Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca are known to be victims of nest killings in contexts of competition for nest boxes. However, there is only anecdotal information on their opposite role as perpetrators of nest takeovers and occasional killings of other songbirds. Over 31 years we examined whether competition with Great Tits Parus major over nest box ownership is a significant source of mortality for Pied Flycatchers and whether the increase in Pied Flycatcher populations affected the use of nest boxes by the smallest tit species, the Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus and Coal Tit Periparus ater, in two forests in the central Iberian Mountain Range. We found 31 Pied Flycatchers killed inside nest boxes. The Great Tit was the most frequent species to which the killings were attributed. Followed by Pied Flycatchers themselves and Nuthatches Sitta europaea. We confirmed the killing by Pied Flycatchers of at least two conspecific males and one incubating female Coal Tit, with one killer male identified. Large increases in population densities of flycatchers after nest box deployment in the two study areas seem to have triggered an intensification of agonistic interactions among their potential occupants, resulting in an increase of takeovers by Pied Flycatchers of nest boxes initially owned by the smallest tit species. Great Tits are not a serious threat for Pied Flycatchers breeding in the study area, most likely due to their preference for natural holes over the nest box types most frequently installed. The interactions of Pied Flycatchers with Blue and Coal Tits for the ownership of nest boxes do not seem to cause significant mortality in the species involved. However, aggressive usurpations of nest boxes by Pied Flycatchers surely have negative impacts on the reproductive success of the victims through their eviction from suitable nesting sites.—Potti, J., Camacho, C., Canal, D. & Martínez-Padilla, J. (2021). Three decades of crimes and misdemeanours in the nest box life of European Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca. Ardeola, 68: 315-333.

Many populations of migratory bird species are rapidly declining. As a requisite for targeting effective conservation efforts it is essential to determine the whereabouts of migrants year-round. However, our knowledge of migratory routes and spatial-temporal occurrence across periods of the annual cycle is still limited for most species. We used light-level geolocators to describe in detail the migration system of Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica breeding in southwestern Spain and wintering across West Africa. We were able to successfully retrieve year-round data for 38 individuals and reconstructed their migratory routes using FLightRR package. Many of the studied individuals remained for some time in summer wandering through southern Spain and northern Morocco, a period that we defined as pre-migration. The studied swallows started their autumn migration on average on August 18^th, stopping over to refuel in northwestern Morocco and southern Mali. On average the tagged individuals arrived on September 3^rd at their wintering areas, which were located across Ivory Coast and surrounding countries, in localities dominated by savannahs, grasslands and crops. After wintering, swallows started the spring migration January 26^th on average, stopping over in Senegal and Mauritania. They arrived back at the Spanish breeding colonies February 18^th on average (from mid-January to mid-March). Surprisingly, during the autumn migration, one of the tagged individuals travelled to England before returning south and spending a short wintering period in northwestern Spain.—López-Calderón, C., Magallanes, S., Marzal, A. & Balbontín, J. (2021). The migration system of Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica breeding in southwestern Spain and wintering across west Africa. Ardeola, 68: 335-354.

Bird communities inhabiting tropical rainforests are sensitive to changes in vegetation structure, either natural (e.g. treefalls or landslides) or man-made. Natural changes tend to increase diversity and abundance, whereas anthropic changes often have the opposite effect. We analyse how landscaping for the creation of research facilities influenced the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of bird communities in a Caribbean coastal rainforest of Costa Rica, and whether diversity changes were mediated by changes in vegetation structure. Bird communities were sampled by means of mist nets located in the landscaped areas and in paired sites of the nearby rainforest during three consecutive dry seasons (2017-2019). Vegetation structure around each net was also recorded. Forest openness and degree of development of the tree layer led to more abundant and species-rich assemblages in both the managed and the non-managed sites. Functional diversity of several key traits (diet, beak shape, manoeuvrability and foraging site) was favoured by the degree of development of the tree layer in managed sites and by those of the shrub layer in the forest. Beta diversity analyses showed that increased diversity in managed areas was due to a higher presence of species linked to naturally cleared forest areas already present in the forest, rather than to a substitution of a species-poor forest assemblage by a species-rich open-land community. Overall, we show that low-intensity disturbance linked to the creation and maintenance of research facilities can favour the conservation of richer and functionally diverse bird communities, at least in species-rich secondary rainforests, as long as a well-developed tree layer is maintained in the cleared areas.—Aycart, P. & Díaz, M. (2021). Low-intensity landscaping of research facilities increased taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic bird diversity in a lowland rainforest. Ardeola, 68: 355-371.

During spring migration, a few tens of thousands of European Honey-buzzards wintering in sub-Saharan Africa cross the central Mediterranean to reach their breeding grounds in central-eastern Europe. In so doing they concentrate passage through the Sicilian Channel but choose different flyways in response to different wind conditions. This study investigated the influence of local and regional wind conditions on the movement patterns of this species along the Strait of Messina, a migration bottleneck located between eastern Sicily and southern continental Italy where some raptors fall victim to illegal shooting by poachers each spring. Simultaneous observations occurred at four watchpoints, three on the Sicilian side and one on the continental boundary (Calabrian side). Although northwesterly winds prevailed at the Strait during peak migration days, slightly different local patterns of both horizontal and vertical winds at each observation site affected flocking and shaped the passage of raptors through this bottleneck, broadening the migration front. The results confirm that the magnitude of Honey-buzzard spring migration at the Strait is strongly affected by wind patterns in the Sicilian Channel. In particular, migrants concentrate at this bottleneck after crossing the Channel in northwesterly winds the previous day. In conclusion, by interpreting migratory behaviour both at local and regional scales, this work can help to plan more efficient monitoring of Honey-buzzards through the Strait and improving the siting of conservationist efforts. —Agostini, N., Chiatante, G., Gustin, M., Cento, M., von Hardenberg, J., Dell'Omo, G. & Panuccio, M. (2021). Local and regional wind patterns affect spring migration magnitude, flyways and flocking of European Honey-buzzards Pernis apivorus at the Strait of Messina. Ardeola, 68: 373-390.