabasal lobe well developed, conical, gently rounded dorsally and lacking sharp conical tooth, not overlapping with fixed finger; suprabasal lobe and corresponding notch on fixed finger contiguous, no proximal gap or at most reduced gap only evident when fingers closed; dentate margins distally (from tip of finger to suprabasal lobe) with two rows of primary denticles bearing large inner accessory denticles; denticles absent basally.

Pedipalp carinae: Femur (Fig. 161L-O): proventral carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; promedian carinae absent; prodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, similarly developed as proventral carina; retrodorsal carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, similarly developed as prodorsal carina; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, more developed than retrodorsal carina, more distinct in proximal two-thirds of segment; retroventral carina visible as a ridge of medium to large spiniform granules, more developed than retrodorsal carina; ventromedian carina obsolete, only discernible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules. Patella (Fig. 161G-J): proventral carina discernible proximally as costate ridge, obsolete distally; promedian and prodorsal carinae visible as ridges with medium-sized spiniform granules, equally developed, fused medially into prominent spiniform process with pointed medially located apex; dorsomedian carina only visible proximally as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retrodorsal carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; paired retromedian carinae fused and visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium-sized granules). Chela manus (Fig. 161B-E): proventral carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; promedian carina visible as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more developed than promedian carina; prodorsal carina obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; dorsomedian carina visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules, more strongly developed than prodorsal carina; dorsal secondary carina obsolete; digital carina visible as a ridge of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, less distinct in distal area, more developed than retromedian carina; fused retromedian carinae obsolete, visible as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules proximally; retrolateral secondary carina vestigial, only distinct proximal to condyle of movable finger as a ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules; retroventral carina crenulate (composed of medium-sized granules); ventromedian carina obsolete, only expressed proximally as a faint ridge of medium-sized spiniform granules.

Pedipalp macrosculpture: Femur (Fig. 161L-O): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with small spiniform granules; dorsal intercarinal surface densely covered with small to medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; retrolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface densely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, distal third smooth. Patella (Fig. 161G-J): prolateral intercarinal surface sparsely covered with medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela manus (Fig. 161B-E): prolateral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of small to medium-sized spiniform granules, smooth proximally; dorsal and retrolateral intercarinal surfaces covered with dense reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules; ventral intercarinal surface covered with sparse reticulate network of medium-sized spiniform granules, distal area smooth. Chela fingers densely covered with small spiniform granules in proximal half, smooth or nearly so distally, ventral surface smooth; trichobothria dst, dsb and db each in a small smooth depression.

Trichobothria: Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic, accessory trichobothria absent. Patella (Fig. 161G-J): d₂ trichobothrium distal to patellar process; five eb trichobothria arranged in two groups (eb₁+eb_4-5 and eb_2-3); two esb, two em and one est trichobotria arranged in three groups (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est); three v trichobothria. Chela manus (Fig. 161B-E): Dt situated in proximal third of manus; Eb₃ close to Eb_1-2; Esb closer to Est than to Eb group, usually aligned with Est; Est situated near midpoint; four V trichobothria, V₃ distant from V₄. Fixed chela finger with db situated on dorsal surface; esb distinctly closer to eb than to est; eb situated at base of finger, proximal to point of articulation between fixed and movable fingers; two i trichobothria.

Coxosternum (Fig. 163A, C): Anterior margin of coxa III narrow and markedly elongated distally, without anterodistal process. Sternum equilateral pentagonal (anterior width slightly greater than posterior width), as long as wide or nearly so.

Legs (Fig. 164): Femora I-IV with ventral surfaces bicarinate, pro- and retroventral carinae granular. Retrolateral margins of tibiae I-II without setiform macrosetae. Basitarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 4/4, 4/5, 4/5 and 4/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively. Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral row each with 4/4, 4/4, 5/5 and 5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively; retroventral row with one proximal spinule; ventromedian spinules absent. Ungues shorter than telotarsus, half its length or less.

Genital operculum (Fig. 163A): Composed of two subtriangular sclerites.

Pectines (Fig. 163A-B): Moderately elongated, distal edge reaching but not extending beyond distal edge of coxa IV; fulcrae and three marginal lamellae present. Pectinal teeth count 9; teeth straight, entirely covered with sensory papillae.

Mesosoma (Figs 159A-B, 160A, E): Pre-tergites I-VII and posterior margins of pre-tergites smooth. Post-tergites: posterior margins of tergites I-VI sublinear, without distinct projection; lateral transversal sulcus present; intercarinal surfaces of I-II smooth medially, finely granular laterally; anterior half of intercarinal surfaces of III-VI smooth medially and finely granular laterally, posterior half finely granular; intercarinal surfaces of VII finely granular except along anteromedian margin; intercarinal surfaces of III-VII with distinct reticulate network of ridges and dimples. Respiratory stigmata (spiracles) of sternites IV-VI short, their length less than third of sternite width, and distinctly crescent shaped. Sternite VII acarinate.

Metasoma (Fig. 165B-C): Not markedly compressed laterally; sparsely and minutely granular, posterior segments less so; dorsal intercarinal surface of V smooth and shiny medially; distinct dorsomedian sulcus on segments I-IV, much less pronounced on segment V (usually only faintly expressed anteriorly).

Metasoma carinae: Segments I-IV: dorsolateral carinae obsolete on all segments; lateral median carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); lateral inframedian carinae distinct anteriorly, developed as a faint ridge on segment I, absent on other segments; ventrolateral carinae weakly developed (as faint ridges); paired ventrosubmedian carinae weakly developed (as low ridges). Segment V: dorsolateral and lateral median carinae obsolete; ventrolateral carinae only expressed as faint ridges; ventrosubmedian carinae fused, only expressed as a faint ridge in anterior two-thirds.

