Notes

Recognition of Galloanseres as a clade sister to Neoaves follows Groth and Barrowclough (1999) and most subsequent higher-level studies of bird systematics.

Following the species account for Meleagris ocellata, insert the following new heading and Notes:

Notes

Linear sequence of orders in Neoaves follows the genomic studies of Jarvis et al. (2014) and Prum et al. (2015) and numerous less comprehensive studies. Results of these studies indicate that Neoaves consists largely of three radiations: a poorly resolved initial radiation at the base of the Neoaves (consisting of Phoenicopteriformes, Podicipediformes, Columbiformes, Pterocliformes, Mesitornithiformes, Cuculiformes, Musophagiformes, Otidiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Steatornithiformes, Nyctibiiformes, Podargiformes, Aegotheliformes, Apodiformes, Opisthocomiformes, Gruiformes, and Charadriiformes) and better-resolved radiations of core waterbirds (Gaviiformes, Sphenisciformes, Procellariiformes, Ciconiiformes, Suliformes, and Pelecaniformes, with Phaethontiformes and Eurypygiformes the apparent sister group to these) and core landbirds (Cathartiformes, Accipitriformes, Strigiformes, Coliiformes, Leptosomiformes, Trogoniformes, Upupiformes, Bucerotiformes, Coraciiformes, Piciformes, Cariamiformes, Falconiformes, Psittaciformes, and Passeriformes).

Change the linear sequence of the orders between GALLIFORMES and TROGONIFORMES, and their included family headings and genus and species accounts, to:

Under the heading Order GAVIIFORMES: Loons, change the existing Notes to:

Notes

See Notes under Parvclass Neoaves.

2. [pp. 123–128] Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Hosner et al. 2015) has shown that the linear sequence of genera in the family Odontophoridae does not accurately reflect their evolutionary relationships. Their findings result in the following changes:

Replace the existing Notes under the heading Family ODONTOPHORIDAE: New World Quail with the following:

Notes

Linear sequence of genera follows Hosner et al. (2015).

Rearrange the genera in the family Odontophoridae in the following new sequence:

3. [pp. 267–274] Phylogenomic analyses of nuclear DNA sequences have shown that the ordinal limits and linear sequence of families in the traditional order Caprimulgiformes do not reflect their evolutionary relationships (Hackett et al. 2008, Prum et al. 2015). Their findings result in the following changes:

Change the heading Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES: Goatsuckers, Oilbirds, and Allies to Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES: Nightjars, and insert the following Notes after this heading:

Notes

Formerly included Steatornithidae, Nyctibiidae, and extralimital families Podargidae and Aegothelidae, but phylogenomic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences have shown that the traditional order Caprimulgiformes is paraphyletic with respect to the Apodiformes (Hackett et al. 2008, Jarvis et al. 2014, Prum et al. 2015) and that lineages in this order that are traditionally ranked as families are as old or older than most currently recognized orders (Mayr 2014, Prum et al. 2015).

Change the heading Family CAPRIMULGIDAE: Goatsuckers to Family CAPRIMULGIDAE: Nightjars.

After the species account for Caprimulgus indicus, insert the following heading and Notes:

Notes

See Notes under Caprimulgiformes.

Move the heading Family STEATORNITHIDAE: Oilbirds, and the genus and species accounts included under this heading to a position following this newly inserted order.

After the species account for Steatornis caripensis, insert the following heading and Notes:

Notes

See Notes under Caprimulgiformes.

Move the heading Family NYCTIBIIDAE: Potoos, and the genus and species accounts included under this heading to a position following this newly inserted order.

4. [p. 283] In the Notes for the species account for Phaethornis longirostris, change the English name of P. baroni Hartert, 1897 from Hartert's Hermit to Baron's Hermit. This corrects an error inadvertently introduced in the previous supplement (Chesser et al. 2015).

5. [p. 287] Colibri cyanotus is treated as a species separate from C. thalassinus, following Remsen et al. (2015). Revise the account for C. thalassinus as follows: Change the English name to Mexican Violetear. Restrict the distributional statement to that for the thalassinus group. Replace the existing Notes with the following:

Notes

Formerly considered conspecific with C. cyanotus (as Green Violetear or Green Violet-ear), but treated as a separate species on the basis of differences in plumage with C. cyanotus commensurate with those between C. thalassinus and C. coruscans (Gould, 1846) [Sparkling Violetear], which are sympatric species, and because of a lack of explicit rationale by Peters (1945) for originally merging C. cyanotus with C. thalassinus (Remsen et al. 2015); they had been treated as separate species by Ridgway (1911) and Cory (1918).

After the account for C. thalassinus, insert the following new species account:

Colibri cyanotus (Bourcier). Lesser Violetear.

Trochilus cyanotus Bourcier, 1843, Rev. Zool., April  1843, p. 101. (Caracas.)

Habitat

Secondary Forest, Second-growth Scrub (1400–3000 m; upper Tropical and Subtropical zones, in South America also Temperate Zone).

Distribution

Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama (Chiriquí, Veraguas); and in montane South America from Colombia and northern Venezuela south in Western Andes to western Ecuador and in Eastern Andes to central Bolivia.

Notes

See Notes under C. thalassinus.

6. [p. 133] A record of Aramides axillaris (Rufous-necked Wood-Rail) in the United States is treated as more likely a natural vagrant than an escaped cage bird, following Pranty et al. (2015). Add the following paragraph to the end of the distributional statement: Accidental in central New Mexico (Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, Socorro Co., 7–18 July 2013; Williams 2014, Pranty et al. 2015; photos).

