A new genus, Escaphiella, is established for a group of 36 oonopid species found from the United States south to Chile and Argentina. The previously known species had been placed in Scaphiella Simon, and Escaphiella is hypothesized to be the sister group of that genus. Members of the two groups share a laterally extended ventral abdominal scutum and a distinctive female genitalic conformation, but differ in cheliceral shape and setation, female palpal tarsal shape, male and female palpal tarsal setation, embolus form, and posterior respiratory structure. At least seven species of Escaphiella are characterized by the highly unusual occurrence of asymmetry between the right and left male pedipalps. In at least eight species, the right and left posterior median spinnerets are fused into a single median projection, or even lost entirely. Nine specific names are transferred from Scaphiella: S. hespera Chamberlin (chosen as the type species), S. litoris Chamberlin, S. juvenilis (Gertsch and Davis), S. iguala Gertsch and Davis, S. schmidti Reimoser, S. gertschi Chickering, S. itys Simon, S. scutata Chickering, and S. argentina Birabén. Two of those names are newly synonymized: E. juvenilis with E. hespera, and E. scutata with E. itys. The female of E. hespera is described for the first time, and 29 new species are described: E. nye from California and Nevada, E. acapulco, E. colima, E. catemaco, E. tonila, E. chiapa, E. nayarit, E. magna, and E. olivacea from Mexico, E. viquezi from Honduras and Nicaragua, E. tayrona, E. betin, and E. gigantea from Colombia, E. bolivar from Venezuela, E. cidades, E. hesperoides, E. maculosa, E. cachimbo, E. aratau, E. bahia, E. pocone, E. blumenau, and E. morro from Brazil, E. exlineae from Peru, E. peckorum from Argentina, E. ramirezi from Argentina and Uruguay, E. ocoa from Chile, and E. cristobal and E. isabela from the Galapagos Islands.
INTRODUCTION
Scaphiella Simon (1891) is one of the earliest described, best-known, and most widespread groups of New World oonopid spiders. Its members have been called “taco spiders,” as the females are instantly recognizable by their abdomens. The ventral scutum extends around both sides of the abdomen, leaving only a small part of the dorsum uncovered, and is thus shaped much like a taco shell (see the front cover illustration, which shows the female of Escaphiella gigantea, new species). Males have a similar shape, with the abdomen compressed at the sides, but are crunchier tacos, with a dorsal scutum as well (see the frontispiece). Oonopids with these extensive ventral scuta are well represented in the United States, occurring from central California and Utah south to southern Texas, as well as in far southern Florida. Such species also occur throughout the Caribbean, Mexico and Central America, and most of South America.
There are 23 currently valid specific names assigned to Scaphiella (see Platnick, 2009, for a listing), but two of those taxa are misplaced. As already indicated by Chickering (1968), the species described from Hawaii as Scaphiella ula by Suman (1965) does not belong to this genus; the male palpal bulb is not fused to the cymbium, and the female epigynal region does not have the rounded atrium found in all true Scaphiella. The male from Argentina described as Scaphiella maculata by Birabén (1955) also has a separate male palpal bulb and cymbium, and thus belongs elsewhere. Much more revisionary work on oonopids will be required before the proper placement of these species will become possible.
Aside from those two misplaced taxa, however, the monophyly of the group seems well supported by both the extensive ventral abdominal scutum and the rounded epigynal atrium. The only comprehensive paper ever published on these animals is the study of Central American and West Indian species by Chickering (1968). Based largely on his own extensive collecting in Panama and Jamaica, Chickering was able to note many of the unusual features of these spiders. However, the restricted geographic focus of his study seems to have prevented him from discovering that the assemblage consists of two easily distinguishable groups, both of which have widespread distributions within the New World. Because both groups are speciose and apparently monophyletic, we consider them separate (albeit sister) genera.
The species of true Scaphiella are very distinctive. They have long, narrow chelicerae (figs. 1–3) bearing elaborate black macrosetae on their inner face (figs. 9–11), and similarly modified, black, prolateral macrosetae occur on the base of the palpal tarsus in both sexes (figs. 12–15). In females, the palpal tarsus is also basally inflated (figs. 12, 13), and in males, the embolus arises directly from the palpal bulb (figs. 4–6). In both sexes, there is no groove connecting the posterior spiracles (figs. 7, 8). Most of these features seem to be restricted to the group and hence likely to be synapomorphic for Scaphiella in the restricted sense. Members of this group occur from southern Mexico south to Peru, and throughout the Caribbean, and will be treated in a subsequent paper.
Figures 1–9
Scaphiella williamsi Gertsch. 1. Male, anterior view. 2. Male, cephalothorax, anterior view. 3. Female, same. 4. Male, left palp, prolateral view. 5. Same, ventral view. 6. Same, retrolateral view. 7. Male, abdomen, ventral view. 8. Female, same. 9. Male, right chelicera, anterior view.
Figures 10–15
Scaphiella williamsi Gertsch. 10. Female, right chelicera, anterior view. 11. Same, modified setae. 12. Female, left palp, prolateral view. 13. Same, tarsus. 14. Same, modified setae. 15. Male, left palp, modified setae on basal portion of tarsi, prolateral view.
Figures 16–21
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), male. 16. Carapace, dorsal view. 17. Same, lateral view. 18. Same, posterior view. 19. Sternum, ventral view. 20. Labium, ventral view. 21. Labrum, anterior view.
The species here assigned to Escaphiella instead have relatively short, wide chelicerae without macrosetae (fig. 63), a basally unexpanded tarsus on the female pedipalp (fig. 78), no prolateral macrosetae on the base of the palpal tarsus in either sex (figs. 55, 78), a male embolus originating on a pronounced base (figs. 56, 57), and a groove connecting the posterior spiracles (figs. 34, 86). Despite the simplicity of the male palpal conformation, a survey of the published illustrations of other oonopids indicates that this palpal conformation is unique to, and hence presumably synapomorphic for, this assemblage of taxa. Species of Escaphiella occur from California and Utah south to Chile and Argentina, as well as on Jamaica, some southern islands of the Lesser Antilles, and the Galapagos Islands.
Although there is now evidence supporting the monophyly of the Oonopidae, as currently delimited (Burger and Michalik, in press), our knowledge of higher-level relationships within the family is minimal. No hypotheses about the sister-group relationships of Scaphiella have been offered in the literature, and our knowledge of oonopid diversity is still far too limited to allow a serious analysis. In both Scaphiella and Escaphiella, though, the male palpal bulb and the female palpal femur each bear stridulatory files (figs. 4, 55, 78, 101), and those characters may eventually help place these genera.
Oonopids have traditionally been divided into two subfamilies, the Oonopinae and Gamasomorphinae, based on the presence or absence of sclerotized abdominal scuta, with the hard-bodied taxa, such as Scaphiella, assigned to the Gamasomorphinae. Whether abdominal scuta are actually synapomorphic for that group and whether Gamasomorphinae represents a monophyletic group are open questions. In that context, it is of interest that, at least in the case of Escaphiella, the abdominal scuta are present only in adults, and not in juveniles. In fact, one specific name synonymized below, Scaphiella juvenilis (Gertsch and Davis), is apparently a case of a juvenile specimen having been mistakenly described in one of the soft-bodied genera of oonopines.
Because spiders are bilaterally symmetrical animals, arachnologists commonly assume that, for example, the right and left pedipalps of males, with their extensive reproductive modifications, are exact mirror images of each other. But oonopids often don't play by the same rules as other spiders, and Chickering (1968: 137) was the first to report the highly unusual occurrence of asymmetrical male palps in some of the species treated here. He noted that in two species “only the left palpal tarsus is fully developed.” When he had first observed the phenomenon in 1951, he had regarded the single specimen then available as teratological, “but now it is clearly shown to be the normal condition in the two species just named.” Chickering's observations were apparently overlooked by Huber (2004: 317), who regarded the pholcid Metagonia mariguitarensis (González-Sponga) as “the only known spider with asymmetric male genitalia.”
In E. gertschi (Chickering), for example, the right male palp is tiny, compared with the left one (compare figs. 454 and 455), and actually looks more like an unmodified, female palp—save for the presence of an embolus! As Chickering indicated, this seems to be a characteristic of the species rather than a developmental anomaly or a population-level phenomenon. For this species, over 275 adult males have been examined, from Panama and Jamaica, and they all conform to this bizarre pattern (figs. 457, 458, 465–471).
In E. itys (Simon) and two new species from Colombia (E. tayrona, figs. 527–534; E. betin, figs. 552–558), on the other hand, the right male palp is about half the size of the left one, and thus clearly different from that of females, and it bears a prominent embolus. Here again, over 175 males of E. itys have been examined, and they all show the same pattern (figs. 490–496). Interestingly, E. gertschi occurs sympatrically with E. itys in Jamaica, and with both E. tayrona and E. betin in Colombia.
The phenomenon of palpal asymmetry is not restricted to those four species, however; at least three Mexican species also show decided asymmetry. In E. acapulco, new species, the right palp is about half as large as the left (figs. 204–211), whereas in E. catemaco, new species, the right palp is even less well developed (figs. 249–256), and in E. chiapa, new species, it is the left palp that is “underdeveloped” (i.e., has a slightly less inflated bulb), rather than the right one (figs. 303–309). In another new species from Mexico, E. colima, the right palp is only slightly less robust than the left (figs. 231–238).
Equally surprising is that in at least E. litoris (Chamberlin), E. iguala (Gertsch and Davis), and some new species from Mexico (E. acapulco, E. colima, E. tonila, and E. olivacea), the posterior median pair of spinnerets have fused, producing a single, fully developed median projection (figs. 146, 147, 149), which may or may not bear a functional spigot. In E. hespera (Chamberlin), that median projection is somewhat reduced in size (figs. 37, 40, 88, 89, 91), and in E. gigantea, a new species from Colombia, even that reduced projection is absent and the posterior median spinnerets have been lost entirely (fig. 583). There may be other species in this category as well, but for some of the new species described below (E. nye, E. viquezi, E. exlineae, E. ramirezi, and E. argentina), the only available specimens have the spinnerets too retracted to allow accurate observation of the posterior median pair.
Escaphiella species do not have the sternum and fangs as highly modified as those of the species belonging to the northern Australian genus Cavisternum Baehr, Harvey, and Smith (in press: figs. 7–41), but both E. hespera and E. litoris males have a notable projection on the base of the fang (figs. 26, 27, 142–145), and males of both E. gigantea and E. bahia, new species, have the transverse groove situated at the front of the sternum interrupted by a median elevation that divides the groove into two narrow, lateral “pouches” (figs. 577, 598, 738).
Although oonopids belong to the Haplogynae, Escaphiella and Scaphiella females are actually entelegyne (i.e., they have separate copulatory and fertilization openings and ducts; see Burger, in press, for a detailed morphological study). One female of a true Scaphiella species has even been found with the broken-off tip of a male embolus protruding from the copulatory opening, rather than from the epigastric furrow, as implied by Burger's analysis. Hence, the female genitalia comprise an epigynum, just as in entelegynes and in the African oonopid genus Antoonops Fannes and Jocqué (2008: 25–28).
Our survey of this genus is based on study of about 2,200 specimens from the collections listed below. Our methods follow those of Platnick and Dupérré (2009); the species are treated geographically, by country, proceeding from north to south. Only differences from the males are mentioned in the descriptions of females. All measurements are in mm. Full color, high-resolution versions of all the light microscope images will be available on our Planetary Biodiversity Inventory project's website ( http://research.amnh.org/oonopidae).
COLLECTIONS EXAMINED
AMNH
American Museum of Natural History, New York
BMNH
Natural History Museum, London, England
CAS
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco
CDU
Darrell Ubick collection, San Francisco
CNC
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Canada
FSCA
Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville
IBSP
Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
INBIO
Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo, Costa Rica
JAB
J. A. Beatty collection, Carbondale, Illinois
KBIN
Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Brussels, Belgium
MACN
Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
MCZ
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University
MHNG
Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Geneva, Switzerland
MLP
Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
MNHN
Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
MNHNS
Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile
MPEG
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil
NMSU
New Mexico State University
NMW
Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria
TMM
Texas Memorial Museum, Lubbock
USNM
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
SYSTEMATICS
Escaphiella, new genus
Diagnosis
These animals resemble members of Scaphiella in having laterally extended ventral abdominal scuta, but can be distinguished by having relatively short, wide chelicerae without macrosetae (fig. 63), a basally unexpanded tarsus on the female pedipalp (fig. 78), no macrosetae on the palpal tarsus in either sex (figs. 55, 78), a male embolus originating on a pronounced base (figs. 56, 57), and a groove connecting the posterior spiracles (figs. 34, 86).
Description
Total length 1.0–3.3. CEPHALOTHORAX: Carapace without any pattern, ovoid in dorsal view (figs. 16, 62), pars cephalica slightly elevated in lateral view (figs. 17, 64), anteriorly narrowed to between 0.5 and 0.75 times its maximum width, with rounded posterolateral corners; posterolateral edge without pits, posterior margin not bulging below posterior rim (figs. 18, 65), anterolateral corners without extension or projections (fig. 63), posterolateral surface without spikes, thorax without depressions, fovea absent, without radiating rows of pits; lateral margin straight, rebordered; plumose setae near posterior margin of pars thoracica absent; nonmarginal pars cephalica setae needlelike, dark, scattered (but with row near margin in male E. gigantea and female E. gigantea, E. schmidti, and E. viquezi); nonmarginal pars thoracica setae dark, needlelike. Clypeus margin unmodified, vertical in lateral view, curved downwards in front view (except in E. gigantea and E. magna, where straight), high, ALE separated from edge of carapace by their radius or more, median projection absent, setae present, dark, needlelike. Chilum absent. Eyes six, well developed, ALE largest, PLE oval; posterior eye row procurved from above and front; PLE-PME touching. Sternum longer than wide (figs. 19, 66), coloration uniform, fused to carapace, median concavity absent, radial furrow opposite coxae III absent; without pits, sickle-shaped structures absent, anterior margin with continuous transverse groove (except in E. gigantea and E. bahia males), posterior margin not extending posteriorly of coxae IV, anterior corner unmodified, lateral margin without infracoxal grooves, distance between coxae approximately equal, extensions of precoxal triangles absent, lateral margins unmodified, without posterior hump; setae sparse, dark, needlelike, densest laterally, originating from surface, without hair tufts. Chelicerae slightly divergent (figs. 24, 73), anterior face unmodified (figs. 22, 72); paturon with anterolateral keel, one large, plumose seta on anterior and posterior face at middle of fang base (fig. 23, not observed in E. argentina); promargin usually without teeth (but males of E. hespera have one tooth, figs. 25, 27), retromargin without teeth; without toothlike projections, directed medially, shape normal, without prominent basal process, tip unmodified; setae dark, needlelike; paturon inner margin with scattered setae (densest medially in E. gigantea), distal region unmodified, posterior surface unmodified, promargin unmodified (fig. 75), inner margin unmodified, laminate groove absent; fang with hook-shaped projection at base in males of E. hespera (figs. 26, 27, projection not present in females, fig. 74) and E. litoris (figs. 142–145). Labium triangular, fused to sternum (figs. 20, 67), anterior margin not indented at middle, same as sternum in sclerotization; with six or more setae on anterior margin, subdistal portion with unmodified setae, anterior surface with transverse rows of teeth (figs. 41, 76); labrum triangular (figs. 21, 69, 70, 756). Endites distally excavated, serrula present as single row of teeth in females (fig. 71), absent in males (fig. 28); anteriorly deeply depressed, with transverse ridge in males (figs. 29, 30), apex in both sexes with modified setae (figs. 31, 68) but anteromedian tip usually unmodified (exceptions noted in species descriptions), posteromedian part unmodified, same as sternum in sclerotization. Female palp without claw or spines; prolateral surface of femur with stridulatory file (fig. 78); patella without prolateral row of ridges; tibia with three dorsal trichobothria (fig. 77); tarsus with distal patch of setae (fig. 79). ABDOMEN: without long posterior extension, rounded posteriorly (figs. 32, 80), interscutal membrane with setae, without rows of small sclerotized platelets (fig. 83). Book lung covers without setae, anterolateral edge unmodified; book lungs with few leaves. Posterior spiracles connected by groove (fig. 34), leading to large tracheal tubes extending into cephalothorax and numerous small posterior trachaeoles (figs. 33, 81, 576). Pedicel plumose hairs absent, matted setae on anterior ventral abdomen in pedicel area absent, cuticular outgrowths near pedicel absent. Dorsal scutum absent in females (fig. 84), present in males (fig. 35), strongly sclerotized, without color pattern, anterior half without projecting denticles. Epigastric scutum strongly sclerotized, surrounding pedicel, not protruding, small lateral sclerites absent, without lateral joints in females. Postepigastric scutum strongly sclerotized, long, semicircular, covering nearly full length of abdomen (except in females of E. cristobal, where covering only about 3/4 of abdominal length), fused to epigastric scutum (fig. 85), anterior margin unmodified, without posteriorly directed lateral apodemes. Spinneret scutum present, incomplete ring, supra-anal scutum absent. Dorsum setae present, dark, needlelike; epigastric area setae uniform, dark, needlelike; postepigastric area setae present, dark, needlelike; spinneret scutum with fringe of needlelike setae, dense patch of setae anterior to spinnerets absent. Colulus represented only by setae (fig. 36); ALS with one or two spigots (figs. 38, 90), PMS with or without spigot, sometimes fused (figs. 37, 40, 87–89, 91) or absent, PLS with one or two spigots (figs. 39, 92). LEGS: without color pattern; femur IV not thickened, same size as femora I–III, patella plus tibia I shorter than carapace, tibia I unmodified, tibia I Emerit's glands absent, tibia IV specialized hairs on ventral apex absent, tibia IV ventral scopula absent, metatarsi I, II meso-apical comb absent, metatarsi III, IV weak ventral scopula absent. Leg spines absent; tarsal proclaws and retroclaws inner face smooth; tarsi I–IV superior claws with four teeth on lateral surface of proclaw, one tooth on median surface in males, two teeth on median surface in females, four teeth on lateral surface of retroclaw, one tooth on median surface in males, two teeth on median surface in females (only E. hespera claws scanned in detail, figs. 44–47, 93–96). Tarsi without inferior claws. Trichobothria: tibiae each with three (fig. 97), metatarsi each with one (fig. 42); base rounded, aperture internal texture not gratelike, hood smooth (figs. 48, 49, 98). Tarsal organ situated at about 3/4 of segment length (figs. 43, 99), opening an elongated slit, with one sensillum visible (figs. 50–53, 100). GENITALIA: Male epigastric region with sperm pore large, circular, situated at level of anterior spiracles (rebordered in E. gigantea and E. hespera); furrow without Ω-shaped insertions, without setae. Male palp normal size, not strongly sclerotized; embolus prolateral excavation absent; trochanter normal size, unmodified; femur without posteriorly rounded lateral dilation, attaching to patella basally, two or more times as long as trochanter; patella shorter than femur, not enlarged, without prolateral row of ridges, setae unmodified; tibia with three trichobothria (fig. 54); cymbium ovoid in dorsal view, completely fused with bulb, no seam visible, plumose setae absent, without stout setae, with distal patch of short setae (figs. 60, 61); bulb 1 to 1.5 times as long as cymbium, stout, prolateral surface with stridulatory file (figs. 55, 101). Embolus on distinct base (figs. 56, 57, 101–105), with opening far from tip (figs. 58, 59). Female epigynum rounded (fig. 106), with median copulatory opening (fig. 86), internally with anterior sclerite and lateral apodemes (fig. 82).
