Knotroot foxtail has become more prevalent and problematic in pastures and hayfields in the southeastern United States. Gaps exist in our knowledge of which herbicide practices are best for managing this species in bermudagrass forage production. This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of various ways to control knotroot foxtail in bermudagrass with herbicide applications in autumn, postemergence (POST), with and without also applying a herbicide in preemergence (PRE), in spring. The study was a randomized complete block with a factorial arrangement of treatments and included a nontreated control for both fall and spring timings. Glyphosate at two rates (0.35 or 0.7 kg ae ha–¹), nicosulfuron (0.07 kg ai ha–¹) + metsulfuron (0.012 kg ai ha–¹), and hexazinone (1.3 kg ai ha–¹) were applied alone in the fall or followed by indaziflam (0.067 kg ai ha–¹) or pendimethalin (4.46 kg ai ha–¹) in the spring. Three harvests were conducted throughout the growing season to evaluate weed species (knotroot foxtail, large crabgrass, and horsenettle) and bermudagrass biomass as well as overall species composition. The combination of fall and spring treatments did not affect weed species or bermudagrass biomass. Therefore, treatment main effects were analyzed by fall or spring application timing. A spring application of either pendimethalin or indaziflam increased bermudagrass biomass compared with that of the nontreated control. However, neither PRE herbicide effectively reduced knotroot foxtail biomass compared with the nontreated control, although pendimethalin did reduce season-long knotroot foxtail composition. Spring PRE herbicides are an effective tool for forage producers, but further research is needed to identify effective herbicides and additional approaches for the control of knotroot foxtail.

Nomenclature: Glyphosate; hexazinone; indaziflam; metsulfuron-methyl; nicosulfuron; pendimethalin; Carolina horsenettle; Solanum carolinense L. SOLCA; knotroot foxtail; Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen] SETGE; large crabgrass; Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. DIGSA; bermudagrass; Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. CYNDA