The Neotropical bark beetle genera Cnemonyx Eichhoff, 1868 and Scolytus Geoffroy, 1762 are reviewed as part of ongoing research on the higher-level taxonomy of Scolytini. Ceratolepis Chapuis, 1869, Loganius Chapuis, 1869, and Cnemonyx setulosus (Eggers, 1929) are given new status. Twenty-four new combinations are reported: Ceratolepis amazonica Eggers, 1929 (not Schedl, 1952), Ceratolepis boliviae (Blackman, 1943), Ceratolepis hylurgoides (Schedl, 1949), Ceratolepis insignis (Wood, 1969), Ceratolepis jucunda Chapuis, 1869, Ceratolepis maculicornis Blandford, 1896, Ceratolepis nigra (Eggers, 1929), Loganius confinis Wood, 1961, Loganius equihuai (Wood, 1983), Loganius euphorbiae (Wood, 1986), Loganius evidens (Wood, 1983), Loganius exilis Wood, 1967, Loganius fastigius Wood, 1961, Loganius ficus Schwarz, 1894, Loganius flavicornis Chapuis, 1869, Loganius gracilens (Wood, 1969), Loganius impressus Wood, 1961, Loganius liratus Wood, 1961, Loganius niger Wood, 1961, Loganius prociduus Wood, 1961, Loganius recavus (Wood, 1969), Loganius splendens Wood, 1961, Loganius squamifer (Wood, 1979), and Loganius vagabundus Wood, 1961. Scolytus rabaglii Smith and Cognato, new species, is described. Five new synonyms were discovered: Ceratolepis Chapuis (= Coptosomus Schedl, 1952), Cnemonyx setulosus (Eggers, 1929) (= Cnemonyx similis (Eggers, 1929)), Loganius flavicornis Chapuis, 1869 (= Cnemonyx opacus Wood, 1969), Scolytus proximus Chapuis, 1869 (= Scolytus brevicauda Wichmann, 1915), and Scolytus thoracicus Chapuis, 1869 (= Scolytus plaumanni Wood, 2007). Two new country records are reported: Scolytus multistriatus in Argentina and Brazil.