Figures 22–27
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), male. 22. Chelicerae, anterior view. 23. Same, posterior view. 24. Same, oblique ventral view. 25. Fang, oblique ventral view. 26. Same, ventral view. 27. Same, anterior view.
Figures 28–31
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), male. 28. Endite, dorsal view. 29. Same, ventral view. 30. Same, anterior view. 31. Modified setae on endite tip, dorsal view.
Figures 32–35
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), male. 32. Abdomen, ventral view. 33. Same, digested, dorsal view, showing respiratory system. 34. Sperm pore and groove connecting posterior spiracles, ventral view. 35. Abdomen, lateral view.
Figures 36–41
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), male. 36. Spinnerets, posterior view. 37. Same, with one anterior lateral spinneret removed to show fused posterior median spinneret. 38. Anterior lateral spinneret, posterior view. 39. Posterior lateral spinneret, posterior view. 40. Fused posterior median spinneret. 41. Labium, anterior view.
Figures 42–47
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), male. 42. Metatarsus I, dorsal view. 43. Tarsus II, dorsal view. 44. Claws of leg I, retrolateral view. 45. Claws of leg II, retrolateral view. 46. Claws of leg III, distal view. 47. Claws of leg IV, retrolateral view.
Figures 48–53
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), male. 48. Trichobothrium, metatarsus III, dorsal view. 49. Same, metatarsus IV. 50. Tarsal organ, leg I, dorsal view. 51. Same, leg II. 52. Same, leg III. 53. Same, leg IV.
Figures 54–61
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), male. 54. Left palpal tibia, dorsal view. 55. Left palp, prolateral view. 56. Same, retrolateral view. 57. Same, ventral view. 58. Embolus, anterior view. 59. Embolar opening, anterior view. 60. Cymbium, apical view. 61. Cymbial patch of setae, apical view.
Figures 62–67
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), female. 62. Carapace, dorsal view. 63. Same, anterior view. 64. Same, lateral view. 65. Same, posterior view. 66. Sternum, ventral view. 67. Labium and endites, ventral view.
Figures 68–73
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), female. 68. modified setae on endite, ventral view. 69. Mouthparts, anterior view. 70. Labrum, anterior view. 71. Serrula, ventral view. 72. Chelicerae, anterior view. 73. Same, posterior view.
Figures 74–79
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), female. 74. Fang, posterior view. 75. Same, anterior view. 76. Labium, anterior view. 77. Palpal tibia, dorsal view. 78. Left palp, prolateral view. 79. Left palpal tarsus, dorsal view.
Figures 80–86
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), female. 80. Abdomen, ventral view. 81. Anterior portion of abdomen, digested, dorsal view. 82. Same, close-up of internal genitalia. 83. Habitus, dorsal view. 84. Abdomen, anterior view. 85. Same, lateral view. 86. Epigynum, ventral view.
Figures 87–92
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), female. 87. Spinnerets, posterior view. 88. Same, with one anterior lateral spinneret removed to show fused posterior median spinneret. 89. Same, oblique view. 90. Anterior lateral spinneret, posterior view. 91. Posterior median spinneret, posterior view. 92. Posterior lateral spinneret, posterior view.
Figures 93–100
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), female. 93. Claws, leg I, prolateral view. 94. Same, leg II. 95. Claws, leg III, retrolateral view. 96. Claws, leg IV, apical view. 97. Tibia I, dorsal view. 98. Apical trichobothrium on metatarsus III, dorsal view. 99. Tarsus II, dorsal view. 100. Tarsal organ, leg I, dorsal view.
Distribution
California and Utah south to Chile and Argentina.
Key to Species
1. Abdomen with pattern (as in figs. 443, 503, 604)2
– Abdomen without pattern10
2. Sides of ventral scutum (and dorsal scutum of males) finely reticulate (fig. 733)3
– Sides of ventral scutum (and dorsal scutum of males) smooth4
3 Sternum finely reticulate (figs. 738, 747)E. bahia
– Sternum rugose (figs. 577, 607)E. gigantea
4. Sides of carapace granulate, with granulation reaching elevated portion of pars cephalica (as in figs. 428, 429)5
– Sides of carapace smooth or with granulation not reaching elevated portion of pars cephalica7
5. Carapace with pair of tubercles at rear of pars cephalica (figs. 425, 428, 429)E. schmidti
– Carapace without such tubercles6
6. Female with pair of posterior sclerotizations within the epigynal atrium (fig. 673); males unknown; BrazilE. maculosa
– Female without posterior sclerotizations within the epigynal atrium (fig. 896); male palp with long, thin, curved embolus (fig. 890); ChileE. ocoa
7. Book lung covers enlarged (figs. 488, 489); right and left male palps asymmetricalE. itys
– Book lung covers normal, male palps symmetrical8
8. Male endites not modified (fig. 912); female epigynal atrium oval, wider than long (fig. 920)E. cristobal
– Male endites with modified anteromedian part (as in figs. 706–709); female epigynal atrium rounded (as long as wide)9
9. Anteromedian part of male endites with spiniform tip (figs. 706–709); female epigynal atrium with anterior sclerite very large, elongated, widened posteriorly (fig. 724)E. aratau
– Anteromedian part of male endites with rounded, thickened tip (figs. 757–761); female epigynal atrium with straight, narrow anterior sclerite (fig. 795)E. pocone
10. Sides of ventral scutum (and dorsal scutum of males) either with reticulate, rugose, or punctate regions11
– Sides of ventral scutum (and dorsal scutum of males) smooth17
11. Sternum smooth12
– Sternum reticulate or rugose14
12. Carapace surface coarsely granulate (figs. 408, 419)13
– Carapace surface lightly granulate, smoothing when reaching elevated portion of pars cephalica (figs. 927, 943)E. isabela
13. Anterior half of sides of ventral scutum (and anterior half of dorsal scutum of males) reticulate (figs. 411, 422), male palps symmetrical; epigynum widened (fig. 420)E. viquezi
– Males with sides of ventral scutum rugose, dorsal scutum entirely reticulate (figs. 291, 292, 295), male palps asymmetrical (unique form, left palp reduced, figs. 303–309); epigynum rounded (fig. 315)E. chiapa
14. Sternum rugose (figs. 374, 383)E. magna
– Sternum reticulate (as in fig. 66)15
15. PMS reduced to small median projection (figs. 88, 89); male palp with large embolar base (figs. 118–120); female epigynum with pair of posterior sclerotizations (fig.124)E. hespera
– PMS reduced to well-developed median projection (fig. 146)16
16. Male palp with relatively short embolus (figs. 162–164); female epigynal atrium with large circular, medially situated opening, and small, elongated anterior sclerite (fig. 171); larger species from California and Baja CaliforniaE. litoris
– Male palp with long embolus (figs. 183–186); female epigynal atrium without large circular opening, bearing rounded anterior sclerite (fig. 189); smaller species from central MexicoE. iguala
17. Sides of carapace coarsely granulate, from margins to elevated portion of pars cephalica (as in figs. 324, 325)18
– Sides of carapace smooth, or with granulations clearly smoothing near elevated portion of pars cephalica, or with granulations not reaching that far22
18. Top (elevated portion) of pars cephalica coarsely granulate, like sides19
– Top (elevated portion) of pars cephalica smooth20
19. Male palps symmetrical; female epigynal atrium widened posteriorly (fig. 341) with short narrow median sclerite and pair of anteriorly directed sclerotizations; MexicoE. nayarit
– Male palps asymmetrical (figs. 527–534); female epigynal atrium narrowing posteriorly, with large, rounded anterior sclerite (fig. 544); ColombiaE. tayrona
20. Setal bases on dorsal abdominal scutum of males forming tiny denticles (figs. 819, 820); anteromedian part of male endites with very long pointed tip (fig. 828); females unknown; PeruE. exlineae
– Setal bases on dorsal abdominal scutum not forming tiny denticles, anteromedian part of male endites not modified in that way21
21. Male palps asymmetrical (figs. 204–211), palpal femur not enlarged (fig. 209); female epigynal atrium with large anterior sclerite, containing an inverse V-shaped darkening (fig. 220); abdominal scuta pale orangeE. acapulco
– Male palps symmetrical, palpal femur greatly enlarged (figs 393–396); female epigynal atrium with smaller, rounded, anterior sclerite, without inverse V-shaped darkening (fig. 398); abdominal scuta oliveE. olivacea
22. Sides of carapace smooth23
– Sides of carapace granulate, granulation either clearly smoothing when reaching elevated portion of pars cephalica or not reaching that far30
23. Males24
– Females26
24. Male palps asymmetrical, palpal femur not enlarged (figs. 465–471)E. gertschi
– Male palps symmetrical, palpal femur enlarged (as in figs 838, 839)25
25. Palpal femur greatly enlarged, male embolus long, narrow, projection of embolar base dark, not basally constricted (figs. 838–841).E. peckorum
– Palpal femur enlarged, male embolus shorter, thicker, projection of embolar base pale, basally constricted (figs. 860–863)E. ramirezi
26. Female with anterior epigynal sclerite extending anterior of anterior epigynal margin (figs. 812, 814); males unknownE. morro
– Female anterior epigynal sclerite otherwise27
27. Female with anterior margin of epigynum angular (figs. 849, 850)E. peckorum
– Female with anterior margin of epigynum rounded28
28. Epigynal atrium with large, rounded, anterior sclerite containing inverse Y-shaped darkening, almost completely filling epigynal atrium (figs. 869, 871)E. ramirezi
– Epigynal atrium otherwise29
29. Epigynal atrium with pale oval anterior sclerite containing a straight, vertical darkening (fig. 476)E. gertschi
– Epigynal atrium with dark oval anterior sclerite without a straight vertical darkening (fig. 614)E. bolivar
30. Males31
– Females38
31. Male palpal femur normal32
– Male palpal femur enlarged34
32. Male palp with embolar base elongated, palpal bulb with subdistal row of five large, stiff setae marking edge of cymbial area (figs. 654–658)E. hesperoides
– Male palp with embolar base not as elongated, palpal bulb lacking subdistal row of stiff setae33
33. Male palps asymmetrical, left palpal bulb globular (figs. 249–256)E. catemaco
– Male palps symmetrical, left palpal bulb more elongated (figs. 684–687)E. cachimbo
34. Carapace flat and elongated, abdomen long and cylindrical (fig. 137); anteromedian part of endites with spiniform tip (figs. 135, 138); females unknown; California and NevadaE. nye
– Body otherwise35
35. Male embolar base bearing prolateral projection36
– Male embolar base without prolateral projection37
36. Male palps asymmetrical, left palpal bulb globular (figs. 552–558); ColombiaE. betin
– Male palps symmetrical, embolar base prolateral projection blunt (fig. 280); MexicoE. tonila
37. Male palps asymmetrical (figs. 231–238), scutopedicel region with widely oval scutal ridge (figs. 227, 228); MexicoE. colima
– Male palps symmetrical, scutopedicel region without widely oval scutal ridge (fig. 623); BrazilE. cidades
38. Female epigynum with pair of posterior sclerotizations (fig. 664)E. hesperoides
– Female epigynum without pair of posterior sclerotizations39
39. Female epigynal atrium wide, diamond shaped, containing short, oval anterior sclerite (fig. 806)E. blumenau
– Female epigynal atrium not diamond shaped40
40. Female epigynal atrium pentagonal, with semicircular unsclerotized area situated anteriorly (fig. 879)E. argentina
– Female epigynal atrium more rounded41
41. Female epigynal atrium with very large, rounded, medially situated anterior sclerite42
– Female epigynal atrium otherwise43
42. Anterior part of epigastric scutum without ridge, reticulate (figs. 643, 644); anterior epigynal sclerite oval, well defined (fig. 640); BrazilE. cidades
– Anterior part of epigastric scutum with ridge (figs. 568, 569); anterior epigynal sclerite oval, not well defined (fig. 566); ColombiaE. betin
43. Epigynal atrium with rebordered anterior and lateral margins, a distinctive procurved depression, epigynal sclerite small, anteriorly positioned (fig. 695)E. cachimbo
– Epigynal atrium atrium not rebordered44
44. Epigynal atrium with distinctly widened anterior epigynal sclerite containing S-shaped darkening, not extending posteriorly (fig. 287, 290)E. tonila
– Epigynal atrium with anterior epigynal sclerite shaped like inverted cone, extending posteriorly (fig. 267)E. catemaco
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), new combination
Figures 114–120
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), male. 114. Epigastric region, ventral view. 115. Abdomen, anterior end, oblique view. 116. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 117. Abdomen, anterior end, lateral view. 118. Left palp, prolateral view. 119. Same, ventral view. 120. Same, retrolateral view.
Figures 121–128
Escaphiella hespera (Chamberlin), female. 121. Habitus, dorsal view. 122. Same, ventral view. 123. Abdomen, ventral view. 124. Epigastric region, ventral view. 125. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 126. Carapace, anterior view. 127. Habitus, lateral view. 128. Carapace, lateral view.
Figures 129–134
Escaphiella nye, new species, male. 129. Habitus, dorsal view. 130. Same, ventral view. 131. Left palp, dorsal view. 132. Carapace, dorsal view. 133. Same, anterior view. 134. Anterior portion of abdomen, oblique lateral view.
Scaphiella hespera Chamberlin, 1924: 593, figs. 21–23 (male holotype from Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara Co., California, in MCZ; examined).
Stenoonops juvenilis Gertsch and Davis, 1936: 21, fig. 27 (juvenile male holotype from Cameron Co., Texas, in AMNH; examined). NEW SYNONYMY.
Scaphiella juvenilis: Roth, 1985: 10.
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of E. litoris but can be distinguished by the proximally more expanded palpal bulb and the larger, more twisted embolar base (figs. 118–120); females also resemble those of E. litoris but can easily be distinguished by the presence of a pair of posterior epigynal sclerotizations (figs. 123, 124).
Male (PBI_OON 3038)
Total length 1.57 (figs. 107, 108, 110). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate, sides granulate (fig. 111). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE separated by less than their radius, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length (fig. 112). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface finely reticulate, microsculpture covering entire surface (fig. 116). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Endites with modified setae on apex. Abdomen cylindrical (fig. 109); book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium length, ribbed (fig. 117), scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel (figs. 113); scutopedicel region unmodified (fig. 115); dorsal scutum pale orange, covering more than 3/4 of abdomen, more than 1/2 to most of abdomen width, middle surface finely reticulate, sides finely reticulate; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides finely reticulate (fig. 114). Legs pale orange. PMS reduced, represented by single, small median projection (SEM, figs. 37, 40). Left and right palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark, on twisted base; femur normal size; cymbium pale orange; bulb yellow, proximally expanded (figs. 118–120).
Female (PBI_OON 3038)
Total length 1.52 (figs. 121, 122, 125–128). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white. Genitalia: in ventral view, circular protruding plate, with small copulatory opening situated in anterior part; in dorsal view, strongly curved insertion duct taking its course within pointed central sclerite; tip of sclerite with proximal opening of insertion duct ends inside huge receptaculum taking form of huge sac with two anterior lobes; chitinized canal situated dorsally of central sclerite connects lumen of receptaculum with uterus internus; uterus externus fused with uterus internus (figs. 123, 124; see Burger, in press, for full details).