7. [p. 133] Aramides albiventris is treated as a species separate from Aramides cajaneus, following Marcondes and Silveira (2015). In the species account for A. cajaneus, change the English name to Gray-cowled Wood-Rail and change the distributional statement and Notes to:

Distribution

Resident in Costa Rica (except northeast) and Panama (including Pearl Islands) south through South America east of Andes to northern Argentina.

Notes

Formerly considered conspecific with A. albiventris (as Gray-necked Wood-Rail), but treated as a separate species on the basis of differences in song and morphology that are maintained in parapatry (Marcondes and Silveira 2015).

Preceding the species account for A. cajaneus, insert the following new account:

Aramides albiventris Lawrence. Russet-naped Wood-Rail.

Aramides albiventris Lawrence, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat.  Sci. Phila., p. 234. (British Honduras.)

Habitat

River-edge Forest, Gallery Forest, Freshwater Marshes (0–1200 m; Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution

Resident from southern Tamaulipas and Pacific lowlands of southern Oaxaca south along both slopes of Middle America (including the Yucatan Peninsula and Cozumel Island) to Nicaragua and northeastern Costa Rica.

Notes

See Notes under A. cajaneus.

8. [pp. 133–135] Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences (Slikas et al. 2002, Garcia-R et al. 2014) have shown that the genus Porzana is not monophyletic. Their findings result in the following changes:

Insert the following Notes under the heading for Genus PORZANA:

Notes

Generic limits of Porzana and linear sequence of species of Porzana and former congeners Zapornia and Hapalocrex follow Slikas et al. (2002) and Garcia-R et al. (2014).

Place the species accounts for P. carolina and P. porzana, in this sequence, to follow the heading, citation, and Notes for Genus PORZANA.

After the species account for P. porzana, insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes:

Zapornia Leach, 1816, Syst. Cat. Spec. Mammals and  Birds, etc., p. 34. Type, by original designation, Z.  minuta = Rallus parvus Scopoli.

Notes

Formerly considered part of Porzana (AOU 1983, 1998) but now treated as separate because genetic data (Slikas et al. 2002, Garcia-R et al. 2014) indicate that species in Zapornia are not closely related to true Porzana.

Remove the citations of Pennula Dole and Porzanula Frohawk from the synonymy of Porzana and place these under the citation for Zapornia.

Change the generic names of Porzana palmeri and P. sandwichensis to Zapornia, and place the accounts for these species in this sequence under the heading and Notes for Zapornia.

After the species account for Z. sandwichensis, insert the following new heading and citation:

Hapalocrex Ridgway, 1920, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 72(4): 3.  Type, by original designation, Rallus flaviventris Boddaert.

Change Porzana flaviventer to Hapalocrex flaviventer, place the account for this species under the heading for Hapalocrex, and insert the following Notes:

Notes

Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) placed in Porzana, but now treated as separate because genetic data (Slikas et al. 2002, Garcia-R et al. 2014) indicate that H. flaviventer is not closely related to true Porzana.

9. [p. 136] After the account for Porphyrio flavirostris, insert the following new species account:

Porphyrio porphyrio (Linnaeus). Purple Swamphen.

Fulica Porphyrio Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1:  152. (Asia, America = lands bordering the western  Mediterranean Sea.)

Habitat

Freshwater marshes and swamps, rice fields, edges of ponds, rivers, and irrigated agriculture.

Distribution

Resident [porphyrio group] in southern Europe from southern Portugal and southwestern Spain east to Sardinia, and in northern Africa from Morocco east to Tunisia; [madagascariensis group] in sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt, and Madagascar; [poliocephalus group] from central Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and south-central China, south through Syria and Iraq, to the Persian Gulf, throughout the Indian subcontinent, northern Myanmar, northern Thailand, and on Sri Lanka and islands in the Andaman Sea; [indicus group] southern Myanmar, southern Thailand, peninsular Malaysia, through the Greater Sundas to New Guinea; [pulverulentus group] Philippines; and [melanotus group] Australia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, east through Melanesia to Fiji, Samoa, and New Zealand.

Introduced or escaped, and established in southeastern Florida [poliocephalus group], mainly in Okeechobee, Glades, Hendry, Palm Beach, Broward, and Miami-Dade counties. Casual north to Alachua County. A record from Delaware (1991, Amer. Birds 45: 255) is of questionable origin.

Accidental [madagascariensis group] in Bermuda (26 October–6 November 2009; Dobson 2009; photo).

Notes

Groups: P. porphyrio [Western Swamphen], P. madagascariensis (Latham, 1801) [African Swamphen]; P. poliocephalus (Latham, 1801) [Gray-headed Swamphen]; P. indicus Horsfield, 1821 [Black-backed Swamphen]; P. pulverulentus Temminck, 1826 [Philippine Swamphen], and P. melanotus Temminck, 1820 [Australasian Swamphen]. Probably consists of more than one species. Genetic analyses (Garcia and Trewick 2015) revealed that two flightless species in New Zealand (P. mantelli (Owen, 1848) [North Island Takahe] and P. hochstetteri (Meyer, 1883) [South Island Takahe]), which are sympatric with P. melanotus, and P. albus Shaw, 1970 [White Swamphen], formerly on Lord Howe Island, were nested within P. porphyrio sensu lato.

