BioOne.org will be down briefly for maintenance on 17 December 2024 between 18:00-22:00 Pacific Time US. We apologize for any inconvenience.
Open Access
How to translate text using browser tools
4 March 2019 Selective biorational treatments for managing the storage mites, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) and Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troupeau) under laboratory conditions
Anar A. Bakr, Shady Selim
Author Affiliations +
Abstract

Mites have lately emerged as economically important pests of stored products. Recently, addition of natural origin compounds individually or as a combination with predators have provided a considerable value for controlling these pests. In this study, the efficacy of the bacterium-derived pesticides, spinosad and spinetoram, and the combination of each of them with the predator Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans was evaluated against two storage mite pests, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) and Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troupeau) under optimal abiotic conditions for pest development. After 21d, the terminal density was estimated for both astigmatid mite species exposed to diet (experiment I) treated with either spinosad or spinetoram (concentrations range of 0.01-2 ppm). Estimation was also done with diet (experiment II) treated with either spinosad or spinetoram (0.5 ppm) and/or the predator at initial predator/prey ratio (0.02). The density of predator was also determined after 21 days. Application of spinosyns significantly reduced population of T. putrescentiae and A. ovatus. The reduction potential increased with increasing concentration. Complete control of T. putrescentiae and A. ovatus was achieved by the application of spinosad at 1 and 2 ppm, respectively. As measured by rC50 and rC90 (concentration for 50% and 90% suppress of population in comparison to control), spinosad was more toxic to T. putrescentiae and A. ovatus than spinetoram. Furthermore, T. putrescentiae was more susceptible to spinosad than A. ovatus. Conversely, it was less susceptible to spinetoram than A. ovatus. The populations of both mite species were successfully suppressed by the sole application of C. malaccensis. Although the density of predatory mites was not affected by the presence of 0.5 ppm spinosad, it was almost eradicated by spinetoram at 0.5 ppm. A combination of spinosad at 0.5 ppm with two individuals of C. malaccensis mites (ratio 0.02) outperformed spinosad used alone at the same former concentration in reduction efficiency of the pest populations by 12% for T. putrescentiae and 25% for A. ovatus within 21 days.

Introduction

Mites are regarded as a major pest of stored commodities. Although they are small in size, their numbers can build up rapidly, especially when the infested material is damp enough, which in turn is reflected as reduced quality of the stored material. Storage mites can affect the product's quality directly via damage through feeding (Parkinson 1990) and indirectly via disseminating bacteria and toxigenic fungi (Franzolin et al. 1999; Hubert et al. 2004). Also, they give rise to many allergic reactions in humans (Kondreddi et al. 2006; Fernandez-Caldas et al. 2008). Acquiring knowledge about mite species, their distribution and prevalence in specific area is considered an essential step in designing effective management programs. In Egypt, acarid mites accompanied by their predators from the family Cheyletidae were the most prevailing group of mites in grain stores and markets (Zaher et al. 1986; Bakr 2000, 2006).

Conventional chemicals, fumigants and grain protectants are commonly used to control mite pests in storage facilities (Stables 1980; Bowley & Bell 1981; Nayak 2006a). Although effective, quick–acting and easy applicable, some of these have severe restrictions due to safety and environmental concerns (Collins 2006). Another limiting factor is that mites develop resistance to some particular chemicals (Stables, 1984; Szlendak et al., 2000). The invention of new insecticide compounds offers new opportunities in controlling stored-product insects (Reeck et al. 1997). Among these compounds, the spinosyns play an important role (Dripps et al. 2008, Hertlein et al. 2011, Vassilakos et al. 2012). Spinosad and spinetoram are two such products that represent spinosyn compounds. Spinosad and spinetoram are neurotoxin insecticides that stimulate the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors while antagonizing gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor sites. Both of them are toxic to pests through contact or ingestion, and they give excellent control to numerous key stored product pests (Nayak et al. 2005; Athanassiou et al. 2009; Vayias et al. 2010; Vassilakos et al. 2012; Athanassiou & Kavallieratos 2014).