Material Examined
UNITED STATES: Arizona: Cochise Co.: 1 mi E Douglas, July 15, 1974 (M. Favreau, AMNH PBI_OON 26773), 1♂; Guadalupe Canyon, E Douglas, Aug. 1, 1966 (V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26779), 1♂; Idlewild Camp, Cave Creek, Sept. 9, 1964 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26701), 1♂; St. David, Dec. 27, 1969 (FSCA PBI_OON 26782), 1♂, 1♀. Gila Co.: 2 mi S Payson, Apr. 11, 1935 (W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26777), 1♀. Maricopa Co.: junction of Mesa and Salt Rivers, Apr. 9, 1935 (W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26692), 1♀. Mohave Co.: Virgin River, 3 mi N, 7 mi E Littlefield, Mar.–Oct. 1982, pitfall (D. Giuliani, CAS 9026654, PBI_OON 2649), 1♂. Pima Co.: Magee Road, Tucson, Oct. 30, 1960, Neotoma nest (A. Aschwanden, JAB PBI_OON 37479), 1♀; Quitobaquito, Dec. 20, 1954 (K. Haller, AMNH PBI_OON 26775), 1♂; Sabino Pond, Santa Catalina Mountains, Sept. 19, 1962, elev. 2700 ft (J. Beatty, JAB PBI_OON 37481), 1♂; Upper Sabino Canyon, near Tucson, Mar. 24, 1960, under rock, dry hillside (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, R. Schrammel, AMNH PBI_OON 26776), 1♂, 1♀; 2 mi E Tucson, May 12, 1968, in wood rat nest (L. Herman, K. Stephen, AMNH PBI_OON 26778), 1♂; Tucson Mountains, Apr. 2, 1960, under rock (J. Beatty, JAB PBI_OON 37480), 1♂. Yavapai Co.: palm canyon ca. 1.6 km NW Castle Hot Springs, Jan. 25, 1989, elev. 700 m (V. Lee, W. Savary, CAS 9026657, PBI_OON 2647), 1♂. Yuma Co.: Fortuna Mine, May 13, 1957 (V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26772), 1♀; Palm Canyon, Kofa Mountains, Apr. 25, 1960 (W. Gertsch, AMNH PBI_OON 26771), 1♀; 10 mi E Yuma in Gila Valley, Oct. 28, 1955 (V. Roth, CAS 9026380, PBI_OON 2607), 2♀. California: Amador Co.: Pardee Reserve Ranger Station, Jan. 24, 1981, under rocks (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3037), 1♂. El Dorado Co.: 2 mi SE Latrobe, Apr. 5, 1981 (E. Rogers, C. Griswold, S. Kuba, CAS 9026377, PBI_OON 2632), 1♂. Fresno Co.: Sky Harbor Road, 2.8 mi N Millerton Lake Road, Mar. 31, 1985, under volcanic rocks, oak-grass canyon (T. Briggs, CDU PBI_OON 3024), 1♂. Imperial Co.: 3 mi N Winterhaven, Apr. 2, 1960 (V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26621), 2♂. Inyo Co.: N end, Eureka Valley, Sept. 29, 1980–Mar. 18, 1981, pitfall, elev. 1000–1200 m (D. Giuliani, CAS 9026368, PBI_OON 2638), 1♂, 1♀. Los Angeles Co.: Big Tujunga Canyon, San Gabriel Mountains, Mar. 27, 1954 (R. Schick, AMNH PBI_OON 26640), 1♀; Claremont (MCZ 71953, PBI_OON 26803), 1♀; Coldbrook Ranger Station, San Gabriel Canyon, June 14, 1964, on ground, manzanita chaparral, elev. 1000 m (L. Pinter, MCZ 71954, PBI_OON 26798), 1♀, Oct. 1, 1964, litter, manzanita chaparral, elev. 1000 m (L. Pinter, MCZ 71994, PBI_OON 26799), 1♀; Los Angeles Basin, Los Angeles, spring 1952 (R. Schick, AMNH PBI_OON 26635), 1♂, 1♀; Malibu Canyon, Santa Monica Mountains, Feb. 1, 1954 (L. Moskowski, AMNH PBI_OON 26636), 1♂; Montrose, Dec. 31, 1932, under fallen leaves on dry hillside (W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26591), 2♂; Old Ridge Route, 13 mi N Castaic, Apr. 12, 1964, litter, chamise chaparral, elev. 1000 m (L. Pinter, MCZ 71955, PBI_OON 26801), 1♀, Oct. 31, 1964, litter, chamise chaparral, elev. 1000 m (L. Pinter, MCZ 71995, PBI_OON 26802), 1♂; Santa Monica, Dec. 19, 1933, sifted from leaves (W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26634), 2♂; 3 mi W Santa Monica, Mar. 17, 1941 (W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26595, 27612), 7♂, 2♀; halfway between Santa Monica and Oxnard, July 12, 1934 (W. Ivie, H. Rasmussen, AMNH PBI_OON 26633), 1♂. Mariposa Co.: Coulterville, Apr. 9, 1960 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, R. Schrammel, AMNH PBI_OON 26594), 1♂. Orange Co.: Laguna Beach, Dec. 28, 1932 (W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26627), 1♂; Santa Ana Canyon, 12 mi E Capistrano, near Riverside Co. line, Mar. 30, 1960 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, R. Schrammel, AMNH PBI_OON 26630), 1♂; Silverado Canyon, May 31, 1964, chaparral, elev. 3400 ft (L. Pinter, MCZ 71956, PBI_OON 26800), 1♀. Riverside Co.: Andreas Canyon, 4 mi S Palm Springs, Mar. 3, 1956 (V. Roth, MCZ 66949, PBI_OON 26797), 1♂, Mar. 26, 1960 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, R. Schrammel, AMNH PBI_OON 26620), 3♂, 2♀ (V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26622), 1♀; Box Canyon, 10 mi E Mecca, Apr. 9, 1994 (L. Vincent, CAS 9026367, PBI_OON 2637), 1♂; Boyd Research Center, 3.5 mi S Palm Desert, Mar. 19–20, 1978, elev. 1000–1500 ft (C. Griswold, M. Bentzien, CAS 9026672, PBI_OON 2629), 1♂; Palm Canyon, Palm Springs, Mar. 27, 1960 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, R. Schrammel, AMNH PBI_OON 26629), 1♂; W fork, Palm Canyon, 5 mi S Palm Springs, Mar. 25, 1960 (V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26590), 1♂; Palm Oasis, Whitewater Canyon Palms, May 29–Sept. 25, 1976, pitfalls, elev. 2200 ft (R. Aalbu, CAS 9026370, 9026660, 9026662, 9026663, PBI_OON 2634, 2639, 2642, 2643), 2♂, 2♀; Pushawalla Canyon, Indio Hills, Mar. 20, 1954 (R. Schick, AMNH PBI_OON 26632), 4♂; Snow Creek Canyon, Apr. 12, 1957 (R. Schick, D. Verity, AMNH PBI_OON 26644), 1♀; Tin Mine Canyon, Apr. 6, 1968, under rocks (E. Schlinger, CAS 9026379, PBI_OON 2606), 2♀; 3 mi NW White Water, Mar. 10, 1941 (W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26623), 1♂, 1♀; Whitewater Canyon, Feb. 3, 1957, shrub litter (I. Newell, AMNH PBI_OON 26631), 1♂, 1♀, Apr. 20, 1960 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, R. Schrammel, AMNH PBI_OON 26589, 26639), 2♀. San Bernardino Co.: Joshua Tree National Monument, 49 Palms, Palm Oasis, pitfalls, elev. 2800 ft (R. Aalbu, CAS 9026658, 9026659, PBI_OON 2635, 2636), 3♂, 1♀; Mitchell Caverns, Mar. 17–June 16, 1979, pitfall, elev. 4400 ft (R. Aalbu, CAS 9026369, PBI_OON 2641), 1♂; Twentynine Palms, Mar.–Apr. 1945 (J. Branch, AMNH PBI_OON 26637), 1♀; 5 mi S Twentynine Palms, Jan. 27, 1957 (I. Newell, AMNH PBI_OON 26593), 2♀; N Yucaipa, Mar. 10, 1941 (W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26597), 2♂. San Diego Co.: Borrego Springs, Mar. 27, 1960 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, R. Schrammel, AMNH PBI_OON 26628), 1♀; Borrego Valley, May 1953 (R. Schick, AMNH PBI_OON 26599), 1♀; 4 mi E Campo, Mar. 26, 1961, Rhus ovata duff (E. Lindquist, CAS 9026664, PBI_OON 2640), 1♀; Grapevine Canyon, Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, Apr. 16, 1981 (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3020), 1♀; Palm Spring Canyon, Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, Apr. 9, 1979, under rock (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3019), 1♂; Pine Valley, Mar. 29, 1960 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, R. Schrammel, AMNH PBI_OON 26592), 1♂; Pinyon Mountain, Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, Apr. 15, 1981, under rock (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3033), 1♂; Poway, Mar. 7–15, 1970, pitfall (C. Penny, USNM PBI_OON 27891, 27892), 2♂; San Felipe Creek, Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, Apr. 15, 1981, under rock (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3034), 1♀; San Felipe Creek at Highway 78, Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, Apr. 9, 1979, under rock at canyon bottom, el. 2000 ft (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3021), 1♂, 2♀. Santa Barbara Co.: Lake Cachuma, 18 mi NE Santa Barbara, Apr. 1, 1960 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, R. Schrammel, AMNH PBI_OON 26626), 1♂, 1♀; Santa Barbara, Feb.–Mar. 1947 (H. Shantz, AMNH PBI_OON 26624), 1♀, Feb. 13, 1949 (H. Shantz, AMNH PBI_OON 26643), 1♂; Santa Cruz Island, Mar. 1913 (R. Chamberlin, MCZ 1113, PBI_OON 29546), 1♂ (holotype). Sonoma Co.: 0.1 mi SW Alexander Valley Roadon W Soda Rock Lane, Dec. 21, 1981, under flat rock and adjacent dead branch, oak grassland (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3038), 51♂, 30♀. Tulare Co.: 5.8 mi SE Av. 264 on Av. 120, Jan. 28, 1991, under granite, oak woods (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3035), 1♀; 2.8 mi N Fountain Springs, Jan. 26, 1991, under granite, grassland (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3036), 2♀; N slope, Tennessee Ridge, 2.3 mi E Av. 264 on Av. 120, Mar. 28, 1991, under serpentine, grassland (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3022), 1♂. Tuolumne Co.: Marble Quarry Road at S fork of Stanislaus River, Mar. 5, 1981, under rock, elev. 900 m (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3023), 1♀. Ventura Co.: Wheeler Springs, July 2, 1958 (W. Gertsch, V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26625), 1♀. Nevada: Lincoln Co.: Meadow Valley Range, Oak Spring Summit, 2 mi S, 9 mi W Caliente, Mar. 1986–Sept. 1987, pitfalls, elev. 6200 ft (D. Giuliani, CAS 9026653, 9026655, PBI_OON 2648, 2673), 3♀. Nye Co.: Monitor Summit, 3 mi N, 17 mi E Tonopah, Mar.–Oct. 1982, pitfall, elev. 6400 ft (D. Giuliani, CAS 9026656, PBI_OON 2650), 2♀; Nuclear Test Site, Mercury, June 21, 1965, in Neotoma lepida nest (J. Merino, AMNH PBI_OON 26795), 1♀, June 25, 1961 (AMNH PBI_OON 26796), 1♂. New Mexico: Bernalillo Co.: Sandia Mountains, near “U.,” Feb. 28, 1948, dung deposit in wood rat nest (AMNH PBI_OON 26702), 1♀. Dona Ana Co.: Jornada Experimental Range, IBP grassland site, Mar. 22–29, 1997, pitfall (P. Patche, NMSU PBI_OON 26780), 1♀, May 3–10, 1997, pitfall (P. Patche, NMSU PBI_OON 26781), 1♀. Texas: Cameron Co.: Laguna Madre, 25 mi SE Harlingen, Aug. 17, 1945, in Neotoma micropus nest (D. Hardy, V. Woolley, AMNH PBI_OON 26695), 1♂. Fayette Co.: La Grange, July 18, 1966 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26783), 1♀. Gonzales Co.: 1 mi N Ottine, Dec. 19, 1969, leaf litter (B. Vogel, USNM 2046648, PBI_OON 27890), 2♀, Dec. 19, 1971, sifting (B. Vogel, CNC), 1♂, 1♀. Hidalgo Co.: Edinburg, no date (AMNH PBI_OON 26786), 1♀, Dec. 1934 (S. Mulaik, AMNH PBI_OON 26784), 1♂, Feb. 5, 1939 (S. Mulaik, AMNH PBI_OON 26684), 1♀, June 8, 1939 (S. Mulaik, AMNH PBI_OON 26642), 1♂, Dec. 1939 (D., S. Mulaik, AMNH PBI_OON 26693), 1♀; McCook, Apr. 18, 1936 (D., S. Mulaik, AMNH PBI_OON 26641), 1♂. San Patricio Co.: 8 mi NE Sinton, May–July 6, 1960 (H. Laughlin, AMNH PBI_OON 26600, 26698, 26704), 3♂. Starr Co.: 5 mi E Rio Grande City, Jan. 21, 1939 (S. Mulaik, AMNH PBI_OON 26596), 1♂, 1♀. Val Verde Co.: Shumla, May 26, 1952 (AMNH PBI_OON 26686), 1♀. Webb Co.: 20 mi S Laredo, Sept. 12, 1940 (D., S Mulaik, AMNH PBI_OON 26785), 1♀; 32 mi E Laredo, Nov. 11, 1934 (S. Mulaik, AMNH PBI_OON 26645, 26784), 1♂, 1♀. Utah: Grand Co.: Moab, Apr. 15, 1928 (R. Chamberlin, AMNH PBI_OON 26696), 1♀, Sept. 8, 1933, under rock on dry hillside (W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26687), 1♂. Washington Co.: Zion National Park, June 9, 1934 (W. Ivie, H. Rasmussen, AMNH PBI_OON 26690), 1♀. MEXICO: Baja California Norte: 4.5 mi NW Cataviña, Dec. 29, 1981, under granite pebble (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 26794), 1♂; 1.5 mi NE Compadre, Jan. 22, 1962, litter (CAS 9026673, PBI_OON 2627), 1♀; 7 mi E El Cóndor, July 8, 1969, elev. 4000 ft (S. Williams, V. Lee, CAS 9026382, PBI_OON 2609), 1♀; 10 mi E El Rosario, May 5, 1961 (W. Gertsch, V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26618), 1♂; 11.7 km E El Rosario, 30°04′30″N, 115°37′55″W, Feb. 11, 1984–Apr. 2, 1985, pitfalls (W. Clark, P. Blom, MCZ 72969, PBI_OON 26792), 3♂, 2♀; Isla Bota, 29°00′N, 113°31′W, Mar. 10–May 12, 1999, pitfall (R. Aalbu, CAS 9026666, PBI_OON 2653), 1♂, 2♀; Isla Llave, 29°00′N, 113°31′W, Mar. 10–May 10, 1999, pitfall (R. Aalbu, CAS 9026668, PBI_OON 2656), 1♂, 1♀; Isla Ventana, 29°00′N, 113°30′30″W, Mar. 10–May 10, 1999, pitfall (R. Aalbu, CAS 9026665, PBI_OON 2655), 2♂; 7 mi N Joe's Paraíso Campground, near San Felipe, June 8, 1968 (S. Williams, M. Bentzien, CAS 9026373, PBI_OON 2628), 1♀; Meling Ranch, 5 mi E San José, May 1–4, 1961 (W. Gertsch, V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26616, 26617), 3♀; Puertecitos, Feb. 23, 1968 (USNM 2046648, PBI_OON 26793), 1♂; 3.8 mi S Santa María Sky Ranch on Rt. 1, Nov. 25, 1962 (P. Craig, D. Dailey, CAS 9026381, PBI_OON 2608), 1♀; San Telmo de Arriba, May 3, 1961 (W. Gertsch, V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26619), 1♀; near marker Km 214, past San Vicente on Rt. 1, Nov. 23, 1962 (P. Craig, D. Dailey, CDU PBI_OON 3030), 1♂, 1♀. Baja California Sur: Isla Las Galeras, June 13, 1921 (J. Chamberlin, CAS 9026378, PBI_OON 2605), 1♂ (paratype); Punta Trinidad, Mar. 20, 1971, flat top, volcanic hill, elev. 25 ft (V. Lee, CAS 9026366, PBI_OON 2659), 1♀; 6 mi W Rt. 19 on road to Melitan Albane, 23°39′07″N, 110°13′58″W, July 17, 1999–Sept. 9, 2003, elev. 19 ft (R. Aalbu, CAS 9026670, PBI_OON 2660), 1♀; 6 mi W San José del Cabo, Jan. 10, 1982, under granite, thorn forest (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3032), 1♀; 13 mi E San José del Cabo, Mar. 2, 1987, under granite, desert wash (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3026), 1♂; Punta San Cristóbal, km 107, 22°58′53″N, 110°01′50″W, July 16, 1999–Sept. 13, 2003, elev. 478 ft (R. Aalbu, CAS 9026669, PBI_OON 2633), 1♀; Valle Perdito, 2 mi N Reserva Gate, 23°21′49″N, 110°01′12″W, July 16, 1999–Sept. 13, 2003 (R. Aalbu, CAS 9026671, PBI_OON 2658), 2♀. Chihuahua: Barranca de Río Batopilas, 120 km S Creek, Feb. 26, 1966, elev. 1000 m (W. Bell, J. Reddell, AMNH PBI_OON 26699), 1♂; 1 mi E La Sauceda, July 21, 1947, elev. 7000 ft (W. Gertsch, AMNH PBI_OON 26691), 1♂; “Venado Arroyo” (presumably Arroyo del Venado at 27°46′N, 104°39′W), July 27, 1934 (MCZ PBI_OON 26787), 1♂. Coahuila: 24 mi E Ramos Arizpe, Mar. 13, 1953, elev. 4300 ft (W. Creighton, AMNH PBI_OON 26694), 1♀. Durango: Palos Colorados, Aug. 5, 1947, elev. 8000 ft (W. Gertsch, AMNH PBI_OON 26703), 1♂. Nayarit: 1 mi N Tepic, Aug. 27, 1959 (Mencke, Stange, AMNH PBI_OON 26689), 1♀; 9 mi S Tepic, July 28, 1964 (W. Gertsch, J. Woods, AMNH PBI_OON 26700), 1♀. Nuevo León: 20 mi W Linares, Sept. 1956 (D., S. Mulaik, AMNH PBI_OON 26788), 1♀; 9 mi W Monterey, on road to Santillo, Jan. 3, 1950 (S., D. Mulaik, AMNH PBI_OON 26789), 1♂. San Luis Potosí: 4 mi W San Luis Potosí, June 7, 1941 (A., L. Davis, AMNH PBI_OON 26685), 1♀. Sinaloa: 40 mi S Culiacán, July 22, 1954 (W. Gertsch, AMNH PBI_OON 26791), 2♂, 6♀, Aug. 6, 1956 (W. Gertsch, V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26638), 2♀; 20 mi W Piaxtla, Aug. 2, 1964 (W. Gertsch, J. Woods, AMNH PBI_OON 26697), 1♂. Sonora: El Coyote, 17.7 mi E Río Bavispe, 48 mi E Moctezuma, July 21–22, 1960, under rocks, elev. 3200 ft (J. Beatty, JAB PBI_OON 37505, 37506), 1♂, 2♀; Isla Pelícano,29°12′N, 111°58′W, Jan. 27, 1973 (V. Roth, W. Brown, AMNH PBI_OON 26688), 1♀. Tamaulipas: Guayalejo, Feb. 18, 1973 (T. Mollhagen, AMNH PBI_OON 26790), 1♂.
Synonymy
Gertsch and Davis (1936) were dubious of the generic placement of the juvenile male they described as “Stenoonops (?) juvenilis.” Those authors were apparently unaware that juveniles in this group show no traces of the abdominal scuta found in adults, and they therefore misplaced their juvenile in one of the soft-bodied oonopid genera (an error rectified by Roth, 1985). Comparison of their holotype with juveniles (from California) and adults from Texas leaves little doubt that it actually belongs to E. hespera.
Escaphiella nye, new species
Figures 135–141
Escaphiella nye, new species, male. 135. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 136. Anterior portion of abdomen, ventral view. 137. Habitus, lateral view. 138. Endite, lateral view. 139. Left palp, prolateral view. 140. Same, ventral view. 141. Same, retrolateral view.
Figures 142–149
Escaphiella litoris (Chamberlin). 142. Male, chelicerae, anterior view. 143. Same, posterior view. 144. Male, fang, posterior view. 145. Same, ventral view. 146. Female, spinnerets, posterior view. 147. Male, spinnerets, posterior view. 148. Female, epigynum, ventral view. 149. Male, posterior median spinneret, anterior view.
Type
Male holotype from the Atomic Energy Commission's Nuclear Test Site at Mercury, Nye Co., Nevada (Aug. 10, 1964), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 26816).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of E. hespera and E. litoris, but have a much longer embolus, and a distinct ventral bulge on the embolar base (figs. 140, 141); females are unknown.