10. [p. 138] Fulica caribaea is treated as a junior synonym of F. americana. Remove the current species account for F. caribaea and modify the existing distributional statement and Notes in the account for F. americana as follows:

In the Breeds paragraph, change “and Greater Antilles (locally east to St. John in the Virgin Islands)” to “Greater Antilles, most of the larger Lesser Antilles (south to Grenada and Barbados), on Curacao and in northern Venezuela”. In the Winters paragraph, change “and (apparently) northern Colombia” to “northern Venezuela, and (apparently) northern Colombia”. In the final sentence referring to casual records, add “Trinidad and Tobago,” following “(Corn and Providencia),”.

Add the following sentence to the beginning of the existing Notes: Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) treated as two species F. americana and F. caribaea Ridgway, 1884 [Caribbean Coot], but merged based on evidence of non-assortative mating (McNair and Cramer-Burke 2006) and lack of diagnosable morphological (Roberson and Baptista 1988) or vocal (Bond 1961) differences.

11. [p. 140] Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences (Krajewski et al. 2010) has shown that the genus Grus is paraphyletic. Their findings result in the following changes:

After the heading Subfamily GRUINAE: Typical Cranes, insert the following heading and citation:

Antigone Reichenbach, 1852, Handb. Spec. Orn. p. xxiii.  Type, by original designation and tautonomy, Grus torquata Vieillot = Ardea antigone Linnaeus.

Change Grus canadensis to Antigone canadensis, place the account for this species under the heading and citation for Antigone, and insert the following Notes:

Notes

Formerly placed in the genus Grus, but genetic data (Krajewski et al. 2010) indicate that Grus is paraphyletic with respect to Bugeranus and Anthropoides and that A. canadensis is not closely related to true Grus.

12. [pp. 152–180] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Baker et al. 2007, 2008; Gibson and Baker 2012) have shown that our current subfamily classification of the Scolopacidae does not accurately reflect their evolutionary relationships. Their findings result in the following changes:

Delete the headings and any Notes for Subfamily PHALAROPODINAE: Phalaropes, Tribe TRINGINI: Tringine Sandpipers, Tribe NUMENIINI: Curlews, Tribe LIMOSINI: Godwits, Tribe ARENARIINI: Turnstones, Tribe CALIDRINI: Calidridine Sandpipers, Tribe LIMNODROMINI: Dowitchers, Tribe GALLINAGINI: Snipe, and Tribe SCOLOPACINI: Woodcocks.

Change the heading Family SCOLOPACIDAE: Sandpipers, Phalaropes, and Allies to Family SCOLOPACIDAE: Sandpipers. Insert the following Notes under this heading: Subfamily arrangement follows Gibson and Baker (2012).

After the heading and Notes for Family SCOLOPACIDAE: Sandpipers, insert the following new heading:

Move the accounts for Genus BARTRAMIA Lesson, Genus NUMENIUS Brisson, and their included species to follow this heading.

After the species account for Numenius americanus, insert the following new heading:

Move the accounts for Genus LIMOSA Brisson and its included species to follow this heading.

After the species account for Limosa fedoa, insert the following new heading:

Move the accounts for Genus ARENARIA Brisson, Genus CALIDRIS Merrem, and their included species to follow this heading.

Change the heading Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE: Sandpipers and Allies to Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE: Dowitchers, Snipe, and Woodcock.

Move the accounts for Genus LIMNODROMUS Wied, Genus LYMNOCRYPTES Kaup, Genus GALLINAGO Brisson, Genus SCOLOPAX Linnaeus, and their included species to follow this heading.

After the species account for Scolopax minor, insert the following new heading:

Move Notes formerly under Tribe TRINGINI: Tringine Sandpipers to follow this heading. Move the accounts for Genus XENUS Kaup, Genus ACTITIS Illiger, Genus TRINGA Linnaeus, Genus PHALAROPUS Brisson, and their included species to follow these Notes. Change the Notes under the genus headings for Xenus, Actitis, and Tringa to:

Notes

See comments under Tringinae.

13. [pp. 18–20] Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences (Penhallurick and Wink 2004, Austin et al. 2004, Pyle et al. 2011) has shown that species currently placed in Puffinus form two deeply divergent clades that may not be sister groups. Their findings result in the following changes:

After the species account for Calonectris edwardsii, insert the following heading, citations, and Notes, moving the citations for Ardenna, Thyellodroma, Neonectris, and Hemipuffinus from under Puffinus, as follows:

Genus ARDENNA Reichenbach

Ardenna Reichenbach, 1853, Hand. Spec. Ornithol., Die  Vögel, pt. 3 (1852), p. iv. Type, by original designation and monotypy, Puffinus major Faber, 1822 = Procellaria gravis O'Reilly, 1818.

Thyellodroma Stejneger, 1889, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 11  (1888): 93. Type, by original designation, Puffinus sphenurus Gould = Puffinus chlororhynchus Lesson.

Neonectris Mathews, 1913, Austral Avian Rec. 2: 12.  Type, by original designation, Puffinus brevicaudus Gould = Procellaria tenuirostris Temminck.

Hemipuffinus Iredale, 1913, Austral Avian Rec. 2: 20.  Type, by original designation, Puffinus carneipes Gould.

