Heteropolygonatum urceolatum J.M.H. Shaw (Asparagaceae), is transferred to Polygonatum based on morphological and cytological evidence. Polygonatum mengtzense F.T. Wang & T. Tang is reinstated to specific status and its description amended based on examination of ample living and herbarium material. Chromosome counts and karyotypes are presented for both species that provide evidence that the two are most closely related to the Himalayan P. punctatum. Data on their distribution and habitat are provided. A key morphological trait of Heteropolygonatum, terminal inflorescences, is discussed in relation to the generic value of this character and shown not to be diagnostic.