Owing to their origin from the fermentation of the soil actinomycete, Saccharo- polyspora spinosa Mertz and Yoa, spinosad and spinetoram are regarded as reduced-risk pesticides with low mammalian toxicity and sound environmental profile (Bret et al. 1997; Clevelan et al. 2001; Dripps et al. 2008). The miticidal activity of spinosad and spinetoram has been documented against phytophagous mites (Bret et al. 1997, Vanleeuwen et al. 2005; Villaneva & Walgenbach 2006; El Kady et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2016). However, few reports have addressed the effect of spinosad against the storage mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sánchez-ramos and Castañera, 2003; Nayak 2006a, 2006b). On the other hand, spinosad is minimally toxic against the predators of stored-product insects (Toews & Subramanyan 2004; Parker & Falconer 2007), whereas, it was recorded by Lefebvre et al. (2011); Beers and Schmidit (2014) and by Kim et al. (2018) that spinetoram caused mortality to predatory phytoseiid mites. However, to the best of our knowledge, both compounds have not yet been tested against the predators of stored-product mites.

Predators of the family Cheyletidae, such as Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank) and C. malaccensis Oudemans occur naturally in stored products (Žďárková 1979). Cheyletus malaccensis is an oligophagous predator of Acari and has been used for the biocontrol of storage mite pests (Pekar & Hubert 2008; Cebolla et al. 2009). However, biocontrol alone by predatory mites sometimes fails to suppress high pest infestation (Žďárková 1998). Because of that, the management strategy of using predators in combination with other treatments like spinosyns, if these compounds are toxic to pest mites and not to the predators, may increase the success of pest mite control.

Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the individual effect of spinosad, spinetoram and the predator C. malaccensis Oudemans on the target pest mites, T. putrescentiae and Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troupeau), as well as the possible side effects of the applied compounds on the predator. Moreover, the feasibility of combining the predator with such compounds was tested with the aim of obtaining more efficient control.

Materials and Methods

Mites

Mite specimens used in this study were originally collected from infested samples of stored products obtained from grain stores, Alexandria, Egypt. The mite colonies were grown in the Agricultural Acarology Laboratory (Applied Entomology and Zoology Department, Alexandria University). The astigmatid mites, T. putrescentiae and A. ovatus were reared in plastic flasks containing a mixture of bran, flour and dried yeast (40: 10: 1, wt: wt) (Iatrou et al., 2010). The rearing flasks were covered by muslin and kept at 25 ± 1 °C and 75 ± 5 RH in the dark. The Cheyletid mite C. malaccensis was reared by the modified Žďárková (1986) method in paper bags filled with lettuce seeds. Ten females of C. malaccensis and 1000 individuals of A. ovatus were transferred to the bags. The bags were kept at 25±1 °C and 75±5 RH in darkness. Cultures of all mite species had been sustained in the laboratory for eighteen months without subjection to any pesticides.

Pesticides

Spinosad (a mixture of 50-95% spinosyn A and 50-5% spinosyn D) was provided by Dow Agrosciences as Tracer® SC (24 g ai /liter) Reg. No.1057 (Cairo, Egypt). Spinetoram (a mixture of the naturally –occurring spinosyn J (major component) and L) was provided by Dow Agrosciences as Radiant® SC (12 ai/liter) Reg. No.1329 (Cairo, Egypt).

Treatments and Bioassay

Clean and infestation free rearing diet (see above) was used for experimentation. Two sets of experiments were conducted.

Experiment I

As a suspension in distilled water, spinosad and spinetoram were homogeneously incorporated into the diet following the method of Nayak and Daglish (2007) to obtain the following concentrations: 0 (Control), 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 µg g-1 diet (ppm). Glass cylindrical vials (4 cm base radius x 3 cm height) were filled with 1 g of the experimental diet. Then, 100 mixed-sex adults of each astigmatid mite species were placed in each vial. Ten replicates per pesticide, concentration and species were covered with a textile mesh and kept at 25 ± 1 °C and 75 ± 5 RH in darkness.