Male (PBI_OON 26816)
Total length 1.22 (figs. 129, 130, 137). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate, granulate microsculpture not reaching elevated portion of pars cephalica (fig. 132). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE separated by less than their radius, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length (fig. 133). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 135). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Endites anteromedially with long, spiniform, anteriorly directed extension (fig. 138). Abdomen cylindrical; book lung covers large, round; pedicel tube short, ribbed, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel (figs. 134, 136); dorsal scutum yellow, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum yellow, sides finely striate. Legs yellow. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments yellow; embolus dark; femur enlarged, cymbium and bulb yellow, embolus long, embolar base with prolateral projection (figs. 131, 139–141).
Other Material Examined
UNITED STATES: California: Inyo Co.: Inyo Mountains, 0.5 mi N 1800 m level of Lead Canyon, Mar. 9–Aug. 13, 1981, pitfall, elev. 2300 m (D. Giuliani, CAS 9026661, PBI_OON 2644), 1♂.
Distribution
Eastern California and western Nevada (map 2).
Escaphiella litoris (Chamberlin), new combination
Figures 150–155
Escaphiella litoris (Chamberlin), male. 150. Habitus, dorsal view. 151. Same, ventral view. 152. Carapace, dorsal view. 153. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 154. Habitus, lateral view. 155. Same, anterior view.
Figures 156–164
Escaphiella litoris (Chamberlin), male. 156. Abdomen, lateral view. 157. Anterior portion of abdomen, oblique lateral view. 158. Same, anterior view. 159. Left palp, dorsal view. 160. Epigastric region, ventral view. 161. Carapace, lateral view. 162. Left palp, prolateral view. 163. Same, ventral view. 164. Same, retrolateral view.
Figures 165–171
Escaphiella litoris (Chamberlin), female. 165. Habitus, dorsal view. 166. Same, ventral view. 167. Carapace, dorsal view. 168. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 169. Carapace, lateral view. 170. Habitus, lateral view. 171. Epigynum, ventral view.
Figures 172–180
Escaphiella iguala (Gertsch and Davis), male. 172. Habitus, dorsal view. 173. Same, ventral view. 174. Abdomen, anterior view. 175. Carapace, dorsal view. 176. Anterior portion of abdomen, lateral view. 177. Epigastric region, ventral view. 178. Carapace, lateral view. 179. Habitus, anterior view. 180. Cephalothorax, ventral view.
Scaphiella litoris Chamberlin, 1924: 594, figs. 24, 25 (male holotype from Puerto Escondido, Baja California Sur, Mexico, in CAS; examined).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of E. hespera but have the embolus abruptly narrowed at the tip of the base, which is less twisted (figs. 162–164); females lack the pair of posterior epigynal sclerotizations diagnostic for E. hespera, and have instead a more medially situated, rounded opening (figs. 166, 171).
Male (PBI_OON 3031)
Total length 1.80 (figs. 150, 151, 154). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate, sides granulate; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 152, 161). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE separated by less than their radius, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 155). Sternum pale orange, with radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface finely reticulate, microsculpture covering entire surface, furrows finely reticulate (fig. 153). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Endites with modified setae on apex (light microscope). Abdomen cylindrical; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed (fig. 156); scutopedicel region with widely oval scutal ridge, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel, two small circumflexed ridges present anterior to book lung covers (figs. 157, 158); dorsal scutum pale orange, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface finely reticulate, sides finely reticulate; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides finely reticulate (fig. 160). PMS present as single median projection with setae but no spigot (figs. 147, 149). Legs pale orange. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark; femur normal size; cymbium pale orange (fig. 159); bulb yellow; embolus abruptly narrowed (figs. 162–164).
Female (PBI_OON 3028)
Total length 1.75 (figs. 165–170). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white; scutopedicel region unmodified. PMS present as single median projection with spigot (fig. 146). Epigynum with medially situated, rounded opening (figs. 148, 171).
Material Examined
UNITED STATES: California: San Diego Co.: Borrego Campground, Nov. 1959, under rock (D. Merkel, AMNH PBI_OON 26813), 1♀; Mountain Springs, near Desert View Tower, Mar. 29, 1960 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, R. Schrammel, AMNH PBI_OON 26812), 3♀. MEXICO: Baja California Norte: 13.2 mi S El Rosario on Rt. 1, Nov. 29, 1962 (P. Craig, D. Dailey, CAS PBI_OON 2625), 1♂, 2♀. Baja California Sur: Agua Verde, ca. 40 air mi SE Loreto, Mar. 8, 1987, under rock (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3029), 1♂; Arroyo Hondo, 17 mi N Todos Santos, Feb. 4, 1966 (V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26805), 1♀; Chuenque, 13.4 mi S Loreto, Jan. 13, 1982, thorn forest (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3016), 1♀; Isla Danzante, 25°45′32″N, 111°15′28″W, July 13–18, 1999 (R. Aalbu, K. Brown, I. Stahl, F. Piñero, CAS 9026365, PBI_OON 2654), 1♀; Isla San Marcos, May 12, 1921 (J. Chamberlin, CAS 9026682, PBI_OON 2624), 1♀ (paratype); Juncalito, 13.4 mi S Loreto, Feb. 26, 1987, thorn forest (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3014), 1♂; La Paz, Sept. 8, 1963 (P., D. Craig, CDU PBI_OON 3018), 1♂, Feb. 1–3, 1965 (V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26808), 1♂; near La Paz, July 1990, pitfalls (T. Jackson, AMNH PBI_OON 26811), 1♂, 1♀; 8 mi S Loreto, base of La Giganta, Jan. 27, 1965 (V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26598), 1♂; 26 mi S Loreto, Jan. 1–2, 1977 (C. Griswold, L. Vincent, CAS 9026363, PBI_OON 2651), 1♀; Mulejé, Jan. 26, 1965 (V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26810), 1♀; Puerto Escondido, May 29, 1921 (J. Chamberlin, CAS 1378, PBI_OON 263), 1♂ (holotype), same (9026681, PBI_OON 2626), 1♀ (allotype); Punta Calamajue (abandoned fishing village), Ensenada, 29°41.119′N, 114°09.774′W, July 1, 2008, elev. 5.4 m, sand dunes and rocky slopes, UV detection at night (H. Montaño, E. González, AMNH PBI_OON 29752), 1♀; 2.2 mi NW Rancho Caracol, 27°34′39″N, 113°20′00″W, July 11–12, 1999, elev. 500 m, at night (R. Aalbu, K. Brown, F. Piñero, CAS 9026364, PBI_OON 2652), 1♀; San Ignacio, Feb. 24, Mar. 11, 1987, under rocks, palm grove (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3015, 27315), 2♀, Mar. 11, 1987, decaying palm thatch (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3028), 1♂; San José de Comondú canyon, near 26°N, 112°W, Feb. 15, 1966 (V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26809), 1♀; San José del Cabo (USNM PBI_OON 26814), 1♀; 6 mi W San José del Cabo, Jan. 8, 1982, under granite, thorn forest (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3017), 1♂; 17 mi N San José del Cabo, Feb. 9, 1966 (V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26806), 1♀; Santa Rosalía, Feb. 19, 1966 (V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 26807), 1♀; Santispac, Bahia Concepción, Jan. 1, 1982, under volcanic rock (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3031), 1♂; Sierra del Placer, Mulegé, 21 km from junction of Bahía Tortugas and Bahía Asunción, 98 km E Vizcaíno, 27°28.928′N, 114°17.093′W, June 28, 2008, elev. 262 m, stabilized sand dunes with scrub vegetation, UV detection at night (H. Montaño, E. González, AMNH PBI_OON 1051), 2♂; Valle Perdito, 2 mi N Reserva Gate, 23°21′49″N, 110°01′12″W, July 16, 1999–Sept. 13, 2003 (R. Aalbu, CAS 9026667, PBI_OON 2657), 1♀.
Distribution
California and Baja California (map 2).
Escaphiella iguala (Gertsch and Davis), new combination
Figures 181–186
Escaphiella iguala (Gertsch and Davis). 181. Male, habitus, lateral view. 182. Female, same. 183. Left male palp, dorsal view. 184. Same, prolateral view. 185. Same, ventral view. 186. Same, retrolateral view.
Figures 187–195
Escaphiella iguala (Gertsch and Davis), female. 187. Habitus, dorsal view. 188. Same, ventral view. 189. Epigynum, ventral view. 190. Habitus, anterior view. 191. Carapace, dorsal view. 192. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 193. Carapace, lateral view. 194. Anterior portion of abdomen, oblique lateral view. 195. Same, oblique anterior view.
Figures 196–203
Escaphiella acapulco, new species, male. 196. Habitus, dorsal view. 197. Same, ventral view. 198. Same, anterior view. 199. Same, lateral view. 200. Epigastric region, ventral view. 201. Abdomen, ventral view. 202. Carapace, dorsal view. 203. Same, lateral view.
Scaphiella iguala Gertsch and Davis, 1942: 1, figs. 1–3 (male holotype from Iguala, Guerrero, Mexico, in AMNH; examined).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of E. nye in having a relatively long embolus, but have a squared, rather than ventrally bulging, embolar base (figs. 185, 186); the female genital area has a large, circular anterior sclerite, a pair of smaller, lateral sclerites, and a crescent-shaped, unsclerotized posterior area (figs. 188, 189).
Male (PBI_OON 36864)
Total length 1.37 (figs. 172, 173, 181). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate, sides granulate, obvious granulation covering entire carapace; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 175, 178). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 179). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface finely reticulate, microsculpture covering entire surface (fig. 180). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Endites anteromedially with short, dark, spiniform tip. Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel, small, faint scutal ridge present above pedicel (figs. 174, 176); dorsal scutum pale orange, covering more than 3/4 of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface reticulate, sides reticulate; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides reticulate (fig. 177). PMS present as single median projection (light microscope). Legs pale orange. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark; femur normal size; cymbium and bulb pale orange, embolar base squared (figs. 183–186).
Female (PBI_OON 36864)
Total length 1.41 (figs. 182, 187, 188, 192–195). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (fig. 190). Epigynum with large, circular anterior sclerite (fig. 189).
Material Examined
MEXICO: Colima: 10 mi S Colima, Aug. 1, 1954 (W. Gertsch, AMNH PBI_OON 36865), 1♂, 2♀. Guerrero: summit, 4 mi W Cacahuamilpa, 18°41′N, 99°34′W, Sept. 3, 1966 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 36866), 2♂, 3♀; Iguala, June 19, 1936 (A., L. Davis, AMNH PBI_OON 36868), 1♂, 1♀ (holotype, allotype); 12 mi S Iguala, July 29, 1956 (W. Gertsch, V. Roth, AMNH PBI_OON 36687), 1♂, 2♀. Morelos: 12 mi S Cuernavaca, May 3, 1963, 18°45′N, 99°15′W, May 3, 1963 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 36864), 2♂, 2♀; Tepoztlán, 18°58′N, 99°07′W, May 5, 1963 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 36869), 1♂, 3♀.
Distribution
Known only from Colima, Guerrero, and Morelos, Mexico (map 3).
Escaphiella acapulco, new species
Figures 196–Figures 204–212222; map 3
Figures 204–212
Escaphiella acapulco, new species, male. 204. Left palp, dorsal view. 205. Same, prolateral view. 206. Same, ventral view. 207. Same, retrolateral view. 208. Right palp, dorsal view. 209. Same, prolateral view. 210. Same, ventral view. 211. Same, retrolateral view. 212. Cephalothorax, ventral view.
Figures 213–222
Escaphiella acapulco, new species, female. 213. Habitus, dorsal view. 214. Same, ventral view. 215. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 216. Carapace, dorsal view. 217. Anterior portion of abdomen, oblique anterior view. 218. Abdomen, ventral view. 219. Carapace, lateral view. 220. Epigynum, ventral view. 221. Habitus, anterior view. 222. Same, lateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype from Pie de la Cuesta, 8 mi W Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico (June 29, 1941; L. Davis), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 36882, 36881).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of E. iguala but can be easily distinguished by the reduced right palp, which is about half the size of the left one (figs. 204–211); females also resemble those of E. iguala but have longer legs and a larger anterior epigynal sclerite (figs. 218, 220).
Male (PBI_OON 36882)
Total length 1.63 (figs. 196–199). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate on anterior half, smooth on posterior half, sides granulate, surface of pars thoracica coarsely granulate everywhere except few bare spots; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 202, 203). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching. Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 212). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers large, elliptical; pedicel tube medium, scutopedicel region with paired curved scutal ridges, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel, scutal ridge granulate; dorsal scutum pale orange, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth (figs. 200, 201). PMS present as single median projection (light microscope). Legs pale orange. Right palp consistently different from left palp (figs. 204–211, but left palp lost after initial observation), right palp with proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark; trochanter, femur normal size; patella longer than tibia; cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 36881)
Total length 1.63 (figs. 214–216, 219, 221). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (fig. 213); pedicel tube ribbed (fig. 222), scutopedicel region unmodified; anterior part of epigastric scutum with granulated ridge along margins (fig. 217). Epigynum with large anterior sclerite (figs. 218, 220).
Other Material Examined
MEXICO: Guerrero: 65 mi N Acapulco, Jan. 18, 1975 (C. Rudolph, J. Rowland, AMNH PBI_OON 36884), 1♀; Pie de la Cuesta, 8 mi W Acapulco, June 29, 1941 (L. Davis, AMNH PBI_OON 36408), 1♀.
Distribution
Known only from Guerrero, Mexico (map 3).
Escaphiella colima, new species
Figures 231–239
Escaphiella colima, new species, male. 231. Left palp, dorsal view. 232. Same, prolateral view. 233. Same, ventral view. 234. Same, retrolateral view. 235. Right palp, dorsal view. 236. Same, prolateral view. 237. Same, ventral view. 238. Same, retrolateral view. 239. Epigastric region, ventral view.
Figures 240–248
Escaphiella catemaco, new species, male. 240. Habitus, dorsal view. 241. Same, ventral view. 242. Carapace, dorsal view. 243. Habitus, anterior view. 244. Same, lateral view. 245. Carapace, lateral view. 246. Endite, lateral view. 247. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 248. Epigastric region, ventral view.
Type
Male holotype taken 12 mi E Manzanillo, 19°01′N, 104°10′W, Colima, Mexico (May 11, 1963; W. Gertsch, W. Ivie), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 36883).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of E. acapulco but have much less extensive microsculpture on the carapace (fig. 228) and a much less strongly produced embolar base (fig. 233, 234).
Male (PBI_OON 36883)
Total length 1.28 (figs. 223, 224, 227). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 228, 229). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 226). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 225). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers large, ovoid (fig. 239); pedicel tube medium, ribbed (fig. 230), scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel; dorsal scutum pale orange, covering more than 3/4 of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth. PMS present as a single median projection (light microscope). Legs pale orange. Right palp consistently different from left palp, slightly less robust (figs. 231–238), proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark; femur normal size; cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Distribution
Known only from Colima, Mexico (map 4).
Escaphiella catemaco, new species
Figures 249–257
Escaphiella catemaco, new species, male. 249. Left palp, dorsal view. 250. Same, prolateral view. 251. Same, ventral view. 252. Same, retrolateral view. 253. Right palp, dorsal view. 254. Same, prolateral view. 255. Same, ventral view. 256. Same, retrolateral view. 257. Abdomen, ventral view.
Figures 258–268
Escaphiella catemaco, new species, female. 258. Habitus, dorsal view. 259. Same, ventral view. 260. Carapace, dorsal view. 261. Habitus, anterior view. 262. Same, lateral view. 263. Abdomen, ventral view. 264. Same, anterior view. 265. Anterior portion of abdomen, lateral view. 266. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 267. Epigynum, ventral view. 268. Carapace, lateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype taken from litter at base of tree at an elevation of 160 m at Los Tuxtlas Biological Station, 33 km NE of Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico (Aug. 1, 1983; S., J. Peck), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 36872).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of E. acapulco in having the right palp reduced (figs. 249–256) but have a distinctive black seta at the anteromedian tip of each endite (fig. 245–247); females can be distinguished by the posterior extension on the anterior epigynal sclerite (fig. 267).
Male (PBI_OON 36871)
Total length 1.17 (figs. 240, 241, 244). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate, sides of pars thoracica granulate, granulation not reaching apex; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 242, 245). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 243). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 247). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Endites anteromedialy with distinctive spiniform tip (fig. 246). Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers large, ovoid (fig. 257); pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel, with small scutal ridge above pedicel and long, oval scutal ridge far above pedicel; dorsal scutum pale orange, covering more than 3/4 of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth (fig. 248). PMS present (compound microscope). Legs pale orange. Palp right palp consistently different from left palp, much less robust (figs. 249–256), proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark; femur normal size; cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 36872)
Total length 1.19 (figs. 260, 262, 266, 268). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (figs. 258, 261); pedicel tube small (fig. 259); single scutal ridge present above pedicel; margins of anterior part of epigastric scutum with small ridge and granulations (figs. 264, 265). Anterior epigynal sclerite posteriorly extended, widened (figs. 263, 267).
Other Material Examined
MEXICO: Morelos: Tepoztlán, 18°58′N, 99°07′W, May 5, 1963 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 36874), 1♂, 1♀. Oaxaca: 12 mi W Tehuantepec, 16°20′N, 95°20′W, Apr. 29, 1963 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 36873), 1♂. San Luis Potosí: Tamazunchale, 21°15′N, 98°47′W, Aug. 17, 1964 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 36876), 1♀, 21°15′N, 98°48′W, Apr. 19, 1963 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 36875), 1♀. Veracruz: Los Tuxtlas Biological Station, 33 km NE Catemaco, Aug. 1, 1983, tree base litter, elev. 160 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 36872), 2♀; Playa Azul, Catemaco, 18°25′N, 95°04′W, Aug. 9, 1966 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 36871), 1♂; 3 mi S Veracruz, 19°08′N, 96°07′W, Apr. 26, 1963 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 36870), 1♀.
Distribution
Eastern Mexico (map 4).
Escaphiella tonila, new species
Figures 276–281
Escaphiella tonila, new species, male. 276. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 277. Right palpal femur, retrolateral view. 278. Right palp, dorsal view. 279. Same, prolateral view. 280. Same, ventral view. 281. Same, retrolateral view.
Figures 282–290
Escaphiella tonila, new species, female. 282. Habitus, dorsal view. 283. Same, ventral view. 284. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 285. Habitus, lateral view. 286. Carapace, lateral view. 287. Abdomen, ventral view. 288. Habitus, anterior view. 289. Carapace, dorsal view. 290. Epigynum, ventral view.