Notes

Formerly (AOU 1983, 1998) considered part of Puffinus, but now treated as separate on the basis of genetic data (Penhallurick and Wink 2004, Austin et al. 2004, Pyle et al. 2011), which indicate that species in Ardenna and Puffinus form two deeply divergent clades that may not be sister groups. Analyses of morphology and biogeography (Oberholser 1917, Kuroda 1954) had previously recognized species of Puffinus, Ardenna, and the extralimital Calonectris as distinctive groups. Linear sequence of species follows Pyle et al. (2011).

Change the generic names of Puffinus creatopus, P. carneipes, P. gravis, P. bulleri, and P. tenuirostris to Ardenna, change Puffinus pacificus to Ardenna pacifica and Puffinus griseus to Ardenna grisea, add parentheses around the authority names for P. creatopus, P. carneipes, and P. bulleri, make the appropriate changes in generic names or abbreviations within the existing Notes, and place the accounts for these species under the heading and Notes for Ardenna, in the following sequence:

Ardenna pacifica

Ardenna bulleri

Ardenna tenuirostris

Ardenna grisea

Ardenna gravis

Ardenna creatopus

Ardenna carneipes

Change the Notes under the heading Genus PUFFINUS Brisson to: See Notes under Ardenna.

14. [p. 24] Oceanodroma socorroensis and O. cheimomnestes are treated as species separate from O. leucorhoa. In the species account for O. leucorhoa, change the distributional statement and Notes to:

Distribution

Breeds in the North Pacific from the Aleutian and Shumagin islands and south-coastal Alaska south along the North American coast to Baja California (Los Coronados and San Benito islands), and from the Commander Islands south to the Kuril Islands and northern Hokkaido, Japan; and in the Atlantic from southern Labrador (Gannet Islands) south to Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, Maine (Casco Bay), and Massachusetts (Penikese Island), and from southern Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, and Norway to northern Scotland; also on Dyer Island (South Africa).

Ranges at sea in the Pacific Ocean from the breeding areas south to the Hawaiian, Revillagigedo, and Galapagos islands, and in the western Pacific to Indonesia and New Guinea; and in the Atlantic Ocean south along both coasts to Florida, the West Indies, Caribbean Sea, South America (Venezuela east to eastern Brazil), and South Africa, also to the west coast of Greenland (rarely but regularly); casual to the eastern Atlantic islands, Mediterranean Sea, and western Europe.

Casual or accidental in interior Oregon, interior California, Ohio, Baffin Island, southern Ontario, northern Quebec, northern New York, Vermont, the District of Columbia, along the Gulf coast (from Texas east to Florida), inland in Alabama (Eufaula), along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica (Cabo Velas), and in New Zealand.

Notes

Formerly considered conspecific with O. socorroensis and O. cheimomnestes, but treated as separate on the basis of differences in vocalizations (Ainley 1980). See comments under O. monorhis.

After the species account for O. leucorhoa, insert the following new species accounts in this sequence:

Oceanodroma socorroensis Townsend. Townsend's Storm-Petrel.

Oceanodroma socorroensis Townsend, 1890, Proc. U.S.  Nat. Mus. 13: 134. (Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Islands.)

Habitat

Pelagic Waters, especially upwellings; nests in burrows on islands.

Distribution

Breeds on islets (Islote Negro and Islote Afuera) off the south end of Guadalupe Island, Mexico.

Ranges at sea as far north as off the coast of southern California and south in the eastern Pacific to ca. 10°N latitude.

Notes

Formerly considered conspecific with O. cheimomnestes and O. leucorhoa, but treated as separate from cheimomnestes on the basis of overlap of breeding ranges (although socorroensis breeds in summer, cheimomnestes in winter) and differences in vocalizations and morphology (Ainley 1980). See Notes under O. leucorhoa.

Oceanodroma cheimomnestes Ainley. Ainley's Storm-Petrel.

Oceanodroma leucorhoa cheimomnestes Ainley, 1980,  Auk 97: 848. (Guadalupe Island, Mexico.)

Habitat

Pelagic Waters, especially upwellings; nests in burrows on islands.

Distribution

Breeds on three islets (Islote Negro, Gargoyle Rock, and Islote Afuera) off the south end of Guadalupe Island, Mexico.

Ranges at sea presumably southward from the breeding area.

Notes

See Notes under O. leucorhoa and O. socorroensis.

15. [p. 51] Phylogenomic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences have shown that the Cathartidae are as old or older than other lineages recognized as orders (Jarvis et al. 2014, Prum et al. 2015). After the species account for Platalea ajaja, insert the following heading and Notes:

Notes

Phylogenomic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences have shown that the Cathartidae are sister to the rest of the Accipitriformes and that they are as old as or older than other lineages recognized as orders (Jarvis et al. 2014, Prum et al. 2015). Formerly treated as a family within the Accipitriformes (Chesser et al. 2010), Falconiformes sensu lato (Banks et al. 2007), or Ciconiiformes (AOU 1998).

Move the heading Family CATHARTIDAE: New World Vultures and the genus and species accounts included under this heading to a position following this newly inserted order, and delete the Notes under Cathartidae.

16. [p. 321] Momotus coeruliceps, M. lessonii, and M. subrufescens are treated as species separate from the now extralimital M. momota, largely following Stiles (2009). Remove the account for M. momota and insert the following new species accounts, in this sequence:

Momotus coeruliceps (Gould). Blue-capped Motmot.

