Destruction of conspecific and heterospecific eggs and nestlings occurs in several species of passerines. Two main hypotheses have been proposed to explain the adaptiveness of this behavior: as a mechanism to avoid competition or to gain access to reproductive opportunities. In Colombia, Southern House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon musculus) broke eggs and/or killed nestlings of Spectacled Parrotlets (Forpus conspicillatus, 24 cases), Apical Flycatcher (Myiarchis apicalis, one case) and of other House Wrens (four cases). Wrens attacked parrotlet nests in three contexts: 1) wrens took over and used a parrotlet nestbox within their territory, 2) wrens with an active nest attacked a neighboring parrotlet nest, or 3) the attacker was unknown but was inferred to be a wren. Wrens also attacked trial nests with natural and artificial wren eggs that were placed near active wren nests. These observations suggest that infanticidal behavior by wrens at this locality may be driven by competition for nest sites. In contrast, infanticide by House Wrens in Panama has been related to territorial takeover and mate replacement. The context and causes of infanticidal behavior are spatially and temporally variable, both within and between species.