Experiment II

The median dose (0.5 ppm) of spinosad or spinetoram was used to evaluate its effect on the predator C. malaccensis, two large female nymphs of the predator were added along with 0.5 ppm of either spinosad or spinetoram into experimental vials each containing 1 g of diet contaminated with 100 individuals of each of the astigmatid mite species in order to achieve an initial predator-prey density of 0.02.

Diet treated with distilled water only served as a control. The experimental vials were covered and kept as described above. Ten replicates for each treatment combination were used. After 21 days, all experiments were terminated by adding 10 ml of 80% ethanol to each vial (Erban et al. 2009). The pest and the predatory mites were directly counted under dissection microscope (Zeiss, Germany) to estimate the population size.

Data analysis

The data were subjected to ANOVA procedure. The doses rC50 and rC90 for pesticide concentrations causing 50 and 90% decrease of the population after 21 days were estimated for each astigmatid mite species from regression models (Hubert et al., 2007). Means were compared by using the Tukey-Kramer (HSD) test at 0.05 probability level (Sokal & Rohlf 1995). Normality and homoscedasticity of data were checked and augmented by data transformation when needed.

Results

Susceptibility of T. putrescentiae and A. ovatus

The results of the analyses data showed highly significant effects of species, pesticide, concentration and associated interactions on the final mite density (Table 1). The final mite population was influenced by the effect of species, as their population growth differed. On control diets, the final density of T. putrescentiae was higher than of A. ovatus (Fig. 1).

TABLE 1.

ANOVA parameters for main effects of species, pesticide and concentration and associated interactions on the final density of T. putrescentiae and A. ovatus.

t01_337.gif

FIGURE 1.

The effects of spinoscyn compounds on population development of Astigmatid mites after 21 days, starting with 100 mites. AC—T. putrescentiae; BD—A. ovatus.

f01_337.jpg

The separate effect of pesticide concentration on the final density of tested mite species is shown in Fig 1. The interaction between pesticide and concentration can be obviously shown from the rC50 and rC90 values (Table 2). Comparison of the rC values manifests that spinosad was more toxic to T. putrescentiae and A. ovatus than spinetoram. In addition, these results indicate that T. putrescentiae was more susceptible to spinosad than A. ovatus, but, it was less susceptible to spinetoram than A. ovatus (Table 2).

TABLE 2.

Effect of spinosyn compounds on the final density of T. putrescentiae and A. ovatus after 21 days.

t02_337.gif

FIGURE 2.

Population density (mean ± SE) of C. malaccensis reared at 0.02 predator: prey ratio on diet infested with T. putrescentiae or A. ovatus and treated with 0.5 ppm of the spinosyn compounds after 21 days of exposure. For each species means accompanied by the same letter are not significantly different; HSD test at 5%.

f02_337.jpg

Susceptibility of C. malaccensis

The final density of C. malaccensis at an initial predator-prey ratio (0.02) differed significantly with prey species (ANOVA, F= 34.14, P< 0.0001, Fig. 2). It was found to be higher on A. ovatus than on T. putrescentiae. Although, the density of predator reared on T. putrescentiae and A. ovatus was not affected significantly by the addition of 0.5 ppm spinosad, it was almost completely eradicated by the application of spinetoram at 0.5 ppm on the diet within 21 days (Fig. 2).

Spinosyns and/or predator potential on astigmatid mites

Comparison of spinosad or spinetoram at 0.5 ppm, C. malaccensis at the tested ratio (0.02), and the combination of predator with spinosad at the above mentioned ratio and concentration against T. putrescentiae and A. ovatus was presented in figures 3A and 3B.

After 21d exposure period, the population growth of T. putrescentiae varied significantly among different treatments with the exception of spinetoram at 0.5 ppm in comparison to control (Fig. 3A). The combination of two individuals of predatory mite (i.e., ratio 0.02) and 0.5 ppm spinosad caused complete extinction of T. putrescentiae within 21 days (Fig. 3A). In the case of A. ovatus, even though, the four treatments reduced the density of the pest mite, the combination of the predator and spinosad had the strongest effect on A. ovatus populations (Fig. 3B).

FIGURE 3.