Figures 291–300
Escaphiella chiapa, new species. 291. Male habitus, dorsal view. 292. Same, ventral view. 293. Male carapace, dorsal view. 294. Male habitus, anterior view. 295. Same, lateral view. 296. Male carapace, lateral view. 297. Male epigastric region, ventral view. 298. Male cephalothorax, ventral view. 299. Male abdomen, ventral view. 300. Female carapace, lateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype taken 2 miles S of Tonila, Colima, Mexico (Aug. 28, 1965; W. Gertsch, R. Hastings), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 36863).
Diagnosis
Whether males of this species show palpal asymmetry is unknown; the only available specimen is missing the left palp, but has a distinctively rebordered posterior margin on the endite excavation (figs. 270, 276), a club-shaped palpal femur (fig. 277), and an extremely long, thin embolus (fig. 280). Females have a distinctively widened anterior epigynal sclerite containing an S-shaped darkening (fig. 290), and both sexes seem to have slightly reduced eyes (figs. 272, 288).
Male (PBI_OON 36863)
Total length 1.17 (figs. 269, 270, 273). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate; lateral margins without denticles (figs. 271, 274). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE separated by less than their radius, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 272). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 276). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Posterior margin of endite excavation rebordered (fig. 276). Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium (fig. 275), scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel; dorsal scutum pale orange, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth. PMS not observed. Legs pale orange. Palp with proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark, greatly elongated (figs. 278–281); femur enlarged, club shaped (fig. 277); cymbium and bulb pale orange, subdistal row of six long, stiff setae marking edge of cymbial area on prolateral side (fig. 279).
Female (PBI_OON 36863)
Total length 1.28 (figs. 284–286, 289). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (figs. 282, 288); pedicel tube ribbed, scutopedicel region unmodified. PMS present as single median projection (light microscope). Anterior epigynal sclerite containing S-shaped darkening (figs. 283, 287, 290).
Distribution
Known only from the type locality in Colima, Mexico (map 5).
Escaphiella chiapa, new species
Figures 301–309
Escaphiella chiapa, new species, male. 301. Abdomen, anterior view. 302. Anterior portion of abdomen, lateral view. 303. Left palp, dorsal view. 304. Same, prolateral view. 305. Same, ventral view. 306. Same, retrolateral view. 307. Right palp, prolateral view. 308. Same, ventral view. 309. Same, retrolateral view.
Figures 310–318
Escaphiella chiapa, new species, female. 310. Habitus, dorsal view. 311. Same, ventral view. 312. Carapace, dorsal view. 313. Habitus, anterior view. 314. Same, lateral view. 315. Epigynum, ventral view. 316. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 317. Abdomen, anterior view. 318. Anterior portion of abdomen, lateral view.
Figures 319–327
Escaphiella nayarit, new species, male. 319. Habitus, dorsal view. 320. Same, ventral view. 321. Abdomen, dorsal view. 322. Habitus, anterior view. 323. Same, lateral view. 324. Carapace, dorsal view. 325. Same, lateral view. 326. Abdomen, ventral view. 327. Anterior portion of abdomen, oblique ventral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype taken on a hillside 5 mi NE of Chiapa, Chiapas, Mexico (Aug. 22, 1966; J., W. Ivie), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 31048).
Diagnosis
Males can be distinguished by their unique form of palpal asymmetry, in which the left palp is slightly reduced (figs. 303–309; in the other species with asymmetric palps, it is the right palp that is smaller), females by the relatively small anterior epigynal sclerite, which is only slightly wider posteriorly than anteriorly (fig. 315).
Male (PBI_OON 26827)
Total length 1.40 (figs. 291, 292, 295). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate, sides granulate; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 293, 296). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 294). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 298). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel, small scutal ridge present above pedicel, with secondary ridge joining book lungs (figs. 301, 302); dorsal scutum pale orange, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface finely reticulate, sides finely reticulate; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides finely striate, rugose (figs. 297, 299). PMS present, with one spigot (light microscope). Legs pale orange. Right palp consistently different from left palp, slightly larger, more robust (figs. 303–309), proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark; femur normal size; cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 26827)
Total length 1.44 (figs. 300, 312, 314, 316). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (figs. 310, 313); book lung covers small; margins of anterior part of epigastric scutum with small ridge and granulations (figs. 317, 318); postepigastric scutum with sides reticulate only along margins. Anterior epigynal sclerite not greatly widened posteriorly (figs. 311, 315).
Other Material Examined
MEXICO: Chiapas: hillside 5 mi NE Chiapa, 16°45′N, 92°58′W, Aug. 22, 1966 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26827), 22♂, 36♀, Aug. 26, 1966 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 36877), 9♂, 12♀; rim of canyon at Sumidero, 16°50′N, 93°05′W, July 30, 1966 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 36880), 1♀; Tuxtla Gutiérrez, July 20, 1947 (C., M. Goodnight, AMNH PBI_OON 36878), 1♀; rim of gorge NE Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 2 mi S Sumidero, 16°48′N, 93°04′W, Aug. 17, 1966 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 36879), 1♀.
Distribution
Known only from Chiapas, Mexico (map 5).
Escaphiella nayarit, new species
Figures 328–334
Escaphiella nayarit, new species. 328. Left male palp, dorsal view. 329. Same, prolateral view. 330. Same, ventral view. 331. Same, retrolateral view. 332. Male cephalothorax, ventral view. 333. Same, female. 334. Female abdomen, lateral view.
Figures 335–342
Escaphiella nayarit, new species, female. 335. Habitus, dorsal view. 336. Same, ventral view. 337. Abdomen, dorsal view. 338. Habitus, anterior view. 339. Same, lateral view. 340. Abdomen, anterior view. 341. Epigynum, ventral view. 342. Carapace, dorsal view.
Figures 343–350
Escaphiella magna, new species. 343. Male, habitus, dorsal view. 344. Male, carapace, dorsal view. 345. Male, carapace, posterior view. 346. Male, sternum, ventral view. 347. Male, abdomen, anterior view. 348. Male, epigastric region, ventral view. 349. Male, epigastric region, depression to side of sperm pore, ventral view. 350. Female, epigynum, ventral view.
Type
Male holotype from Compostela, Nayarit, Mexico (July 26, 1954; W. Gertsch), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 26826).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of E. nye in having the embolus abruptly narrowed at the tip of the base, but have a shorter embolus (figs. 328–331); females have a posteriorly widened epigynal area including a pair of widely separated posterior depressions (fig. 341).
Male (PBI_OON 26825)
Total length 1.24 (figs. 319, 320, 323). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate, sides granulate; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 324, 325). Eyes: ALE circular, PME circular; ALE separated by less than their radius, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 322). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 332). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers small, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel (fig. 327); dorsal scutum pale orange, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth (fig. 321); postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth (fig. 326). PMS present (light microscope). Legs pale orange. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark; abruptly narrowed, relatively short (figs. 328–331), femur normal size; cymbium pale orange; bulb yellow.
Female (PBI_OON 26823)
Total length 1.28 (figs. 333, 334, 338, 339, 342). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (figs. 335, 337, 340). Epigynum posteriorly widened, with pair of posterior depressions (figs. 336, 341).
Other Material Examined
MEXICO: Nayarit: Compostela, July 26, 1954 (W. Gertsch, AMNH PBI_OON 26825), 1♂, 2♀; 5 mi NE San Blas, 21°34′N, 105°12′W, May 14, 1963 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26824), 1♂; 7 mi E San Blas, July 27, 1964 (W. Gertsch, J. Woods, AMNH PBI_OON 26823), 1♀.
Distribution
Known only from Nayarit, Mexico (map 6).
Escaphiella magna, new species
Figures 351–358
Escaphiella magna, new species, female. 351. Habitus, dorsal view. 352. Carapace, dorsal view. 353. Habitus, lateral view. 354. Carapace, lateral view. 355. Carapace, posterior view. 356. Sternum, ventral view. 357. Posterior portion of carapace and anterior portion of abdomen, lateral view. 358. Abdomen, anterior view.
Figures 359–367
Escaphiella magna, new species. 359. Male, habitus, dorsal view. 360. Same, ventral view. 361. Male, abdomen, ventral view. 362. Left male palp, dorsal view. 363. Same, prolateral view. 364. Same, ventral view. 365. Same, retrolateral view. 366. Male, epigastric region, ventral view. 367. Female, epigynum, ventral view.
Figures 368–375
Escaphiella magna, new species, male. 368. Habitus, anterior view. 369. Same, lateral view. 370. Carapace, lateral view. 371. Same, dorsal view. 372. Abdomen, lateral view. 373. Anterior portion of abdomen, oblique lateral view. 374. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 375. Abdomen, anterior view.
Figures 376–384
Escaphiella magna, new species, female. 376. Habitus, dorsal view. 377. Same, ventral view. 378. Abdomen, anterior view. 379. Habitus, anterior view. 380. Same, lateral view. 381. Carapace, lateral view. 382. Same, dorsal view. 383. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 384. Anterior portion of abdomen, oblique lateral view.
Type
Male holotype from Tepoztlán, 18°58′N, 99°07′W, Morelos, Mexico (May 5, 1963; W. Gertsch, W. Ivie), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 26830).
Diagnosis
Both sexes can easily be recognized by their large size, dark coloration, and pitted abdominal scuta. Males have a relatively short embolus that is transverse distally (fig. 364); females have a long, sinuous anterior epigynal sclerite (fig. 367).
Male (PBI_OON 26829)
Total length 2.90 (figs. 343, 359, 360, 369). Carapace dark red-brown, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate, sides granulate; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 344, 345, 370, 371). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 368). Sternum dark red-brown, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface rugose, microsculpture covering entire surface (figs. 346, 374). Chelicerae, endites, and labium red-brown. Endites with modified setae on apex. Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers small, very narrow; pedicel tube medium, with small, dorsolateral, triangular extensions (fig. 375), scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel (fig. 361, 372), scutopedicel region with series of ridges and median, round depression (figs. 347, 373, 375); sperm pore flanked be pair of depressions (figs. 348, 349, 366); dorsal scutum dark red-brown, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface punctate, sides punctate; postepigastric scutum dark red-brown, sides punctate. PMS present (stereoscope). Legs dark red-brown. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark, short, transverse (figs. 362–365); femur normal size; cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 26829)
Total length 3.10 (figs. 351–358, 377, 380–383). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (figs. 376, 379); anterior part of epigastric scutum with scutal ridges (figs. 378, 384). Epigynum with long opening (figs. 350, 367).
Other Material Examined
MEXICO: Guerrero: La Azul, 18°35′N, 99°33′W, May 3, 1963 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26831), 1♀. Morelos: Rancho de 32 (F. Ortega, UNAM PBI_OON 29901), 1♂; Tepoztlán, 18°58′N, 99°07′W, May 5, 1963 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26829), 6♂, 3♀. Oaxaca: Tlacolula (under cliff), 16°57′N, 96°27′W, Apr. 30, 1963 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26833), 6♂, 6♀; 3 mi SE Tlacolula, 16°56′N, 96°25′W, Aug. 30, 1966 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26832), 4♂.
Distribution
Central and southern Mexico (map 6).
Escaphiella olivacea, new species
Figures 393–398
Escaphiella olivacea, new species. 393. Left male palp, dorsal view. 394. Same, prolateral view. 395. Same, ventral view. 396. Same, retrolateral view. 397. Male, anterior portion of abdomen, oblique lateral view. 398. Female, epigynum, ventral view.
Figures 399–406
Escaphiella olivacea, new species, female. 399. Habitus, dorsal view. 400. Same, ventral view. 401. Carapace, dorsal view. 402. Habitus, anterior view. 403. Same, lateral view. 404. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 405. Abdomen, anterior view. 406. Anterior portion of abdomen, oblique lateral view.
Figures 407–417
Escaphiella viquezi, new species, male. 407. Habitus, dorsal view. 408. Carapace, dorsal view. 409. Epigastric region, ventral view. 410. Habitus, anterior view. 411. Same, lateral view. 412. Left palp, dorsal view. 413. Same, prolateral view. 414. Same, ventral view. 415. Same, retrolateral view. 416. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 417. Carapace, lateral view.
Type
Male holotype from 2 mi SE Niltepec, 16°32′N, 94°33′W, Oaxaca, Mexico (Aug. 16, 1966; J., W. Ivie), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 26821).
Diagnosis
This species resembles E. iguala but can be distinguished by the olive coloration of the abdominal scuta, the more pronounced carapace sculpturing (fig. 387), the distally expanded male palpal femora (fig. 393), and the more anteriorly situated anterior epigynal sclerite and the laterally extended lateral epigynal sclerites of females (fig. 398).
Male (PBI_OON 26821)
Total length 1.33 (figs. 385, 386, 392). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate; lateral margins with blunt denticles (fig. 387). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 388). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 391). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers small, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region with faint, widely oval scutal ridge, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel (figs. 389, 397); dorsal scutum olive-green, covering more than 3/4 of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum olive-green, sides smooth (fig. 390). PMS present as single median projection (light microscope). Legs pale orange. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark; femur enlarged, with two rows of small spines (figs. 393–396); cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 26820)
Total length 1.43 (figs. 400, 401, 403, 404). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (figs. 399, 402); scutopedicel region unmodified; anterior part of epigastric scutum with scutal ridge (figs. 405, 406). Anterior epigynal sclerite restricted to anterior portion of wide epigynum (fig. 398).
Other Material Examined
MEXICO: Oaxaca: Juan García, 16°31′N, 95°47′W, Sept. 1, 1964 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26817), 1♀; summit SE Nejapa, 16°34′N, 95°56′W, Aug. 29, 1966 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26819), 1♂; 2 mi SE Niltepec, 16°32′N, 94°33′W, Aug. 16, 1966 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26822), 1♂, 3♀; 3 mi W Tehuantepec, 16°20′N, 95°17′W, Apr. 28, 1963 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26818), 1♂; 8 mi W Tehuantepec, 16°22′N, 95°22′W, Aug. 29, 1966 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 26820), 2♀.
Distribution
Known only from Oaxaca, Mexico (map 7).
Escaphiella viquezi, new species
Types
Male holotype and female allotype taken at an elevation of 350 m in riparian forest at the approach to the bridge over the Río Bopal, Finca Alvares, Mun. San Dionicio, 12°7425″N, 85°82916″W, Matagalpa, Nicaragua (Dec. 1, 2007; C. Víquez, J. Mata), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29904).
Etymology
The specific name is a patronym in honor of Sr. Carlos Víquez, one of the collectors of the types, in recognition of his many contributions to our PBI project.
Diagnosis
This species seems closest to E. schmidti, sharing with it a distinct pair of median tubercles at the posterior margin of the pars cephalica (figs. 411, 417, 422, 423). Both sexes of E. viquezi can be distinguished by the narrower abdomen (figs. 407, 418), males by the distally directed embolar tip (figs. 412–415), and females by the more rounded epigynal atrium with a smaller anterior sclerite (fig. 420).
Male (PBI_OON 29903)
Total length 1.31 (fig. 407, 411). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate, sides granulate, median tubercles present at posterior margin of pars cephalica (fig. 417); lateral margins with blunt denticles (fig. 408). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 410). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 416). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region with paired curved scutal ridges, scutum not extending far dorsal of pedicel; dorsal scutum pale orange, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface reticulate, sides reticulate; postepigastric scutum pale orange, anterior half of sides reticulate (fig. 409). Legs pale orange. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark, on wide, low base (figs. 412–415); femur normal size; cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 29904)
Total length 1.37 (figs. 419, 421–424). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (fig. 418). Epigynum wide, with narrow anterior sclerite (fig. 420).
Other Material Examined
HONDURAS: Lempira: Gracias, road to Santa Rosa de Copán, 14°663533″N, 88°59829″W, Sept. 29, 2008, side of road, under rocks, elev. 642 m (C. Víquez, M. Branstette, AMNH PBI_OON 262), 1♂. NICARAGUA: Matagalpa: approach to bridge over Río Bopal, Finca Alvares, Mun. San Dionicio, 12°7425″N, 85°82916″W, Dec. 1, 2007, Winkler trap, riparian forest, elev. 350 m (C. Víquez, J. Mata, AMNH PBI_OON 29903), 1♂.
Distribution
Known from both Honduras and the type locality in Nicaragua (map 7); at the latter locality, the species is apparently sympatric with its closest relative, E. schmidti.
Escaphiella schmidti (Reimoser), new combination
Figures 433–438
Escaphiella schmidti (Reimoser), male. 433. Left palp, dorsal view. 434. Same, prolateral view. 435. Same, ventral view. 436. Same, retrolateral view. 437. Abdomen, anterior view. 438. Cephalothorax, ventral view.
Figures 439–448
Escaphiella schmidti (Reimoser), female. 439. Habitus, dorsal view. 440. Same, ventral view. 441. Carapace, dorsal view. 442. Habitus, anterior view. 443. Same, lateral view. 444. Carapace, lateral view. 445. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 446. Abdomen, anterior view. 447. Anterior portion of abdomen, oblique lateral view. 448. Epigynum, ventral view.
Figures 449–456
Escaphiella gertschi (Chickering). 449. Male, habitus, dorsal view. 450. Male, carapace, dorsal view. 451. Male, abdomen, dorsal view. 452. Female, cephalothorax, ventral view. 453. Female, internal genitalia, digested, dorsal view. 454. Right male palp, retrolateral view. 455. Left male palp, retrolateral view. 456. Female, epigynum, ventral view.
Scaphiella schmidti Reimoser, 1939: 380, figs. 15A, B (three male and three female syntypes from La Caja, near San José, San José, Costa Rica, in NMW; examined). – Chickering, 1968: 146, figs. 22–26.
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of E. iguala but (like those of E. viquezi) have a distinct pair of median tubercles at the posterior margin of the pars cephalica (figs. 428, 429), a larger embolar base, and a distally transverse embolus (figs. 433–436); females also have the carapace tubercle, and a larger, rebordered, oval anterior epigynal sclerite (fig. 448). Most specimens show distinct, striped pigmentation under the abdominal scuta. No palpal asymmetries have been noted, but few male specimens have been available.
Male (PBI_OON 3013)
Total length 1.60 (figs. 425, 426, 432). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate, median tubercule present at posterior margin of pars cephalica; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 428, 429). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 427). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 438). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; dorsum soft portions with faint striped pigmentation under scuta; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed (fig. 430), scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel (figs. 431, 437); dorsal scutum pale orange, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth. PMS present (compound microscope). Legs pale orange. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark, on large base (figs. 433–436); femur normal size; cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 26834)
Total length 1.80 (figs. 440–447). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white, with faint striped pigmentation (fig. 439). Anterior epigynal sclerite large, oval, rebordered (fig. 448).