Metasoma spination: Segment I: dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules and one pair of median granules. Segment II: Dorsomedian posterior and dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral carinae without large spiniform granules; ventrosubmedian carinae with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules and two pairs of median spiniform granules. Segments III-IV: dorsolateral posterior spiniform granules absent; ventrolateral and ventrosubmedian carinae without large spiniform granules. Segment V: ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae with few scattered small spiniform granules; anal arch crenulate.

Ventral metasoma setation: Segments I-IV each with ten macrosetae, i.e. three pairs (anterior, median and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and two pairs (anterior and supramedian) on ventrolateral carinae; segment V with 16 macrosetae, i.e. four pairs (anterior, median, subposterior and posterior) on ventrosubmedian carinae and four pairs (anterior, supramedian, subposterior and posterior) on ventrolateral carinae.

Telson (Fig. 165B): Slightly longer than metasoma segment V; vesicle smooth, without granules; aculeus short (less than half of vesicle length), sharply curved.

Hemispermatophore (Fig. 166): Stalk distinctly longer than stem. Distal lamina at least slightly curved, without distal crest on anterior margin; single laminar hook, situated in distal half of stalk (basal part/distal lamina ratio = 1.84-1.93, median = 1.88); transverse ridge distinct, significantly more proximal than base of laminar hook and merging with anterior margin significantly more proximally than base of laminar hook. Capsule: hemisolenos thin, folded on itself only proximally, above that unfolded to flattened distal tip (tip and base approximately of same width), without lateral longitudinal carina, laterodistal accessory hook or medioposterior accessory apophysis; tip of hemisolenos more proximal than base of laminar hook, more distal than tip of clasper. Clasper well developed, forming distinct hump, not hook-like, without anterior accessory process. Subex well developed, spoon-shaped, merging anteriorly with base of clasper; posterior edge forming obtuse angle (>90°) with hemisolenos; anterior edge forming right angle (90°) with hemisolenos.

Description of adult female: Same characters as for male except as follows. Colouration (Fig. 159C-D): Legs darker than in male, almost as dark as tergites.

Carapace (Fig. 160C-D): Slightly more sparsely granuler than in male, posteromedian margin smooth.

Pedipalps (Figs 159C-D, 161A, F, K): All segments noticeable shorter and more robust than in males.

Chela fingers (Fig. 162B): Dentate margins linear or nearly so, without pronounced lobe and notch, with two rows of primary denticles extending from tip to base of fingers and bearing large inner accessory denticles.

Trichobothria: Patella: two esb, two em and one est trichobotria arranged in three (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est) or four (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est; esb₁ distant from esb₂) groups.

Coxosternum (Fig. 163D, F): Anterior margin of coxa III distally not as elongated and broader than in males. Leg spination: Telotarsi I-IV: pro- and retroventral rows each with 3-4/4, 3-4/4, 5/4-5 and 5/5 setiform macrosetae, respectively.

Genital operculum (Fig. 163D): Oval to semi-oval, longer than wide (length/width ratio = 1.03-1.28, median = 1.21); opercular sclerites partly fused, with distinct median suture; posterior notch present, at least weakly developed.

Pectines (Fig. 163D-E): Short, distal edge not reaching distal edge of coxa IV. Pectinal teeth count 6-9; teeth short and straight, sensory papillae covering only distal half.

Mesosoma (Figs 159C-D, 160B, F): Post-tergites: reticulate network of ridges and dimples on segments III-VII more distinct than in male; intercarinal surfaces of I-III medially smooth, laterally granular; intercarinal surfaces of III-VI smooth, lateral margins faintly granular; anterior third of intercarinal surfaces of VII smooth, posterior two-thirds finely granular.

Metasoma (Fig. 165A): Spination: ventrosubmedian carinae of segment II with one pair of subposterior spiniform granules and 1-2 pairs of median spiniform granules.

Intraspecific variation: Pedipalp trichobothria: On the retrolateral side of the patella trichobothria esb, em and est may be arranged in three (esb_1-2, em_1-2 and est) or four (esb₁, esb₂, em_1-2 and est) groups. On the retrolateral side of the pedipalp chela Esb may be situated slightly more proximal, not aligning with Est.

Leg spination: The number of setiform macrosetae varies from three to four proventrally on telotarsi I-II, and four to five retroventrally on telotarsi III.

Female genital operculum: The length/width ratio varies from 1.03 to 1.28 (median = 1.21).

Pectines: The pectinal teeth count varies from six to nine in females.

Metasoma: Spination: One more subposterior spiniform granule and one less median granule may be expressed on one of the ventrosubmedian carinae of segment I. On segment II the ventrosubmedian carinae have one or two pairs of median spiniform granules, and one extra subposterior granule may be expressed on one of them.

Hemispermatophores: The basal part/distal lamina ratio varies from 1.84 to 1.93 (median = 1.88).

Distribution and ecology: Hormurus hypseloscolus sp. nov. is only known from Fergusson Island in the D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago, off the northeastern tip of New Guinea, and it is probably endemic to the island (Fig. 167). The species only appears to inhabit the lowlands (below 900 m), contrary to the other two species recorded from the same island, i.e. H. oyatabu sp. nov. and H. oyawaka sp. nov., which are probably restricted to the highlands above 1000 m.

Remarks: Leonard John Brass was an Australian botanist and explorer (Van Deusen, 1971; Perry, 1971; Forster, 1997). He was an Associate Curator for the AMNH from 1933 to 1966, and participated in six Archbold Expeditions to New Guinea, being leader of the last three. A female specimen of the present species was collected during the fifth Archbold Expedition (Brass, 1959).