Population density (mean ± SE) of T. putrescentiae (A) and A. ovatus (B) as affected by different treatments for 21 days, means accompanied by the same letter are not significantly different; HSD test at 5%.

f03_337.jpg

Discussion

Available laboratory studies reveal that spinosyn compounds, like spinosad and spinetoram, represent a valuable tool in the finite arsenal of grain protectant products (Hertlein et al. 2011; Vassilakos et al. 2012; Athanassiou and Kavallieratos 2014). Spinosad and spinetoram provide an effective and long-lasting control against numerous stored product pests at a low rate of 1 ppm (1 mg ai/kg of grain) (Toews and Subramanyam 2003; Nayak et al. 2005; Huang et al. 2007; Athanassiou et al. 2008; Vayias et al. 2010).

Although our study confirmed the suppressive effect of spinosyn compounds against the acarid mites T. putrescentiae and A. ovatus, it did not manifest complete eradication of both species by spinetoram at the tested concentrations. Tyrophagus putrescentiae and A. ovatus were more susceptible to spinosad as they were fully suppressed by the application of spinosad at 1 and 2 ppm, respectively (Fig. 1). Our findings are consistent with the previous study conducted by Nayak (2006b) which indicated that the mold mite, T. putrescentiae was exterminated from wheat treated by 1 ppm spinosad after at least 3 weeks of continuous exposure. In contrast, Sánchez-ramos and Castañera (2003) noted that this species was not effectively controlled by 10.000 ppm spinosad in a diet-incorporation bioassay. These mixed results indicate that a variation in susceptibility among different strains of the same species is likely to occur. Athanassiou et al. (2008) reported that considerable differences in sensitivity among different European populations of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val to spinosad. These variations in sensitivity levels could possibly happen even among strains from neighboring areas (Kljajc & Peric 2006). This should be taken into account when a controlling strategy is planned.

The formulation type could also have a significant effect on spinosyns' performance (Hertlein et al. 2011). A liquid SC spinosad formulation (as the one used in our study) was more effective than the dry formulation when both were applied to stored wheat against Sitophilus oryzae L. (Chintzoglou et al. 2008).

Results of activity in our study observed that the rC50 and rC90 were different for T. putrescentiae compared with A. ovatus. This suggests that both mite species may exhibit biochemical and physiological differences that are probably associated with these variations.

On the other hand, the effect of both pesticides was also studied on the predator C. malaccansis. It is possible that the predator population is being reduced either due to direct toxicity of pesticide or indirectly through pesticide's impact on their host species and once their prey population is eradicated, the predator population will come down quickly. Therefore, in order to exclude the indirect effect, the median dose of both pesticides was chosen to evaluate its effect on the predator. Our results show that almost no survivors of C. malaccansis were found by the application of spinetoram at 0.5 ppm to the diet. However, C. malaccansis population remained unaffected by the application of spinosad at the same above concentration. These results are in harmony with studies performed on other beneficial arthropods, e.g., application of spinosad at 1 ppm to stored wheat or sorghum had no negative effect on the predatory bug, Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) (Toews & Subramanyam 2003; Parker et al. 2004). However, the application of spinetoram caused acute motrality to the principals phytoseiid mite predators Galendromus accidentalis (Nesbitt) at 1.31 g ai/ L and to Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) with LC50 0.05 g ai/L (Lefebvre et al. 2012; Beers & Schmidt 2014).

Spinosyns act on the GABA and nicotinic receptors through mouth or surface contact especially with soft body pests (Athanassiou et al. 2008). Symptoms of poisoning in Tetranychus uriticae with spinosad were consistent with typical toxicity effects noted with insects: paralysis, refraining from feeding and reduced ovipostion (Van Leeuwen et al. 2005).

In our findings, the negligible effect of spinosad on the predator was positively utilized in a combination between spinosad and C. malaccensis especially since the predatory mites alone were not recommended to control mite pests with high infestation level (Žďárková 1998). Furthermore, C. malaccensis was harmful to human health at high densities (Yoshikawa 1995). On the other hand, obtaining a complete control of tested mite species could be attained using a relatively lower rate of spinosad combined with the predator in contrast to spinosad used independently. So the possibility to reduce costs and total residues increases. Hubert and Pekár (2009) showed that a combination of Cheyletus mites and bean flour (as an antifeedant) outperformed bean flour alone in controlling T. putrescentiae populations.