Prionites cœruliceps Gould, 1836, Proc. Zool. Soc.  London, pt. 4, p. 18. (Tamaulipas, Mexico.)

Habitat

Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest, Gallery Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, River-edge Forest (0–1600 m; Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution

Resident in Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, and northern Veracruz.

Notes

Formerly (AOU 1983, 1998) considered conspecific (as Blue-crowned Motmot) with M. lessonii, M. subrufescens, M. bahamensis (Swainson, 1837) [Trinidad Motmot], M. momota (Linnaeus, 1766) [Amazonian Motmot], and M. aequatorialis Gould, 1857 [Andean Motmot]. The six members of this complex are treated as separate species on the basis of differences in vocalizations and morphology (Stiles 2009), except for M. coeruliceps, for which vocalizations are poorly known. Momotus coeruliceps is treated as separate from M. lessonii on the basis of strong differences in plumage maintained in apparent parapatry. Although Ridgway (1914), Cory (1918), and Chapman (1923) treated them as separate species, Peters (1945) treated them as conspecific without explicit rationale. Dickinson and Remsen (2013) also treated all these taxa as separate species; they used “Blue-diademed Motmot” for M. coeruliceps, but AOU (1998) used this as the English name for the momota group.

Momotus lessonii Lesson. Lesson's Motmot.

Momotus Lessonii Lesson, 1842, Rev. Zool., p. 174.  (Realejo, Nicaragua.)

Habitat

Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest, Gallery Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, River-edge Forest (0–2100 m; Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution

Resident from southern Veracruz and northern and southeastern Oaxaca south along both slopes of Middle America (including the Yucatan Peninsula) to western Panama.

Notes

See Notes under M. coeruliceps.

Momotus subrufescens Sclater. Whooping Motmot.

Momotus subrufescens Sclater, 1853, Rev. et Mag. Zool.  (2), 3: 489. (Colombia.)

Habitat

Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest, Gallery Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, River-edge Forest (0–1600 m; Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution

Resident in eastern Panama, northern Colombia, and northern Venezuela.

Notes

See Notes under M. coeruliceps.

17. [p. 331] Change the English name of Ramphastos ambiguus to Yellow-throated Toucan. The former English name of this species, Black-mandibled Toucan, is appropriate only for R. ambiguus sensu stricto, but through oversight was not changed when this species was merged with R. swainsonii (Chesser et al. 2011).

18. [p. 235] Psittacara maugei is treated as a species separate from P. chloropterus, following Olson (2015). In the species account for P. chloropterus, change the distributional statement and Notes to:

Distribution

Resident on Hispaniola.

Reports from southern Florida are based on escaped cage birds (Stevenson and Anderson 1994).

Notes

Formerly considered conspecific with P. maugei, but treated as a separate species on the basis of differences in plumage and morphology commensurate with those between other taxa traditionally ranked as species in the Aratinga (sensu lato) group of parakeets (Olson 2015; also see Ridgway 1916). Formerly placed in the genus Aratinga. See comments under Psittacara.

Delete the first sentence of the Notes under P. euops. Preceding the account for P. chloropterus, insert the following new species account:

†Psittacara maugei Souancé. Puerto Rican Parakeet.

Psittacara maugei Souancé, 1856, Rev. et Mag. Zool. (2),  8: 59. (No locality = Puerto Rico?)

Habitat

Presumably Tropical Deciduous Forest, but possibly more widespread on Puerto Rico.

Distribution

Resident on Mona Island (formerly, last individual taken in 1892), and formerly also likely widespread on Puerto Rico (based on fossil, archaeological, and second-hand reports through the 1790s, but certainly not there after 1883; Olson 2015).

Notes

See Notes under P. chloropterus.

19. [p. 366] Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (Tello et al. 2014) have shown that the current generic limits of Cercomacra do not accurately reflect evolutionary relationships. Their findings result in the following changes:

After the species account for Euchrepomis callinota, insert the following heading, citation, and Notes:

Cercomacroides Tello et al., 2014, Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 170:  555. Type, by original designation, Cercomacra tyrannina Sclater.

Notes

Formerly considered part of Cercomacra, but genetic data (Tello et al. 2014) indicate that species of Cercomacroides form a clade sister to Sciaphylax hemimelaena (Sclater, 1857) [Chestnut-tailed Antbird] and are not included in true Cercomacra. Analyses of plumage and voice (Fitzpatrick and Willard 1990, Zimmer and Isler 2003) had previously recognized the species included in Cercomacroides as a distinctive group.

Change Cercomacra tyrannina (Sclater) to Cercomacroides tyrannina (Sclater) and place the account for this species under the heading and citation for Cercomacroides.

20. [p. 402] Sirystes albogriseus is treated as a species separate from the now extralimital S. sibilator, following Ridgely and Greenfield (2001) and Donegan (2013). Remove the species account for S. sibilator and replace it with the following new account:

Sirystes albogriseus (Lawrence). Choco Sirystes.

Lipaugus albogriseus Lawrence, 1863, Ann. Lyc. Nat.  Hist. New York 8: 9. (along line of Panama Railroad; type from Lion Hill.)

Habitat

Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Gallery Forest (0–1250 m; Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution

Resident in Panama (eastern Panama province and from the Canal area eastward; early specimens from “Veragua” may be mislabeled) and in South America in western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.

