Generative reproduction traits of the perennial Polygonatum multiflorum (Asparagaceae) were studied in seven populations in 2000–2010. The frequencies of typical hermaphrodite flowers and functionally male flowers with short or atrophied carpels were 76%, 17% and 7%, respectively. Most hermaphrodite flowers occurred in the lower and middle positions on the ramets. The final fruit/flower ratio per ramet amounted to 25% and its variation was higher among populations than among years. The initial fruit set was on an average twice as high as the final fruit set. The mean number of seeds per fruit was 3.2, and the distribution was skewed to the right. At the inter-population level, the seed number and mass of fruits were negatively correlated with each other. Seed size/number trade off was significant for shoots and for fruits. The seedling emergence was 65%–82% and it was positively correlated with the seed size as well as the survival of seedlings. In the garden conditions, a few individuals flowered in the seventh year of development.