On the other hand, assessment of the trophic breadth and prey preferences of a biological control agent is believed to be a substantial step in the study of its potential. Our results show that within three weeks, the population growth of C. malaccensis on A. ovatus diet surpassed that on T. putrescentiae diet with an initial 0.02 predator-to-prey ratio. The current results stand in accordance with the findings reported by Cebolla et al. (2009), where it was shown that the rate of population increase of C. malaccensis was higher on diets of wheat grain infested with A. ovatus than on diets infested with T. putrescentiae at predator-to-prey ratio of 0.02 in spite of the fact that A. ovatus had lower population density than T. putrescentiae. It is possible that A. ovatus may have greater nutritional quality for C. malaccensis than T. putrescentiae promoting higher population growth. The nutrient composition of the prey has a significant effect on growth and survivorship of their predators (Mayntz & Toft 2001).

Spinosyn products evaluated in this study demonstrated a promising potential to be used as alternatives to conventional synthetic compounds, especially, spinosad where it can be effectively integrated into mite management–based program. Further studies are required to discover other biologically active compounds to be used in conjunction with predatory mites naturally coexisting with storage mites in order to obtain broader protection against key mite pests.

References

1.

Athanassiou, C.G. & Kavallieratos, N.G. ( 2014) Evaluation of spinetoram and spinosad for control of Prostephanus truncatus, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae, and Tribolium confusum on stored grains under laboratory tests. Journal of Pest Science , 87, 469–483.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-014-0563-9 Google Scholar

2.

Athanassiou, C.G., Arthur, F.H. & Throne, J.E. ( 2009) Efficacy of spinosad in layer-treated wheat against five stored-product insect species. Journal of Stored Products Research , 45, 236–240.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2009.04.002 Google Scholar

3.

Athanassiou, C.G., Kavallieratos, N.G. & Chintzoglou, G.J. ( 2008) Effectiveness of spinosad dust against different European populations of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. Journal of Stored Products Research , 44,47–51.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2007.05.001 Google Scholar

4.

Bakr, A.A. (2000) Studies on some stored product mites. Msc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University. Google Scholar

5.

Bakr, A.A. (2006) Ecological and biological studies on some mite species associated with stored products. PhD. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University. Google Scholar

6.

Beers, E.H. & Schmidt, R.A. ( 2014) Impacts of orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis: lethal and sub-lethal effects. Crop Protection , 56,16–24.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2013.10.010 Google Scholar

7.

Bowley, C.R. & Bell, C.H. ( 1981) The toxicity of twelve fumigants to three species of mites infesting grain. Journal of Stored Products Research , 17, 83–87.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474x(81)90021-7 Google Scholar

8.

Bret, B.L., Larson, L.L., Schoonover, J.R., Sparks, T.C. & Thompson, G.D. ( 1997) Biological properties of spinosad. Down to Earth , 52, 6–13. Google Scholar

9.

Cebolla, R., Pekár, S. & Hubert, J. ( 2009) Prey range of the predatory mite Cheyletus malaccensis (Acari: Cheyletidae) and its efficacy in the control of seven stored-product pests. Biological Control , 50, 1–6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.03.008Google Scholar

10.

Chintzoglou, G.J., Athanassiou, C.G., Markoglou, A.N., & Kavallieratos, N.G. ( 2008) Influence of commodity on the effect of spinosad dust againstRhyzopertha dominica(F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) and Sitophilus oryzae(L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). International Journal of Pest Management , 54(4), 277–285.  https://doi.org/10.1080/09670870802010849Google Scholar

11.

Cleveland, C.B., Mayes, M.A. & Cryer, S.A. ( 2001) An ecological risk assessment for spinosad use on cotton. Pest Management Science , 58, 70–84.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.424 Google Scholar

12.