Material Examined
COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Río Grande, May 1981, elev. ca. 800 m (W. Eberhard, MCZ 66964, PBI_OON 26837), 2♀. Guanacaste: Cañas, Aug. 15, 1983, hotel grounds, riverine forest, leaf litter, elev. 90 m (J., F. Murphy, AMNH PBI_OON 31045–31047), 12♂, 14♀; Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, Apr. 5–9, 1983, leaf litter, deciduous forest, elev. 250 m (D. Ubick, CDU PBI_OON 3013, 3027), 1♂, 1♀. San José: La Caja, near San José, Oct. 15, 1938 (E. Schmidt, NMW PBI_OON 26870, 26871), 3♂, 3♀ (syntypes); San José (E. Schmidt, AMNH PBI_OON 26834–26836), 2♂, 2♀. NICARAGUA: Matagalpa: Finca Alvares, approach to bridge over Río Bopal, Mun. San Dionicio, 12°7425″N, 85°82916″W, Winkler trap, riparian forest, elev. 350 m (Dec. 1, 2007; C. Víquez, J. Mata, AMNH PBI_OON 29902), 1♂.
Distribution
Known only from Nicaragua and Costa Rica (map 8).
Escaphiella gertschi (Chickering), new combination
Figures 457–464
Escaphiella gertschi (Chickering), male. 457. Habitus, dorsal view. 458. Same, ventral view. 459. Carapace, dorsal view. 460. Habitus, anterior view. 461. Same, lateral view. 462. Carapace, lateral view. 463. Anterior portion of abdomen, lateral view. 464. Epigastric region, ventral view.
Figures 465–473
Escaphiella gertschi (Chickering), male. 465. Left palp, dorsal view. 466. Same, prolateral view. 467. Same, ventral view. 468. Same, retrolateral view. 469. Right palp, prolateral view. 470. Same, ventral view. 471. Same, retrolateral view. 472. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 473. Abdomen, anterior view.
Figures 474–481
Escaphiella gertschi (Chickering), female. 474. Habitus, dorsal view. 475. Same, ventral view. 476. Epigynum, ventral view. 477. Habitus, anterior view. 478. Same, lateral view. 479. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 480. Anterior portion of abdomen, oblique lateral view. 481. Abdomen, anterior view.
Figures 482–489
Escaphiella itys (Simon), male. 482. Habitus, dorsal view. 483. Same, ventral view. 484. Carapace, dorsal view. 485. Habitus, anterior view. 486. Same, lateral view. 487. Carapace, lateral view. 488. Anterior portion of abdomen, lateral view. 489. Epigastric region, ventral view.
Scaphiella gertschi Chickering, 1951: 235, figs. 24–27 (male holotype from the Canal Zone Biological Area, Canal Zone, Panama, in MCZ; examined). – Chickering, 1968: 144, figs. 10–14.
Diagnosis
This species seems closest to E. iguala. Males can be distinguished by the shorter embolar base, the shorter, thicker embolus (figs. 465–468), and the uniform, extreme underdevelopment of the right palp (figs. 469–471); females have a longer, divided anterior epigynal sclerite (fig. 476).
Male (PBI_OON 26828)
Total length 1.30 (figs. 449, 457, 458, 461). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides smooth, granulation present only near margin; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 450, 459, 462). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 460). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 472). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid (fig. 451); book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel (figs. 463, 473); dorsal scutum pale orange, covering more than 3/4 of abdomen, more than 1/2 to most of abdomen width, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth (fig. 464). PMS present, with one spigot (light microscope). Legs pale orange. Right palp consistently different from left palp, cymbium scarcely enlarged (figs. 454, 469–471), left cymbium greatly enlarged, with short embolus (figs. 455, 465–468); proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark; femur normal size; cymbium and bulb pale orange; reduced right palp retains stridulatory file on prolateral surface, three dorsal trichobothria on tibia.
Female (PBI_OON 26828)
Total length 1.37 (figs. 452, 475, 479). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (figs. 474, 477, 478, 480, 481). Epigynum with divided anterior epigynal sclerite (figs. 453, 456, 476).
Material Examined
JAMAICA: Clarendon: Salt River, Nov. 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71943, PBI_OON 27602), 3♂, 5♀. Kingston: Buccaneer Beach, Dec. 5, 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71941, PBI_OON 27595), 2♂, 1♀; Gunboat Beach, Nov. 19, 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71940, PBI_OON 27608), 1♂, 1♀; Kingston, July 21, 1958 (M. Sanderson, MCZ 71942, PBI_OON 27599), 1♂. Saint Andrew: Fairway Avenue, Nov. 20, 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71971, PBI_OON 27600), 4♂, 6♀; Fairway and Seymour Avenues, Nov. 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ PBI_OON 27593), 5♂, 10♀; Hope Gardens, Nov. 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71944, PBI_OON 27603), 1♂, 4♀; Mona Heights, Dec. 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71937, PBI_OON 27601), 5♂, 8♀; Mona Road, Oct. 26, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71946, PBI_OON 27604), 1♂, Nov. 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71938, PBI_OON 27598), 1♀; Monroe Road, Liguanea, Oct. 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71947, PBI_OON 27606), 2♂; Old Hope Road, Liguanea, Dec. 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71912, PBI_OON 27607), 2♂, 5♀; Richards Reservoir Aqueduct, Nov. 30, 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71936, PBI_OON 27597), 2♂, 3♀; Trafalgar Road, Nov. 19, 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71945, PBI_OON 27596), 2♂. Saint Catherine: 1.5 mi SW Spanish Town (A. Chickering, MCZ 71939, PBI_OON 27605), 1♀. PANAMA: Canal Zone: Balboa, May 14–27, 1964 (A. Chickering, MCZ 66848, PBI_OON 27573), 8♂, 15♀, May 28–31, 1964 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71930, PBI_OON 27570), 31♂, 54♀; Barro Colorado Island, July 24, 1933, sifting grass (J. Hood, AMNH PBI_OON 27594), 3♂, July–Aug. 1950 (A. Chickering, MCZ PBI_OON 27591), 28♂, 46♀, July, 1954 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71932, PBI_OON 27580), 8♂, 16♀, Aug. 1954 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71934, PBI_OON 26828), 23♂, 17♀, Dec. 21, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71929, PBI_OON 27579), 2♀, Feb. 1958 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71933, PBI_OON 27583), 3♂, 7♀, July 19, 1958, litter in clearing (A. Blest, BMNH PBI_OON 264), 3♂, 7♀, May 7–20, 1964 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71931, PBI_OON 27584), 1♂, 3♂; Canal Zone Biological Area, July 1939 (A. Chickering, MCZ 21457, PBI_OON 29555), 1♂ (holotype); Corozal, July 10, 1954 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71920, PBI_OON 27574), 2♂, 4♀, Dec. 23, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71914, 71927, PBI_OON 27586, 27588), 3♀, May 25–26, 1964 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71925, PBI_OON 27572), 16♂, 16♀; Diablo, Dec. 19, 1964 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71924, PBI_OON 27582), 1♀; Forest Preserve, July 1954 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71917, PBI_OON 27581), 1♂; Gamboa, July 24, 1954 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71919, PBI_OON 27587), 5♂, 6♀, Mar. 7, 1958 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71923, PBI_OON 27578), 2♀; Mount Hope, July 8 (N. Banks, MCZ 66657, PBI_OON 29446), 1♂; Pedro Miguel, Aug. 1954 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71913, PBI_OON 27577), 22♂, 25♀; 4 mi N Pedro Miguel, Aug. 23–26, 1954 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71915, PBI_OON 27575), 22♂, 49♀; Summit, July–Aug. 1950 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71922, PBI_OON 1985, 27590), 40♂, 81♀, Aug. 17, 1954 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71916, PBI_OON 27571), 5♂, 5♀; Summit Gardens, July 1954 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71921, PBI_OON 27589), 10♂, 12♀, Aug. 1954 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71928, PBI_OON 26872), 10♂, 9♀, Dec. 20, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71918, PBI_OON 27576), 1♂, 2♀, May 12–13, 1964 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71914, PBI_OON 27585), 3♂, 5♀. Panamá: El Volcán, Aug. 9–14, 1950 (A. Chickering, MCZ PBI_OON 27592), 1♂; Playa Corona, Aug. 8, 1983, litter (J., F. Murphy, AMNH PBI_OON 11157), 1♂. COLOMBIA: Bolívar: Boca Grande, Cartagena, Dec. 22, 1964, at night (P. Craig, CDU 2619), 1♀. Magdalena: Cabaña “Villa Culebra” near Bonda, ca. 10 km E Santa Marta, Aug. 1985, between cavity block tiles (H. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15453), 1♀, Oct. 1985, pitfall (H. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15779), 1♀; Ciénaga, Jan. 30, 1974, elev. 0 ft (J. Kochalka, AMNH PBI_OON 27609), 1♀; Punta Betín, Santa Marta, Jan.–Mar. 1986, pitfalls (H. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 27611), 5♂, 4♀; Tayrona-Park, Bahía de Gairaca, ca. 20 km E Santa Marta, June 19, 1985, leaf litter (H. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 27610), 1♀, July 26, 1985, from decaying wood, under bark (H. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 37520), 1♀, Nov. 6, 1985, leaf litter (H. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15696), 1♀; Tayrona-Park, Bahía de Nenguange, ca. 25 km E Santa Marta, Sept. 30, 1985, leaf litter (H. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15690), 1♀. VENEZUELA: Sucre: 7 km S El Pilar, July 29, 1987, leaf and log litter, rainforest remnant, elev. 4 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 37496), 1♀. GALAPAGOS ISLANDS: Isla Santa Cruz: Bahía Tortuga, Apr. 28–May 5, 1991, littoral or supralittoral zone (S. Abbedrabbo, KBIN PBI_OON 16253), 1♀.
Distribution
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Jamaica, and the Galapagos Islands (map 8; the latter record may of course represent an introduction).
Escaphiella itys (Simon), new combination
Figures 490–498
Escaphiella itys (Simon), male. 490. Left palp, dorsal view. 491. Same, prolateral view. 492. Same, ventral view. 493. Same, retrolateral view. 494. Right palp, prolateral view. 495. Same, ventral view. 496. Same, retrolateral view. 497. Abdomen, anterior view. 498. Cephalothorax, ventral view.
Figures 499–511
Escaphiella itys (Simon), female. 499. Habitus, dorsal view. 500. Same, ventral view. 501. Carapace, dorsal view. 502. Habitus, anterior view. 503. Same, lateral view. 504. Epigynum, ventral view. 505. Abdomen, anterior view. 506. Anterior portion of abdomen, lateral view. 507. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 508. Internal genitalia, digested, dorsal view. 509. Carapace, lateral view. 510. Epigynum, ventral view. 511. Carapace, dorsal view.
Figures 512–518
Escaphiella tayrona, new species. 512. Female, carapace, dorsal view. 513. Male, same. 514. Male, abdomen, dorsal view. 515. Male, carapace, lateral view. 516. Male, abdomen, anterior view. 517. Male, habitus, lateral view. 518. Male, abdomen, lateral view.
Scaphiella itys Simon, 1893: 444 (male holotype from Caracas, Distrito Federal, Venezuela, in MNHN; examined).
Scaphiella scutata Chickering, 1968: 147, figs. 27–35 (male holotype from Liguanea, Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica, in MCZ; examined). NEW SYNONYMY.
Diagnosis
This species seems closest to E. schmidti, sharing distinct, striped pigmentation under the abdominal scuta (figs. 482, 499), but lacking a median tubercle at the posterior margin of the pars cephalica (figs. 487, 509). Males have a more pronounced embolar base and a thicker embolus (figs. 490–493), and have distinctive palpal asymmetry, with the right palp consistently about half the size of the left one (figs. 494–496); females have narrower abdomens, with a wider, more heavily sclerotized anterior epigynal sclerite that occupies a larger proportion of the atrial area (fig. 504).
Male (PBI_OON 27531)
Total length 1.57 (figs. 482, 483, 486). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate mainly along margins; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 484, 487). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 485). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 498). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; dorsum soft portions with striped pigmentation under dorsal scutum; book lung covers very large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel (figs. 488, 497); dorsal scutum pale orange, covering more than 3/4 of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth (fig. 489). PMS present (compound microscope). Legs pale orange. Right palp consistently different from left palp, about half an large (figs. 490–496), proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark; femur normal size; cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 27531)
Total length 1.69 (fig. 507). Carapace granulate only along margins (figs. 501, 509, 511). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white, with striped pigmentation (figs. 499, 502, 503, 505, 506). Anterior sclerite filling much of epigynal atrium (figs. 500, 504, 508, 510).
Material Examined
CAYMAN ISLANDS: Grand Cayman: Run Point, 19°22′N, 81°16′W, Feb. 24, 1993 (W. Steiner, J. Swearingen, USNM PBI_OON 27565), 1♀. JAMAICA: Clarendon: Salt River, Nov. 24, 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71978, PBI_OON 27552), 1♂. Kingston: Buccaneer Beach, Dec. 5, 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71976, PBI_OON 27545), 1♀; Gunboat Beach, Nov. 19, 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71962, PBI_OON 27536), 1♀; Palisadoes Area, Nov. 1, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71969, PBI_OON 27547), 2♂, 4♀. Saint Andrew: Bamboo Ave., Liguanea, Nov. 14, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 23011, PBI_OON 29545), 1♂, 1♀ (holotype, paratype); Fairway and Seymour Avenues, Nov. 7, 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71964, PBI_OON 27541), 1♂; Ferry, June 19, 1954 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71968, PBI_OON 27553), 1♀, Oct. 28, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71986, PBI_OON 27549), 2♂, 1♀; Hermitage Reservoir, Oct. 30, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71970, PBI_OON 27542), 2♀; Hermitage Road, Mona, Nov. 28, 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71983, PBI_OON 27532), 5♀; Hope Gardens, Oct.–Nov. 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71967, PBI_OON 27538), 5♂, 15♀, Nov.–Dec. 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71979, PBI_OON 27539), 11♂, 45♀; Liguanea, Oct. 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71998, PBI_OON 27534), 18♂, 44♀, Nov. 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71963, PBI_OON 27558), 38♂, 99♀, Dec. 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71974, PBI_OON 27557), 3♂, 9♀; Mona, Nov. 4, 1948 (S. Underwood, MCZ 71989, PBI_OON 27561), 1♀, Oct. 1–15, 1957, citrus orchard (A. Chickering, MCZ 71957, PBI_OON 27543), 20♂, 35♀, Oct. 15–30, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ PBI_OON 27562), 50♂, 56♀; Mona Heights, Dec. 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71985, PBI_OON 27535), 3♂, 27♀; Mona Road, Oct. 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71966, PBI_OON 27554), 19♂, 46♀, Nov.–Dec. 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71987, PBI_OON 27531), 13♂, 43♀; Monroe Road, Liguanea, Oct. 15, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ PBI_OON 27563), 1♀; Richards Reservoir, Nov.–Dec. 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71997, PBI_OON 27555), 17♂, 58♀, Nov.–Dec. 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71958, PBI_OON 27551), 19♂, 36♀; Upper Mountain View, Nov. 10, 1949 (C. Lewis, MCZ 71975, PBI_OON 27650), 1♀. Saint Ann: Runaway Bay, June 23, 1954 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71977, PBI_OON 27546), 1♀. Saint Catherine: E end, Innswood Estate, Nov. 10, 1963 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71981, PBI_OON 27533), 1♀; Old Harbor, “The Whim,” Oct. 9, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71988, PBI_OON 27537), 1♂, 2♀; School of Agriculture, Oct.–Nov. 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71965, PBI_OON 27550), 8♂, 8♀; 1.5 mi SW Spanish Town, Oct. 10, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71982, PBI_OON 27556), 3♂, 1♀; 7 mi SE Spanish Town, July 28–Aug. 1, 1974, dung trap, thorn scrub (S. Peck, MCZ 71973, PBI_OON 27559), 1♀; 8 mi W Spanish Town, Dec. 2, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71984, PBI_OON 27548), 3♀. Saint Thomas: 6 mi NE Bath, Dec. 10, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71972, PBI_OON 27549), 1♀; Morant Bay, Oct. 29, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71980, PBI_OON 27544), 1♀; NE Cay, Morant Cays, July 1965, under rocks, palm fronds (T. Aitken, AMNH PBI_OON 27564), 1♂. NETHERLANDS ANTILLES: Curaçao: Coral Specht, 3 km E Willemstad, Feb. 8–15, 1987 (W. Steiner, J. Swearingen, USNM PBI_OON 27567), 1♀; Piscaderabaai, Dec. 18–30, 1962 (H., L. Levi, MCZ PBI_OON 27568), 1♀; Willemstad, Dec. 24, 1962, roadside (H., L. Levi, MCZ PBI_OON 27566), 2♂. COLOMBIA: La Guajira: Ríohacha, Feb. 28, 1974, elev. 0 ft (J. Kochalka, AMNH PBI_OON 27569), 1♀. VENEZUELA: Distrito Federal: Caracas (E. Simon, MNHN 5693, PBI_OON 29541), 1♂ (holotype).
Synonymy
Chickering did not compare E. scutata (or any of the other species he described from Panama or the West Indies) with any taxa previously described from North or South America, even though he recorded E. scutata from Curaçao and could therefore reasonably have expected the species to occur in northern South America as well. Although not mentioned in Simon's description of E. itys, the male holotype of that species has a reduced right palp that matches those of Chickering's Jamaican males.
Escaphiella tayrona, new species
Figures 519–526
Escaphiella tayrona, new species, male. 519. Habitus, dorsal view. 520. Same, ventral view. 521. Carapace, dorsal view. 522. Habitus, anterior view. 523. Same, lateral view. 524. Abdomen, anterior view. 525. Epigastric region, ventral view. 526. Carapace, lateral view.
Figures 527–535
Escaphiella tayrona, new species, male. 527. Left palp, dorsal view. 528. Same, prolateral view. 529. Same, ventral view. 530. Same, retrolateral view. 531. Right palp, dorsal view. 532. Same, prolateral view. 533. Same, ventral view. 534. Same, retrolateral view. 535. Cephalothorax, ventral view.
Figures 536–544
Escaphiella tayrona, new species, female. 536. Habitus, dorsal view. 537. Same, ventral view. 538. Carapace, dorsal view. 539. Habitus, anterior view. 540. Carapace, lateral view. 541. Habitus, lateral view. 542. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 543. Abdomen, anterior view. 544. Epigynum, ventral view.
Type
Male holotype taken in decayed wood and fallen leaves at Tayrona-Park, Bahía de Gairaca, ca. 20 km E Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia (June 26, 1985; H. Müller), deposited in MHNG (PBI_OON 37519).
Diagnosis
Members of this species resemble those of E. itys, especially in the degree of right palpal asymmetry (figs. 527–534), but lack an abdominal pattern, have granulation covering almost all of the carapace (figs. 512, 513), the legs reticulate, smaller book lung covers (figs. 524, 543), a more protuberant embolar base (figs. 528–530), and a more pentagonal epigynum (fig. 544).