Notes

Formerly considered conspecific with S. albocinereus Sclater and Salvin, 1880 [White-rumped Sirystes], S. subcanescens Todd, 1920 [Todd's Sirystes], and S. sibilator (Vieillot, 1818) [Sibilant Sirystes], but treated as separate on the basis of differences in vocalizations (Ridgely and Greenfield 2001, Donegan 2013).

21. [pp. 429–441] Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Slager et al. 2014) has shown that the generic limits and linear sequence of species in the family Vireonidae do not accurately reflect their evolutionary relationships. Their findings result in the following changes:

Delete the existing Notes under the heading Family VIREONIDAE: Vireos and insert the following:

Notes

Linear sequence of genera and species follows Slager et al. (2014).

After the species account for Vireolanius eximius, insert the following new heading:

Tunchiornis Slager and Klicka, 2014, Zootaxa 3884: 195. Type, by original designation, Hylophilus ochraceiceps Sclater.

Change Hylophilus ochraceiceps (Sclater) to Tunchiornis ochraceiceps (Sclater), place the account for this species under the heading and citation for Tunchiornis, make the appropriate changes in generic abbreviations within the existing Notes, and insert the following sentence at the end of the existing Notes: Formerly placed in the genus Hylophilus, but genetic data (Slager et al. 2014) indicate that Hylophilus is paraphyletic and that T. ochraceiceps is not closely related to true Hylophilus.

After the species account for Tunchiornis ochraceiceps, insert the following new heading:

Pachysylvia Bonaparte, 1851, Consp. Gen. Av. 1:309. Type, by monotypy, Sylvicola decurtata Bonaparte.

Notes

Formerly considered part of Hylophilus, but genetic data (Slager et al. 2014) indicate that Hylophilus is paraphyletic and that species of Pachysylvia are not closely related to true Hylophilus.

Change Hylophilus aurantiifrons Lawrence and Hylophilus decurtatus (Bonaparte) to Pachysylvia aurantiifrons (Lawrence) and Pachysylvia decurtata (Bonaparte), respectively, place the accounts for these species under the heading and citation for Pachysylvia, and make the appropriate changes in generic abbreviations within the existing Notes.

Change the Notes under the Genus HYLOPHILUS Temminck to: See Notes under Pachysylvia.

Rearrange the sequence of genera and species in the Vireonidae to:

22. [p. 446] Aphelocoma woodhouseii is treated as a species separate from A. californica. Revise the account for A. californica as follows: Change the English name to California Scrub-Jay. Restrict the Resident part of the distributional statement to that for the californica group, and change the Casual part of the statement to: Casual in southwestern British Columbia and eastern Washington.

Replace the existing Notes with the following:

Notes

Formerly considered conspecific with A. woodhouseii, but treated as separate on the basis of differences in ecology, morphology, genetics, and vocalizations; although the two species do interbreed, the hybrid zone is narrow, and there is evidence for selection against hybrids (Gowen et al. 2014). See notes on A. coerulescens.

Following the account for A. californica, insert the following new species account:

Aphelocoma woodhouseii (Baird). Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay.

Cyanocitta woodhouseii Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rept. Expl. and Surv. R.R. Pac. 9: 584–585. (central line of Rocky Mountains to table lands of Mexico [= Fort Thorn (ten miles west of Rincon, Doña Ana County), New Mexico].)

Habitat

Woodland (especially pinyon, juniper, oak associations) and scrub; also gardens, orchards, riparian woodland, and tropical deciduous forest (southern Mexico) (Subtropical and Temperate zones, upper Tropical Zone in southern Mexico).

Distribution

Resident [woodhouseii group] from southeastern Oregon, southern Idaho, southern Wyoming, western and southern Colorado, and extreme western Oklahoma south to eastern California (from White Mountains to Providence Mountains), southern Arizona, in the Mexican highlands to northeastern Sonora, Jalisco, central Guanajuato, México, Distrito Federal, and Hidalgo, and east to western and central Texas; and [sumichrasti group] from Tlaxcala south to Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec), Puebla, and west-central Veracruz.

Casual [woodhouseii group] in southeastern California, southern Manitoba, northern Wyoming, Illinois, Indiana, central Kansas, and the Texas Panhandle.

Notes

Genetic and behavioral data (Peterson 1991, 1992; Peterson and Burt 1992; Gowen et al. 2014) suggest that A. sumichrasti (Baird and Ridgway, 1874) [Sumichrast's Scrub-Jay] may be a separate species. See Notes under A. californica and A. coerulescens.

23. [p. 453] Change the English name of Alauda arvensis to Eurasian Skylark. Replace the first sentence of the existing Notes to: Formerly (AOU 1998) known as Sky Lark, but name changed to conform to general worldwide usage (e.g., Dickinson and Christidis 2014, Gill and Donsker 2016); also known as European Skylark or Common Skylark, and, in Old World literature, as the Skylark.

24. [p. 459] Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences (Sheldon et al. 2005) have shown that several genera of swallows (family Hirundinidae) are not monophyletic. Their findings result in the following changes:

After the species account for Pygochelidon cyanoleuca, insert the following heading and citation:

Atticora Boie, 1844, Isis von Oken, col. 172. Type, by subsequent designation, Hirundo fasciata Gmelin (Gray, 1855, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Birds, p. 13).

Change Notiochelidon pileata (Gould) and Neochelidon tibialis (Cassin) to Atticora pileata Gould and Atticora tibialis (Cassin), respectively; delete the genus headings and Notes for Notiochelidon and Neochelidon; move the citations for Notiochelidon, Microchelidon, and Neochelidon into the synonymy of Atticora; and place the species accounts for A. pileata and A. tibialis under the heading and citation for Atticora.