Collins, D.A. ( 2006) A review of alternatives to organophosphorus compounds for the control of storage mites. Journal of Stored Products Research , 42, 395–426.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2005.08.001 Google Scholar

13.

Dripps, J., Olson, B., Sparks, T. & Crouse, G. (2008) Spinetoram: How artificial intelligence combined natural fermentation with synthetic chemistry to produce a new spinosyn insecticide. Online. Plant Health Progress.  https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-2008-0822-01-PS Google Scholar

14.

El-Kady, G.A., El-Sharabasy, H.M., Mahmoud, M.F. & Bahgat, I.M. ( 2007) Toxicity of two potential bio-insecticides against moveable stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch. Journal of Applied Sciences Research , 3, 1315–1319. Google Scholar

15.

Erban, T., Nesvorna, M., Erbanova, M. & Hubert, J. ( 2009) Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis control of synanthropic mites (Acari: Acaridida) under laboratory conditions. Experimental & Applied Acarology , 49,339–346.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-009-9265-z Google Scholar

16.

Fernández-Caldas, E., Puerta, L., Caraballo, L. & Lockey, R.F. ( 2008) Mite allergens. Clinical Allergy and Immunology , 21,161–182. Google Scholar

17.

Franzolin, M.R., Gambale, W., Cuero, R.G. & Correa, B. ( 1999) Interaction between toxigenic Aspergillus flavus Link and mites (Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank) on maize grains: effects on fungal growth and aflatoxin production. Journal of Stored Products Research , 35, 215–224,  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(99)00006-5 Google Scholar

18.

Hertlein, M.B., Thompson, G.D., Christos, B.S. & Athanassiou, G. ( 2011) Spinosad: A new natural product for stored grain protection. Journal of Stored Products Research , 47(3), 131–146.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2011.01.004 Google Scholar

19.

Huang, F., Subramanyam, B.H. & Hou, X. ( 2007) Efficacy of spinosad against eight stored product insect species on hard winter wheat. Biopesticides International , 3, 117–125.  https://doi.org/0973-483X/07/117-125?2007 Google Scholar

20.

Hubert, J. & Pekár, S. ( 2009) Combination of the antifeedant bean flour and the predator Cheyletus malaccensis suppresses storage mites under laboratory conditions. BioControl , 54, 403–410.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2006.00539.x Google Scholar

21.

Hubert, J., Stejskal, V., Aspaly, G., & Münzbergová, Z. ( 2007) Suppressive Potential of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Flour Against Five Species of Stored-Product Mites (Acari: Acarididae). Journal of Economic Entomology , 100(2), 586–590.  https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[586:spobpv]2.0.co;2 Google Scholar

22.

Hubert, J., Stejskal, V., Munzbergová, Z., Kubátová, A., Vánová, M. & Zd'árková, E. ( 2004) Mites and fungi in heavily infested stores in the Czech Republic. Journal of Economic Entomology , 97, 2144–2153.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/97.6.2144 Google Scholar

23.

Iatrou, S.A., Kavallieratos, N.G., Palyvos, N.E., Buchelos, C.Th. & Tomanović, S. ( 2010) Acaricidal effect of different diatomaceous earth formulations against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Astigmata: Acaridae) on stored wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology , 103, 190–196.  https://doi.org/10.1603/EC08213Google Scholar

24.

Kim, S.Y., Ahn, H.G., Ha, P.J., Lim, U.T. & Lee, J.H. ( 2018) Toxicities of 26 pesticides against 10 biological control species. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology , 21,1–8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2017.10.015 Google Scholar

25.

Kljajic, P. & Peric, I. ( 2006) Susceptibility to contact insecticides of granary weevil Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) originating from different locations in the former Yugoslavia. Journal of Stored Products Research , 42,149–161.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2005.01.002 Google Scholar

26.

Kondreddi, P.K., Elder, B.L., Morgan, M.S., Vyszenski-Moher, D.L. & Arlian, L.G. ( 2006) Importance of sensitization to Tyrophagus putrescentiae in the United States. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology , 1,96–124.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61052-6Google Scholar

27.

