In this paper, we report the first records of Eresus moravicus Řezáč, 2008 from Romania. The collected specimens from the new localities are described with phenological and ecological data. The new records are also confirmed by the first molecular data (mitochondrial gene fragments COI and ND1) for E. moravicus from Romania and compared with other European congeners. The distribution and possible occurrence of other Eresus species in Romania is discussed on the basis of sampling bias, past taxonomic confusion and habitat suitability. This work highlights the need for revision of this cryptic spider family in the light of new data on its taxonomy and for the preservation of fragile rocky steppes in southern Romania, which constitute an important refuge for invertebrate biodiversity.