Male (PBI_OON 37494)
Total length 1.63 (figs. 519, 520, 523). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate, sides granulate; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 513, 515, 521, 526). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 522). Sternum pale orange, with radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, furrow smooth, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 535). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region with widely oval, granulated scutal ridge (figs. 517, 518), scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel, with straight, horizontal scutal ridge just above pedicel (fig. 516, 524); dorsal scutum pale orange, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth (fig. 514); postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth (fig. 525). PMS present (compound microscope). Legs pale orange. Right palp consistently different from left palp, about half its size (figs. 527–534), proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark; femur normal size; cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 37494)
Total length 1.69 (figs. 512, 537, 538, 540, 542). Abdomen with soft portions white (figs. 536, 539); epigastric scutum carinated anteriorly (figs. 541, 543). Epigynum pentagonal (fig. 544).
Other Material Examined
COLOMBIA: Magdalena: Punta Betín, Santa Marta, Jan.–Mar. 1986, pitfalls (H. Müller, MHNG PBO_OON 37493–37495), 27♂, 25♀; “Villa Culebra” near Bonda, ca. 10 km E Santa Marta, Oct. 1985, in stone heaps (H. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15614), 1♀.
Distribution
Known only from Magdalena, Colombia (map 10).
Escaphiella betin, new species
Figures 552–560
Escaphiella betin, new species, male. 552. Left palp, dorsal view. 553. Same, prolateral view. 554. Same, ventral view. 555. Same, retrolateral view. 556. Right palp, dorsal view. 557. Same, prolateral view. 558. Same, ventral view. 559. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 560. Abdomen, anterior view.
Figures 561–569
Escaphiella betin, new species, female. 561. Habitus, dorsal view. 562. Same, ventral view. 563. Carapace, dorsal view. 564. Same, lateral view. 565. Habitus, lateral view. 566. Epigynum, ventral view. 567. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 568. Abdomen, anterior view. 569. Anterior portion of abdomen, oblique lateral view.
Figures 570–577
Escaphiella gigantea, new species, male. 570. Carapace, dorsal view. 571. Same, lateral view. 572. Abdomen, lateral view. 573. Margin of carapace, lateral view. 574. Chelicerae, lateral view. 575. Same, ventral view. 576. Abdomen, digested, showing respiratory system. 577. Cephalothorax, ventral view.
Type
Male holotype and female allotype taken in pitfall traps at Punta Betín, Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia (Jan.–Mar. 1986; H. Müller), deposited in MHNG (PBI_OON 15685).
Diagnosis
Members of this species resemble those of E. itys and E. tayrona, especially in the degree of right palpal asymmetry (figs. 552–558), but differ from the former in lacking an abdominal pattern (figs. 545, 561), from the latter in having the top of the pars cephalica smooth rather than granulate (figs. 547, 563) and a more inflated left palpal femur (figs. 553–555), and from both in the paler coloration and the more posteriorly extended anterior epigynal sclerite (fig. 566).
Male (PBI_OON 15684)
Total length 1.34 (figs. 545, 546, 548). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 547, 551). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 550). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 559). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region with widely oval scutal ridge, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel, with small rounded scutal ridge just above pedicel (fig. 560); dorsal scutum pale orange, covering more than 3/4 of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth. PMS present (compound microscope). Legs pale orange. Right palp consistently different from left palp, about half as large (figs. 552–558), proximal segments pale orange; embolus light; femur normal size; cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 15684)
Total length 1.45 (figs. 563, 564, 567). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (figs. 549, 561); scutopedicel region with small, rounded scutal ridge just above pedicel, smaller than in male (figs. 565, 568); epigastric scutum with anterior ridge (fig. 569). Anterior epigynal sclerite extending most of epigynal length (figs. 562, 566).
Other Material Examined
COLOMBIA: Magdalena: Punta Betín, Santa Marta, Jan.–Mar. 1986, pitfalls (H. Müller, MHNG PBO_OON 15684), 17♂, 16♀.
Distribution
Known only from the type locality in Magdalena, Colombia (map 11), where the species is sympatric with both E. gertschi and E. tayrona.
Escaphiella gigantea, new species
Figures 578–585
Escaphiella gigantea, new species, male. 578. Endites and labrum, anterior view. 579. Tip of endite, anterior view. 580. Epigastric region, ventral view. 581. Sperm pore, ventral view. 582. Spinnerets, posterior view. 583. Same, spinnerets spread to show absence of posterior median pair. 584. Anterior lateral spinneret, posterior view. 585. Posterior lateral spinneret, posterior view.
Figures 586–593
Escaphiella gigantea, new species. 586. Male, habitus, dorsal view. 587. Same, ventral view. 588. Male, carapace, dorsal view. 589. Male, habitus, anterior view. 590. Same, lateral view. 591. Female, abdomen, anterior view. 592. Male, carapace, lateral view. 593. Male, anterior portion of abdomen, lateral view.
Figures 594–599
Escaphiella gigantea, new species, male. 594. Left palp, prolateral view. 595. Same, ventral view. 596. Same, retrolateral view. 597. Abdomen, anterior view. 598. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 599. Epigastric region, ventral view.
Figures 600–608
Escaphiella gigantea, new species, female. 600. Habitus, dorsal view. 601. Same, ventral view. 602. Carapace, dorsal view. 603. Habitus, anterior view. 604. Same, lateral view. 605. Epigynum, ventral view. 606. Carapace, lateral view. 607. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 608. Anterior portion of abdomen, oblique lateral view.
Figures 609–617
Escaphiella bolivar, new species, female. 609. Habitus, dorsal view. 610. Same, ventral view. 611. Carapace, dorsal view. 612. Habitus, anterior view. 613. Same, lateral view. 614. Epigynum, ventral view. 615. Abdomen, anterior view. 616. Anterior portion of abdomen, oblique lateral view. 617. Cephalothorax, ventral view.
Type
Male holotype taken from decayed wood under bark at Tayrona-Park, Bahía de Gairaca, ca. 20 km E Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia (June 26, 1985; H. Müller), deposited in MHNG (PBI_OON 15582).
Diagnosis
This species seems closest to E. magna, sharing the large size and dark coloration of that species, but can be distinguished by the unpitted abdominal scuta (fig. 572), the more protuberant embolar base and longer embolus of males (figs. 594–596), and the wider anterior epigynal sclerite of females (fig. 605).
Male (PBI_OON 15574)
Total length 3.10 (figs. 586. 587, 590). Carapace dark red-brown, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate, sides granulate; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 570, 571, 573, 588, 592). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 589). Sternum red-brown, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface rugose, setae densest anteromedially, on raised portion of sternum without microsculpture; transverse groove raised medially, creating two shallow, lateral pouches (fig. 577, 598). Chelicerae (fig. 574, 575), endites, and labium dark red-brown. Endites anteromedially with large, long, spiniform tip (figs. 578, 579). Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers large, elliptical; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel (figs. 580, 581, 593, 597); dorsal scutum red-brown, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface finely reticulate, sides finely reticulate (fig. 572); epigastric scutum with anterior spiracles connected by groove; postepigastric scutum red-brown, sides finely reticulate (fig. 599). PMS absent (figs. 582–585). Legs dark red-brown, all tibiae with obvious microsculpture. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments red-brown; embolus dark, long, on protuberant base (figs. 594–596); femur normal size; cymbium and bulb red-brown.
Female (PBI_OON 15613)
Total length 3.30 (figs. 602, 606). Sternum with microsculpture covering entire surface (fig. 607). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (figs. 591, 600, 603, 604, 608). Epigynum with posterior widened anterior sclerite (figs. 601, 605).
Other Material Examined
COLOMBIA: Magdalena: near San Lorenzo, northern Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Aug. 18–25, 1985, humid litter, moss, elev. ca. 2200 m (H. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15574), 4♂; Tayrona-Park, Bahía de Gairaca, ca. 20 km E Santa Marta, June 6, 1985, decayed wood (H. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15686), 1♀, June 13, 1985, decayed wood, dry forest (H. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15479), 1♀, June 19, 1985, leaf litter (H. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15439), 4♀, June 26, 1985, leaf litter, decayed wood (H. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15611–15613), 2♂, 17♀, Aug. 6, 1985, leaf litter (H. Müller, MHMG PBI_OON 15699), 1♀, Oct. 31, 1985, leaf litter (H. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15608), 1♂; Tayrona-Park, Bahía de Nenguange, ca. 25 km E Santa Marta, July 22, 1985, under bark (H. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15814), 2♀.
Type
Female holotype taken in a flight intercept trap in a woodland on sand 35 km SW Puerto Ordaz, Bolívar, Venezuela (July 13–Aug. 2, 1987; S., J. Peck), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 37500).
Diagnosis
The female epigynum resembles that of E. itys but has a more strongly sclerotized posterior portion (figs. 614, 615); these females also lack the abdominal pigmentation found in E. itys (fig. 609).
Female (PBI_OON 37500)
Total length 1.14 (fig. 610). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides smooth; lateral margins with blunt denticles (fig. 611). Eyes: ALE oval, PME squared, PLE; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length (fig. 612). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 617). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; soft portions of dorsum white (figs. 609, 613); book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedice (fig. 616); epigastric scutum with margins of anterior part finely granulate (fig. 615); postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth. PMS present (compound microscope). Legs pale orange. Anterior sclerite filling most of anterior half of epigynum (fig. 614).
Distribution
Known only from Venezuela (map 10).
Escaphiella cidades, new species
Figures 626–634
Escaphiella cidades, new species, male. 626. Left palpal femur, dorsal view. 627. Left palp, dorsal view. 628. Same, prolateral view. 629. Same, ventral view. 630. Same, retrolateral view. 631. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 632. Abdomen, anterior view. 633. Same, ventral view. 634. Epigastric region, ventral view.
Figures 635–645
Escaphiella cidades, new species, female. 635. Habitus, dorsal view. 636. Same, ventral view. 637. Carapace, dorsal view. 638. Habitus, anterior view. 639. Same, lateral view. 640. Abdomen, ventral view. 641. Carapace, lateral view. 642. Posterior portion of abdomen, ventral view. 643. Abdomen, anterior view. 644. Epigynum, ventral view. 645. Cephalothorax, ventral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype from the Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, Brasileira e Piracurucu, 04°03′23.0″S, 41°44′09.7″W, Piauí, Brazil (Jan. 26, 2007; L. Carvalho and collaborators), deposited in MPEG (11741, PBI_OON 29912).
Diagnosis
This species resembles E. itys but has symmetrical male palps with a longer embolus (figs. 627–630), an unpatterned abdomen (fig. 635), and a more posteriorly situated anterior epigynal sclerite (fig. 644).
Male (PBI_OON 29908)
Total length 1.25 (figs. 618, 619, 622). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate, microsculpture obvious, granulate along side but not reaching apex of carapace; lateral margins without denticles (figs. 620, 624). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 621). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 631). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel (figs. 623, 625, 632); dorsal scutum pale orange, covering more than 3/4 of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth (figs. 633, 634). PMS present (compound microscope). Legs pale orange. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark, long (figs. 627–630); femur enlarged (fig. 626); cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 29909)
Total length 1.54 (figs. 637, 641, 645). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (figs. 635, 636, 638, 639, 642); epigastric scutum reticulate anteriorly (figs. 640, 643). Anterior sclerite extending about 2/3 of epigynal length (fig. 644).
Other Material Examined
BRAZIL: Ceará: Crateús, Serra das Almas, 2003 (M. Carvalho, IBSP 63537, 63626, PBI_OON 27757, 27758), 2♂. Maranhão: Barreirinhas, Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses, 02°44′49″S, 42°49′39″W, Oct. 12–18, 2001 (IBSP 67964–67969, PBI_OON 27748–27753), 7♂; São Luís, Feb. 7, 1959 (A. Nadler, AMNH PBI_OON 265), 1♀. Piauí: Brasileira e Piracurucu: Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°03′45.9″S, 41°43′25.3″W, Jan. 26, 2007 (L. Carvalho, MPEG 11736, PBI_OON 29909), 1♀; Brasileira e Piracurucu: Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°05′39.9″S, 41°43′53.3″W, Jan. 26, 2007 (L. Carvalho, MPEG 11713, 11714, PBI_OON 266, 267), 2♀; Brasileira e Piracurucu: Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°05′45.1″S, 41°43′55.8″W, Feb. 2, 2007 (L. Carvalho, M. Avelino, M. Albuquerqe, MPEG 11738, PBI_OON 29905), 1♀; Brasileira e Piracurucu: Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°05′57.5″S, 41°42′09.7″W, June 24, 2007 (L. Carvalho, MPEG 11744, 11745, PBI_OON 29908–29910), 1♂, 2♀; Brasileira e Piracurucu: Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°05′57.5″S, 41°43′02.7″W, Jan. 26, 2007 (L. Carvalho, MPEG 11732, 11733, 11737, 11739, PBI_OON 29907, 29913, 29915, 29917), 4♂, June 24, 2007 (L. Carvalho, MPEG 11747, PBI_OON 29914), 1♂, 1♀; Brasileira e Piracurucu: Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°05′58.1″S, 41°42′59.5″W, Dec. 13, 2007 (D. Candiani, MPEG 11735, PBI_OON 29920), 1♀; Brasileira e Piracurucu: Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°06′05.0″S, 41°42′09.7″W, June 24, 2007 (L. Carvalho, MPEG 11742, PBI_OON 29918), 1♂; Brasileira e Piracurucu: Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°06′05.0″S, 41°42′52.5″W, Dec. 6, 2006 (L. Carvalho, MPEG 11743, PBI_OON 29919), 1♀; Brasileira e Piracurucu: Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°07′35.4″S, 41°42′09.7″W, June 24, 2007 (L. Carvalho, MPEG 11746, PBI_OON 29911), 1♂; Brasileira e Piracurucu: Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°07′48.3″S, 41°42′38.8″W, Jan. 26, 2007 (L. Carvalho, MPEG 11734, PBI_OON 29906), 1♂.
Distribution
Known only from Brazil (map 13).
Escaphiella hesperoides, new species
Figures 654–659
Escaphiella hesperoides, new species, male. 654. Left palpal femur, dorsal view. 655. Left palp, dorsal view. 656. Same, prolateral view. 657. Same, ventral view. 658. Same, retrolateral view. 659. Cephalothorax, ventral view.
Type
Female holotype from Campo de Provas Brigadeiro Velloso, Serra do Cachimbo, 9°22′00″S, 54°54′81″W, Novo Progresso, Pará, Brazil (A. Bonaldo, D. Santos-Souza, D. Guimarães; Sept. 8–11, 2003), deposited in MPEG (10789, PBI_OON 29512).
Diagnosis
Males and females have not been collected together, but are matched here on the basis of their similar size, coloration, and sternal modifications. Females resemble those of the North American E. hespera in having a pair of posterior sclerotizations within the epigynal atrium (fig. 664), but have a much less extensive ventral scutum that leaves almost all of the abdominal dorsum uncovered (fig. 666), and much deeper sternal depressions (fig. 665). The male palp is also distinctive, with an unusually inflated prolateral side, an elongated embolar base, and a subdistal row of five stiff setae marking the edge of the cymbial area (figs. 654–658).
Male (PBI_OON 27762)
Total length 1.94 (figs. 646, 647, 653). Carapace orange-brown, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate, obvious granulate microsculpture along surface side grading into finely reticulate but not reaching apex; lateral margins without denticles (figs. 648, 652). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 649). Sternum orange-brown, with radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, furrow smooth, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 659). Chelicerae, endites, and labium orange-brown. Endites anteromedially modified, with darkened, spiniform tip. Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel, with long, oval scutal ridge situated far above pedicel; dorsal scutum orange-brown, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum orange-brown, sides smooth (figs. 650, 651). PMS present (compound microscope). Legs orange-brown. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark; femur normal size; cymbium and bulb pale orange, prolaterally inflated, bulb apex on prolateral side with row of five longer, stiff setae (figs. 654–658).
Female (PBI_OON 29512)
Total length 2.40 (fig. 665). Carapace lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 662, 667). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (figs. 660, 663); book lung covers elliptical (fig. 661). Epigynum with pair of posterior sclerotizations (fig. 664).
Other Material Examined
BRAZIL: Espírito Santo: Linhares, Reserva da Aracruz Celulose, June 1996 (IBSP PBI_OON 27762), 1♂.
Distribution
If the sexes are correctly matched, this species occurs both in Pará (where it is sympatric with E. cachimbo) and in Espírito Santo, Brazil (map 13).
Escaphiella maculosa, new species
Type
Female holotype from Central, 11°01–11°19′S, 41°47–42°10′W, Bahia, Brazil (July 15–31, 2002; E. Ramos, F. Cunha), deposited in IBSP (67400, PBI_OON 27754).
Diagnosis
Females resemble those of E. hespera and E. hesperoides in having a pair of posterior sclerotizations within the epigynal atrium (fig. 669), but can easily be distinguished from both those species by their mottled dark patterning on the abdomen (fig. 668), and from the Brazilian E. hesperoides by having the posterior epigynal sclerotizations closer together (fig. 673).
Female (PBI_OON 27754)
Total length 2.37. Carapace dark red-brown, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 670, 674). Eyes ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching for less than half their length (fig. 671). Sternum dark red-brown, with radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, furrow smooth, surface smooth, microsculpture absent. Chelicerae, endites, and labium dark red-brown. Abdomen ovoid; dorsum soft portions white, with striped pigmentation (figs. 668, 672); book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel; epigastric scutum anteriorly with scutal ridge; postepigastric scutum red-brown. PMS present (stereoscope). Legs dark red-brown. Epigynal atrium with pair of posterior sclerotizations (figs. 669, 673).
Distribution
Known only from Bahia, Brazil (map 14).
Escaphiella cachimbo, new species
Figures 683–688
Escaphiella cachimbo, new species, male. 683. Left palpal femur, dorsal view. 684. Left palp, dorsal view. 685. Same, prolateral view. 686. Same, ventral view. 687. Same, retrolateral view. 688. Abdomen, anterior view.
Figures 689–696
Escaphiella cachimbo, new species, female. 689. Habitus, dorsal view. 690. Same, ventral view. 691. Carapace, dorsal view. 692. Habitus, anterior view. 693. Same, lateral view. 694. Carapace, lateral view. 695. Epigynum, ventral view. 696. Cephalothorax, ventral view.
Figures 697–705
Escaphiella aratau, new species, male. 697. Habitus, dorsal view. 698. Same, ventral view. 699. Carapace, dorsal view. 700. Habitus, anterior view. 701. Endites, ventral view. 702. Abdomen, ventral view. 703. Habitus, lateral view. 704. Carapace, lateral view. 705. Abdomen, lateral view.