Replace the last sentence of the Notes for Atticora pileata with the following: Formerly (AOU 1983, 1998), placed in the genus Notiochelidon, but genetic data (Sheldon et al. 2005) indicate that A. pileata and A. tibialis form the sister group to the South American Atticora fasciata (Gmelin, 1789) [White-banded Swallow].

Insert the following Notes in the species account for Atticora tibialis:

Notes

Formerly (AOU 1983, 1998), placed in the genus Neochelidon, but genetic data (Sheldon et al. 2005) indicate that A. tibialis and A. pileata form the sister group to the South American A. fasciata (Gmelin, 1789) [White-banded Swallow].

25. [p. 479] Cantorchilus zeledoni and C. elutus are treated as species separate from C. modestus, following Saucier et al. (2015). In the species account for C. modestus, change the English name to Cabanis's Wren and change the distributional statement and Notes to:

Distribution

Resident on the Pacific slope of Middle America from extreme southeastern Oaxaca (Sierra Madre de Chiapas) south to the northern Pacific slope of Costa Rica (locally also on the Caribbean slope in Chiapas, Guatemala, southern Belize, and Honduras, and in the Mosquitia of northeastern Honduras).

Notes

Formerly considered conspecific with C. zeledoni and C. elutus (as Plain Wren), but treated as separate on the basis of differences in genetics, morphology, and vocalizations that are maintained in parapatry (Farabaugh 1983, Mann et al. 2003, Saucier et al. 2015).

After the species account for C. modestus, insert the following new species accounts, in this sequence:

Cantorchilus zeledoni (Ridgway). Canebrake Wren.

Thryophilus zeledoni Ridgway (ex Lawrence ms), 1878, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1: 252. (“Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica” [= Talamanca], Costa Rica.)

Habitat

Tropical Deciduous Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Second-growth Scrub (0–700 m; Tropical Zone).

Distribution

Resident on the Caribbean slope from southeastern Nicaragua south to extreme northwestern Panama (western Bocas del Toro).

Notes

See Notes under C. modestus.

Cantorchilus elutus (Bangs). Isthmian Wren.

Thryophilus modestus elutus Bangs, 1902, Proc. New England Zool. Cl. 3: 51. (Loma del León, Panama.)

Habitat

Tropical Deciduous Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Second-growth Scrub (0–2000 m; Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution

Resident on the southern Pacific slope of Costa Rica from Quepos south into Panama, where occurring on both slopes (except the extreme northwestern portion) east to Colón and Panamá province.

Notes

See Notes under C. modestus.

26. [pp. 524–529, 658–684] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Ericson and Johansson 2003, Barker et al. 2004, Jønsson and Fjeldså 2006, Johansson et al. 2008, Alström et al. 2015) have shown that our current sequence of families in the Passerida does not accurately reflect their evolutionary relationships. Their findings result in the following changes:

Move the headings Family PRUNELLIDAE: Accentors, Family PLOCEIDAE: Weavers, Family VIDUIDAE: Whydahs, Family ESTRILDIDAE: Estrildid Finches, Family PASSERIDAE: Old World Sparrows, Family MOTACILLIDAE: Wagtails and Pipits, Family FRINGILLIDAE: Fringilline and Cardueline Finches and Allies, and their included genus and species accounts, in this sequence, to a position following the account for Peucedramus taeniatus.

Insert the following Notes after the heading Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE: Olive Warblers:

Notes

Linear sequence of families from Peucedramidae through Fringillidae follows Ericson and Johansson (2003), Barker et al. (2004), Jønsson and Fjeldså (2006), Johansson et al. (2008), and Alström et al. (2015).

Change the existing Notes after the headings Family MOTACILLIDAE: Wagtails and Pipits and Family PRUNELLIDAE: Accentors, to:

Notes

See Notes under Peucedramidae.

Insert the following at the end of the Notes for Family VIDUIDAE: Whydahs and Family ESTRILDIDAE: Estrildid Finches, and insert the following Notes after the headings for Family PLOCEIDAE: Weavers, Family PASSERIDAE: Old World Sparrows, and Family FRINGILLIDAE: Fringilline and Cardueline Finches and Allies:

Notes

See Notes under Peucedramidae.

27. [p. 680] Change the English name of Euplectes franciscanus to Northern Red Bishop. Replace the existing Notes with the following:

Notes

Formerly (AOU 1983, 1998) known as Orange Bishop, but name changed to conform to general worldwide usage (e.g., Dickinson and Christidis 2014, Gill and Donsker 2016).

28. [p. 567] Basileuterus melanotis and B. tacarcunae are treated as species separate from the now extralimital B. tristriatus, following Gutiérrez-Pinto et al. (2012) and Donegan (2014). In the existing Notes under Genus BASILEUTERUS Cabanis, change “tristriatus” to “melanotis, tacarcunae.” Remove the account for B. tristriatus and insert the following new species accounts, in this sequence:

Basileuterus melanotis Lawrence. Costa Rican Warbler.

Basileuterus melanotis Lawrence, 1868, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York 9: 95. (Cervantes, Costa Rica.)

Habitat

Montane Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest (800–2500 m; upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution

Mountains from Cordillera Tilaran of Costa Rica south to western Panama east to Veraguas.