Lefebvre, M., Bostanian, N.J., Mauffette, Y., Racette, G., Thistlewood, H. A. & Hardman, J.M. ( 2012) Laboratory-based toxicological assessments of new insecticides on mortality and fecundity of Neoseiulus fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Journal of Economic Entomology 105, 866–871.  https://doi.org/10.1603/EC11260 Google Scholar

28.

Lefebvre, M., Bostanian, N.J., Thistlewood, H.M.A., Mauffette, Y. & Racette, G. ( 2011) A laboratory assessment of the toxic attributes of six ‘reduced risk insecticides’ on Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Chemosphere , 84, 25–30.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.090 Google Scholar

29.

Mayntz, D. & Toft, S. ( 2001) Nutrient composition of the prey's diet affects growth and survivorship of a generalist predator. Oecologia , 127(2), 207–213.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420000591 Google Scholar

30.

Nayak, M.K. ( 2006a) Psocid and mite pests of stored commodities: small but formidable enemies. Proceedings of the 9th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, San Paulo, Brazil 15–18 October 2006. Brazilian Post-harvest Association-A BRAPOS, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil, p p.1061–1073. Google Scholar

31.

Nayak, M.K. ( 2006b) Management of mould mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acarina: Acaridae): A case study in stored animal feed. International Pest Control , 48,128–130. Google Scholar

32.

Nayak, M.K. & Daglish, G.J. ( 2007) Combined treatments of spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl for management of resistant psocid pests (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) of stored grain. Pest Management Science , 63(1), 104–109.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1313Google Scholar

33.

Nayak, M.K., Daglish, G.J. & Byrne, V.S. ( 2005) Effectiveness of spinosad as a grain protectant against resistant beetle and psocid pests of stored grain in Australia. Journal of Stored Products Research , 41, 455–467.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2004.07.002 Google Scholar

34.

Parker, R.D. & Falconer, L.L. ( 2007) Effectiveness of insecticides on stored corn with rates selected based on four cents per bushel maximum cost: Final four months of a fourteen month study. Results of insect control evaluations on corn, sorghum, and cotton in Texas Coastal Bend Counties and Gulf Coast Crop Hybrid/Variety Comparisons, pp. 23–29. Texas Cooperative Extension. Texas A&M University. Google Scholar

35.

Parker, R.D., Falconer, L.L. & Livingston, S.D. ( 2004) Evaluation of insecticides for control of insects in stored sorghum through nineteen months: Part 1. Results of Insect Control Evaluations on Corn, Sorghum, and Cotton in Texas Coastal Bend Counties and Gulf Coast Crop Hybrid/Variety Comparisons. Texas Cooperative Extension. Texas A&M University.  http://agfacts.tamu.edu/wrparker, pp. 54–79. Google Scholar

36.

Parkinson, C.L. ( 1990) Population increase and damage by three species of mites on wheat at 20°C and two humidities. Experimental & Applied Acarology , 8, 179–193.  https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01194179 Google Scholar

37.

Pekár, S. & Hubert, J. ( 2008) Assessing biological control of Acarus siro by Cheyletus malaccensis under laboratory conditions: Effects of temperatures and prey density. Journal of Stored Products Research , 44, 335–340.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2008.02.011 Google Scholar

38.

Reeck, G.R., Kramer, K.J., Baker, J.E., Kanost, M.R., Fabrick, J.A. & Behnke G.A. ( 1997) Proteinase inhibitors and resistance of transgenic plants to insects. In: Carozzin, N, Koziel, M. (editors), Advances in insect control. The role of transgenic plants. London, Taylor & Francis Ltd., p p.157–183. Google Scholar

39.

Sánchez-ramos, I. & Castañera, P. ( 2003) Laboratory evaluation of selective pesticides against the storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae). Journal of Medical Entomology , 40, 475–481.  https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-40.4.475 Google Scholar

40.

Sokal, R.R. & Rolf, F.J. (1995) Biometry, Third ed. New York, W.H. Freeman and Co. Google Scholar

41.

Stables, L.M. ( 1980) The effectiveness of some recently developed pesticides against stored-product mites. Journal of Stored Products Research , 16, 143–146.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(80)90011-9 Google Scholar

42.