Notes

Formerly considered conspecific with B. tacarcunae and B. tristriatus (Tschudi, 1844) [Three-striped Warbler], but treated as separate on the basis of differences in genetics and vocalizations (Gutiérrez-Pinto et al. 2012, Donegan 2014).

Basileuterus tacarcunae Chapman. Tacarcuna Warbler.

Basileuterus tacarcunae Chapman, 1924, Amer. Mus. Novit. 143: 6. (east slope, Mt. Tacarcuna, 4,600 ft., below Colombia–Panama line, Darién, Panama.)

Habitat

Montane Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest (800–2500 m; upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution

Eastern Panama in Cerro Jefe, San Blas, and Tacarcuna mountains (Panamá, San Blas, Darién), and isolated ridges in extreme northwestern Colombia.

Notes

See Notes under B. melanotis.

29. [pp. 569–599] A subfamily classification is adopted for family Thraupidae, following Burns et al. (2014)

Under the heading Family THRAUPIDAE: Tanagers, change the existing Notes to:

Notes

Subfamily classification and linear sequence of genera follow Burns et al. (2014).

After the heading and Notes for Family THRAUPIDAE: Tanagers, insert the following new heading:

Move the accounts for Genus BANGSIA Penard, Genus PAROARIA Bonaparte, Genus THRAUPIS Boie, Genus TANGARA Brisson, and their included species to follow this heading.

After the species account for Tangara icterocephala, insert the following new heading:

Move the accounts for Genus CONIROSTRUM Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Genus SICALIS Boie, Genus HAPLOSPIZA Cabanis, Genus ACANTHIDOPS Ridgway, Genus DIGLOSSA Wagler, and their included species to follow this heading.

After the species account for Diglossa plumbea, insert the following new heading:

Move the accounts for Genus CHLOROPHANES Reichenbach, Genus CHRYSOTHLYPIS Berlepsch, Genus HETEROSPINGUS Ridgway, Genus HEMITHRAUPIS Cabanis, and their included species to follow this heading.

After the species account for Hemithraupis flavicollis, insert the following new heading:

Subfamily TACHYPHONINAE: Ornamented Tanagers

Move the accounts for Genus VOLATINIA Reichenbach, Genus EUCOMETIS Sclater, Genus TACHYPHONUS Vieillot, Genus LANIO Vieillot, Genus RAMPHOCELUS Desmarest, and their included species to follow this heading.

After the species account for Ramphocelus dimidiatus, insert the following new heading:

Move the accounts for Genus TERSINA Vieillot, Genus CYANERPES Oberholser, Genus DACNIS Cuvier, and their included species to follow this heading.

After the species account for Dacnis viguieri, insert the following new heading:

Move the accounts for Genus COEREBA Vieillot, Genus TIARIS Swainson, Genus EUNEORNIS Fitzinger, Genus LOXIGILLA Lesson, Genus MELOPYRRHA Bonaparte, Genus LOXIPASSER Bryant, Genus MELANOSPIZA Ridgway, Genus PINAROLOXIAS Sharpe, and their included species to follow this heading.

After the species account for Pinaroloxias inornata, insert the following new heading:

Move the accounts for Genus SPOROPHILA Cabanis and its included species to follow this heading.

After the species account for Sporophila minuta, insert the following new heading:

Move the accounts for Genus EMBERIZOIDES Temminck and its included species to follow this heading.

After the species account for Emberizoides herbicola, insert the following new heading:

Move the accounts for Genus SALTATOR Vieillot and its included species to follow this heading.

30. [pp. 601–602] The hyphen is removed from the English name of six species of Brushfinch (Arremon brunneinucha, A. virenticeps, A. costaricensis, A. atricapillus, Atlapetes albinucha, and A. pileatus) and from groups in the Notes under those species to conform to our guidelines for English names, because the species named “Brushfinch” do not form a monophyletic group (Cadena et al. 2007).

31. [p. 691] Delete the account for Porphyrio porphyrio from the Appendix.

32. [pp. 705 ff.] Make the following changes to the list of French names of North American birds:

Insert the following names in the proper position as indicated by the text of this supplement:

Delete the following names:

in APPENDIX (Part 1)

In FRINGILLIDAE, change the three species misspelled Alauhaio to the correct Alauahio.

Change the sequence of families from GAVIIDAE to TROCHILIDAE as indicated by the text of this supplement.

Change the sequence of genera and species in the ODONTOPHORIDAE, SCOLOPACIDAE and VIREONIDAE as indicated by the text of this supplement.

Move PRUNELLIDAE, PLOCEIDAE, VIDUIDAE, ESTRILDIDAE, PASSERIDAE, MOTACILLIDAE, FRINGILLIDAE, and their included species to follow PEUCEDRAMIDAE.

Proposals considered but not accepted by the committee included recognition of Trochiliformes as an order separate from Apodiformes, transfer of species in Neocrex to Mustelirallus, separation of Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio into six species, separation of Emerald Toucanet Aulacorhynchus prasinus into seven species, revision of the generic placements of several species currently in Picoides, adoption of the English group name “whitestart” for species in the genus Myioborus, separation of Melopyrrha taylori from Cuban Bullfinch M. nigra, and separation of Sturnella lilianae from Eastern Meadowlark S. magna. A proposal to merge Hoary Redpoll Acanthis hornemanni with Common Redpoll A. flammea was held over and will be reconsidered next year.