Stables, L.M. ( 1984) Effect of pesticides on three species of Tyrophagus and detection of resistance to pirimiphos-methyl in Tyrophagus palmarum and Tyrophagus putrescentiae. D.A. Griffiths C.E. Bowman Acarology VI, 1026–1033. Ellis Horwood Limited Chichester, England. Google Scholar

43.

Szlendak, E., Conyers, C., Muggleton, J. & Thind, B.B. ( 2000) Pirimiphos-methyl resistance in two stored product mites, Acarus siro and Acarus farris, as detected by impregnated paper bioassay and esterase activity assays. Experimental & Applied Acarology , 24, 45–54. Google Scholar

44.

Toews, M.D. & Subramanyam, B.H. ( 2003) Contribution of contact toxicity and wheat condition to mortality of stored-product insects exposed to spinosad. Pest Management Science , 59, 538–544.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.660 Google Scholar

45.

Towes, M.D. & Subramanyam, B.H. ( 2004) Survival of stored product insect natural enemies in spinosad treated wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology , 97, 1174–1180.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/97.3.1174 Google Scholar

46.

Van Leeuwen, T., Dermauw, W., Van de Veire, M. & Tirry, L. ( 2005) Systemic use of spinosad to control the two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) on tomatoes grown in rockwool. Experimental & Applied Acarology , 37, 93–105.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-005-0139-8 Google Scholar

47.

Vassilakos, T.N., Athanassiou, C.G., Saglam, O., Chloridis, A.S. & Dripps, J.E. ( 2012) Insecticidal effect of spinetoram against six major stored grain insect species. Journal of Stored Products Research , 51,69–73.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2012.06.006 Google Scholar

48.

Vayias, B.J., Athanassiou, C.G., Milonas, D.N. & Mavrotas, C. ( 2010) Persistence and efficacy of spinosad on wheat, maize and barley grains against four major stored product pests. Crop Protection , 29, 496–505.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2009.12.003 Google Scholar

49.

Villanueva, R.T. & Walgenbach, J.F. ( 2006) Acaricidal properties of spinosad against Tetranychus urticae and Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Journal of Economic Entomology , 99, 843–84.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/99.3.843 Google Scholar

50.

Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Xie, W., Wu, Q. & Wang, S. ( 2016) Sublethal effects of spinetoram on the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Pesticide Biochemistry & Physiology , 132, 102–107.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.02.002Google Scholar

51.

Yoshikawa, M. ( 1985) Skin lesions of popular urticaria induced experimentally by Cheyletus malaccensis and Chelacaropsis sp. (Acari: Cheyletidae). Journal of Medical Entomology , 22, 115–117.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/22.1.115 Google Scholar

52.

Zaher, M.A., Mohamed M.I. & Abdel Halim, S.M. ( 1986) Incidence of mites associated with stored seeds and food products in Upper Egypt. Experimental & Applied Acarology , 2, 19–24.  https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01193352 Google Scholar

53.

Žďárková, E. ( 1979) Cheyletid fauna associated with stored products in Czechoslovakia. Journal of Stored Products Research , 15, 11–16.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(79)90019-5 Google Scholar

54.

Žďárková, E. ( 1998) Biological control of storage mites by Cheyletus eruditus. Integrated Pest Management Reviews , 3, 111–116. Google Scholar

55.

Žďárková, E. ( 1986) Mass rearing of the predator Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank) (Acarina: Cheyletidae) for biological control of acarid mites infesting stored products. Crop Protection , 5, 122–124.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(86)90092-X Google Scholar
© Systematic & Applied Acarology Society
Anar A. Bakr and Shady Selim "Selective biorational treatments for managing the storage mites, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) and Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troupeau) under laboratory conditions," Systematic and Applied Acarology 24(3), 337-347, (4 March 2019). https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.24.3.1
Received: 1 October 2018; Accepted: 13 February 2019; Published: 4 March 2019
KEYWORDS
biorational control
efficacy assessment
predator
spinosyns
storage mites
Back to Top