Type
Female holotype from Campo de Provas Brigadeiro Velloso, Serra do Cachimbo, 9°21′89″S, 55°02′01″W, Novo Progresso, Pará, Brazil (A. Bonaldo, D. Santos-Souza, D. Guimarães; Sept. 7–17, 2003), deposited in MPEG (11711, PBI_OON 29510).
Diagnosis
Females of this species can easily be recognized by the epigynal atrium, which has rebordered anterior and lateral (but not posterior) margins, and which has a distinct anterior, procurved depression (figs. 690, 695); males resemble those of E. aratau but have an embolus that is more distinctly bent near the tip (figs. 683–687).
Male (PBI_OON 29509)
Total length 1.15 (fig. 675). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate, with obvious granulations restricted to pars cephalica margins, almost reaching apex on pars thoracica; lateral margins without denticles (figs. 676, 679). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 678). Sternum pale orange, with radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, furrow smooth, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 681). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Endites anteromedially modified, with spiniform tip. Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel, long scutal ridge situated far above pedicel (fig. 688); dorsal scutum pale orange, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth (figs. 677, 680, 682). PMS present (compound microscope). Legs pale orange. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark, distinctly bent near tip (figs. 684–687); femur normal size (fig. 683); cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 29511)
Total length 1.17 (figs. 690, 693, 694, 696). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (fig. 689, 691, 692). Epigynal atrium with anterior, procurved depression (fig. 695).
Other Material Examined
BRAZIL: Pará: Novo Progresso, Campo de Provas Brigadeiro Velloso, Serra do Cachimbo, 9°21′89″S, 55°02′01″W, Sept. 7–17, 2003 (A. Bonaldo, D. Santos-Souza, D. Guimarães, MPEG 11711, 11712, PBI_OON 29509, 29511), 1♂, 2♀; Novo Progresso, Campo de Provas Brigadeiro Velloso, Serra do Cachimbo, 9°22′00″S, 54°54′81″W, Mar. 18–21, 2004 (J. Ricetti, J. Barreiros, D. Guimarães, MPEG 10790, PBI_OON 29508), 1♀.
Distribution
Pará, Brazil, where sympatric with E. hesperoides (map 14).
Escaphiella aratau, new species
Figures 706–715
Escaphiella aratau, new species, male. 706. Left endite, ventral view. 707. Same, tip. 708. Same, dorsal view. 709. Same, tip. 710. Left palp, dorsal view. 711. Same, retrolateral view. 712. Same, ventral view. 713. Same, prolateral view. 714. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 715. Abdomen, anterior view.
Figures 716–724
Escaphiella aratau, new species, female. 716. Habitus, dorsal view. 717. Same, ventral view. 718. Carapace, dorsal view. 719. Habitus, anterior view. 720. Same, lateral view. 721. Abdomen, ventral view. 722. Carapace, lateral view. 723. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 724. Epigynum, ventral view.
Figures 725–733
Escaphiella bahia, new species, male. 725. Habitus, dorsal view. 726. Carapace, dorsal view. 727. Abdomen, ventral view. 728. Epigastric region, ventral view. 729. Carapace, anterior view. 730. Abdomen, anterior view. 731. Carapace, lateral view. 732. Anterior portion of abdomen, lateral view. 733. Abdomen, lateral view.
Type
Female holotype and male paratype taken in pitfall trap at Fazenda Arataú, Novo Repartimento, Pará, Brazil (June 25–26, 2003), deposited in MPEG (10775, PBI_OON 29525).
Diagnosis
This species resembles E. itys in having a patterned abdomen (fig. 697, 716), but males have symmetrical palps with much less expanded bulbs (figs. 710–713); they can also be distinguished from those of E. cachimbo by the larger palpal femur (fig. 711) and the distally less bent embolus (fig. 712); females have the anterior epigynal sclerite elongated and greatly widened posteriorly (figs. 717, 724).
Male (PBI_OON 29523)
Total length 1.09 (figs. 697, 698, 703). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate mostly along margins, reaching only halfway up carapace sides; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 699, 704). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 700). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 714). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Endites anteromedially with spiniform tip (figs. 701, 706–709). Abdomen ovoid; dorsum with striped pigmentation visible under dorsal scuta; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel (fig. 715); dorsal scutum pale orange, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth (figs. 702, 705). PMS present (compound microscope). Legs pale orange. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark, straight distally (figs. 710–713); femur enlarged; cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 29525)
Total length 1.09 (figs. 718, 722, 723). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white with striped pigmentation (figs. 716, 719, 720); epigastric scutum anteriorly with smooth margins. Anterior epignal sclerite widened posteriorly (fig. 717, 721, 724).
Other Material Examined
BRAZIL: Pará: Novo Repartimento, Fazenda Arataú, June 17–18, 2002, pitfall (MPEG 10780, 10786, 10788, PBI_OON 29514, 29517, 29524), 3♂, June 25–26, 2003, pitfall (MPEG 10776–10779, 10781–10784, 10787, PBI_OON 29513, 29515, 29516, 29518–29523), 9♂.
Distribution
Known only from Pará, Brazil (map 14).
Escaphiella bahia, new species
Figures 734–739
Escaphiella bahia, new species, male. 734. Left palp, dorsal view. 735. Same, prolateral view. 736. Same, ventral view. 737. Same, retrolateral view. 738. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 739. Posterior portion of abdomen, ventral view.
Figures 740–749
Escaphiella bahia, new species, female. 740. Habitus, dorsal view. 741. Same, ventral view. 742. Carapace, dorsal view. 743. Habitus, anterior view. 744. Same, lateral view. 745. Abdomen, ventral view. 746. Carapace, lateral view. 747. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 748. Anterior portion of abdomen, lateral view. 749. Epigynum, ventral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype from Central, Bahia, 11°01′–11°19′S, 41°47′–42°10′W, Brazil (July 15–31, 2002; E. Ramos, F. Cunha), deposited in IBSP (67411, 67406, PBI_OON 27755, 27756).
Diagnosis
This species resembles E. itys and E. aratau in having a patterned abdomen (figs. 725, 744), but males have a denser distal scopula on the palpal cymbium (figs. 734–737), and females have a distinctive, posteriorly expanded anterior epigynal sclerite (figs. 745, 749).
Male (PBI_OON 27756)
Total length 1.90 (fig. 725). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate, sides granulate, granulate microsculpture obvious, covering complete surface of carapace; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 726, 731). Eyes: ALE oval, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 729). Sternum pale orange, with radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, furrow smooth, surface finely reticulate, microsculpture covering entire surface, transverse groove raised medially, creating two shallow lateral pouches (fig. 738). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; dorsum with striped pigmentation visible under dorsal scutum; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed (fig. 728), scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel, small scutal ridge present above pedicel (figs. 730, 732); dorsal scutum pale orange, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface reticulate, sides reticulate; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides reticulate (figs. 727, 733, 739). PMS present (compound microscope). Legs pale orange; femora and tibiae obviously striated. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark; femur normal size; cymbium pale orange, apically with dense patch of setae (figs. 734–737); bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 27755)
Total length 2.00 (figs. 742, 743, 746, 747). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white, striped pigmentation visible under ventral scutum (figs. 740, 741, 744, 748). Anterior epigynal sclerite greatly expanded posteriorly (figs. 745, 749).
Distribution
Known only from Bahia, Brazil (map 15).
Escaphiella pocone, new species
Figures 757–764
Escaphiella pocone, new species, male. 757. Endites and labrum, anterior view. 758. Tip of right endite, anterior view. 759. Modified setae on tip of right endite, anterior view. 760. Endites and labium, ventral view. 761. Tip of right endite, ventral view. 762. Epigastric region, ventral view. 763. Spinnerets, posterior view. 764. Anterior lateral spinneret, posterior view.
Figures 765–771
Escaphiella pocone, new species, female. 765. Carapace, dorsal view. 766. Abdomen, dorsal view. 767. Posterior median spinneret, posterior view. 768. Spinnerets, posterior view. 769. Anterior lateral spinneret, posterior view. 770. Posterior lateral spinneret, posterior view. 771. Epigynum, ventral view.
Figures 772–780
Escaphiella pocone, new species, male. 772. Habitus, dorsal view. 773. Same, ventral view. 774. Carapace, dorsal view. 775. Abdomen, ventral view. 776. Habitus, anterior view. 777. Anterior portion of abdomen, oblique lateral view. 778. Habitus, lateral view. 779. Epigastric region, ventral view. 780. Carapace, lateral view.
Figures 781–786
Escaphiella pocone, new species, male. 781. Left palp, dorsal view. 782. Same, prolateral view. 783. Same, ventral view. 784. Same, retrolateral view. 785. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 786. Abdomen, anterior view.
Figures 787–797
Escaphiella pocone, new species, female. 787. Habitus, dorsal view. 788. Same, ventral view. 789. Carapace, dorsal view. 790. Habitus, anterior view. 791. Same, lateral view. 792. Abdomen, ventral view. 793. Same, anterior view. 794. Carapace, lateral view. 795. Epigynum, ventral view. 796. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 797. Anterior portion of abdomen, oblique lateral view.
Figures 798–806
Escaphiella blumenau, new species, female. 798. Habitus, dorsal view. 799. Same, ventral view. 800. Carapace, dorsal view. 801. Habitus, anterior view. 802. Same, lateral view. 803. Abdomen, ventral view. 804. Carapace, lateral view. 805. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 806. Epigynum, ventral view.
Types
Female holotype and male allotype taken by fogging at Fazenda Retiro Novo, Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil (I. Marques; 2003), deposited in IBSP (67028, PBI_OON 27744).
Diagnosis
This species resembles E. aratau in having a patterned abdomen, but males have an embolus bent at about half its length (figs. 781–784) and females have a very narrow anterior epigynal sclerite (fig. 795).
Male (PBI_OON 27740)
Total length 1.57 (figs. 772, 773, 778). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides smooth, granulate microsculpture along margins and surface of pars thoracica nearly reaching apex; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 750, 774, 780). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 776). Sternum pale orange, with radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, furrow smooth, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (figs. 752, 785). Chelicerae (figs. 753, 754), endites, and labium (fig. 755) pale orange. Endites anteromedially modified, with thickened, rounded tip (figs. 757–761). Abdomen ovoid; striped pigmentation visible under dorsal scutum; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel (figs. 777, 786), sperm pore flanked with pair of depressions (figs. 762, 779); dorsal scutum pale orange, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth (fig. 751); postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth (fig. 775). PMS present (figs. 763, 764). Legs pale orange. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark, embolus thick, bent at half its length (figs. 781–784); femur normal size; cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 27740)
Total length 1.62 (figs. 765–770, 789, 790, 793, 794, 796, 797). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white, with striped pigmentation (figs. 787, 788, 791). Epigynum with very narrow anterior sclerite (figs. 771, 792, 795).
Other Material Examined
BRAZIL: Mato Grosso: Nossa Senhora do Livramento, Pantanal do Poconé, Fazenda Retiro Novo, Jan. 2004–Dec. 2005 (L. Battirola, IBSP 68477–68495, PBI_OON 27720–27738), 13♂, 12♀; Poconé, 2003, fogging (I. Marques, IBSP 67023, PBI_OON 27745), 1♂, 3♀; Poconé, Fazenda Retiro Novo, 2003, Winkler trap (M. Marques, N. Pinho, IBSP 67000, 67003, 67004, 67006, 67008, PBI_OON 27739–27743), 23♂, 16♀. Mato Grosso do Sul: Brasilândia, Usina Hidrelétrica Sérgio Motta, July 16–24, 2000, pitfalls (IBSP 30663, 30665, 30670, 30672, PBI_OON 27714–27717), 6♂; Corumbá, near Rio Miranda, Fazenda Nove de Ouro, Pantanal, July 2000, pitfall (J. Razier, IBSP 68039, PBI_OON 27713), 1♀; Corumbá, Passo da Lontra, Pantanal, Jan. 1998–Nov. 1999 (J. Razier, MPEG 68453, PBI_OON 27719), 1♀; near Rodovia MS184, Corumbá, Fazenda São Bento, Pantanal, July 1999, pitfall (J. Razier, IBSP 68040, PBI_OON 27718), 1♀.
Distribution
Known only from Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (map 15).
Escaphiella blumenau, new species
Figures 807–815
Escaphiella morro, new species, female. 807. Habitus, dorsal view. 808. Same, ventral view. 809. Carapace, dorsal view. 810. Habitus, anterior view. 811. Carapace, lateral view. 812. Abdomen, ventral view. 813. Cephalothroax, ventral view. 814. Epigynum, ventral view. 815. Habitus, lateral view.
Type
Female holotype taken in pitfall trap in the Parque Natural Municipal “Nascentes do Rio Garcia,” Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil (Jan. 23, 2005; R. Francisco), deposited in IBSP (68395, PBI_OON 27759).
Diagnosis
Females resemble those of E. cidades and E. argentina but can be distinguished by the wide, diamond-shaped epigynal atrium containing a short, oval anterior sclerite (figs. 803, 806).
Female (PBI_ OON 27759)
Total length 1.62. Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate, granulate microsculpture along surface reaching about halfway up carapace; lateral margins without denticles (figs. 800, 804). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE separated by less than their radius, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length (fig. 801). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, furrow smooth, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 805). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; dorsum soft portions white (fig. 798); book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth (fig. 802). PMS present (compound microscope). Legs pale orange. Epigynal atrium diamond-shaped, anterior sclerite short (figs. 799, 803, 806).
Distribution
Known only from Santa Catarina, Brazil (map 16).
Escaphiella morro, new species
Figures 816–823
Escaphiella exlineae, new species, male. 816. Habitus, dorsal view. 817. Same, ventral view. 818. Carapace, dorsal view. 819. Habitus, anterior view. 820. Same, lateral view. 821. Epigastric region, ventral view. 822. Carapace, lateral view. 823. Sperm pore and groove connecting anterior spiracles, ventral view.
Type
Female holotype taken in Winkler trap in the Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo, 22°31′S, 52°18′W, Teodoro Sampaio, São Paulo, Brazil (Mar. 24–31, 2003), deposited in IBSP (60186, PBI_OON 27746).
Diagnosis
Females can easily be distinguished by the unusual position of the anterior epigynal sclerite, which extends anterior of the anterior epigynal margin (figs. 808, 812, 814).
Female (PBI_OON 27746)
Total length 1.03. Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides smooth, light granulate microsculpture present along margins; lateral margins without denticles (figs. 809, 811). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length (fig. 810). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 813). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; dorsum soft portions white (fig. 807); book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube short, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth (fig. 815). PMS present (compound microscope). Legs pale orange. Anterior epigynal sclerite extending anterior of epigynal margin (figs. 808, 812, 814).
Other Material Examined
BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Dois Irmãos do Buriti, Piraputanga, 20°27′S, 55°30′W, pitfall, June 31–July 6, 1999 (A. Brescovit, IBSP 67447, PBI_OON 27761), 1♀. São Paulo: Teodoro Sampaio, Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo, 22°31′S, 52°18′W, Mar. 24–31, 2003 (IBSP 60188, PBI_OON 27747), 1♀.
Distribution
Known only from São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (map 16).
Escaphiella exlineae, new species
Figures 824–829
Escaphiella exlineae, new species, male. 824. Left palp, dorsal view. 825. Same, prolateral view. 826. Same, ventral view. 827. Same, retrolateral view. 828. Endite, lateral view. 829. Cephalothorax, ventral view.
Figures 830–837
Escaphiella peckorum, new species, male. 830. Habitus, dorsal view. 831. Habitus, ventral view. 832. Carapace, dorsal view. 833. Habitus, anterior view. 834. Habitus, lateral view. 835. Carapace, lateral view. 836. Anterior portion of abdomen, lateral view. 837. Epigastric region, ventral view.
Type
Male holotype from the Pariñas Valley, 15 mi NE Negritos, Piura, Peru (Oct. 16, 1938; D. Frizell and H. Exline Frizell), deposited in CAS (9026652, PBI_OON 2674).
Etymology
The specific name is a patronym in honor of Harriet Exline, one of the collectors of the holotype.
Diagnosis
Only the left palp of the holotype is present, so palpal asymmetry cannot be assessed, but the palp resembles that of E. gigantea in having a relatively long embolus (figs. 824–827), oriented obliquely, situated on a relatively long embolar base (although the body is much smaller, with lighter coloration). The dorsal abdominal scutum is relatively long and narrow (fig. 816), and the setal bases form tiny denticles, most pronounced on the most anterior setae (fig. 819). The fourth leg is also longer than in other members of the group (fig. 820).
Male (PBI_OON 2674)
Total length 1.71 (figs. 816, 817, 820). Carapace orange-brown, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 818, 822). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 819). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 829). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Endites anteromedially with long, pointed tip (fig. 828). Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers small, elliptical; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel, anterior spiracles apparently connected by groove (figs. 821, 823); dorsal scutum orange-brown, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface striated, sides striated; postepigastric scutum pale orange, long, semicircular, sides smooth. Legs pale orange (leg I missing). Palp proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark, long (figs. 824–827); femur normal size; cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Distribution
Known only from Peru (map 17).
Escaphiella peckorum, new species
Figures 838–843
Escaphiella peckorum, new species, male. 838. Left palp, dorsal view. 839. Same, prolateral view. 840. Same, ventral view. 841. Same, retrolateral view. 842. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 843. Abdomen, anterior view.
Figures 844–852
Escaphiella peckorum, new species, female. 844. Habitus, dorsal view. 845. Same, ventral view. 846. Carapace, dorsal view. 847. Habitus, anterior view. 848. Same, lateral view. 849. Anterior portion of abdomen, ventral view. 850. Epigynum, ventral view. 851. Carapace, lateral view. 852. Cephalothorax, ventral view.
Figures 853–863
Escaphiella ramirezi, new species, male. 853. Habitus, dorsal view. 854. Same, ventral view. 855. Carapace, dorsal view. 856. Habitus, anterior view. 857. Same, lateral view. 858. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 859. Abdomen, ventral view. 860. Left palp, dorsal view. 861. Same, prolateral view. 862. Same, ventral view. 863. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Male holotype taken from litter at the base of a tree 20 km SE Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina (Dec. 31, 1990; S., J. Peck), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 26875).
Diagnosis
Males of this distinctive species can easily be recognized by the relatively short, thick palpal femora (fig. 841) and the prolaterally directed tubercles on the embolar base (fig. 840); the palpi are symmetrical in both males examined. Female can easily be recognized by the angular anterior margin of the epigynum (figs. 849, 850).
Male (PBI_OON 26875)
Total length 1.22 (figs. 830, 831, 834). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides smooth; lateral margins without denticles (figs. 832, 835). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 833). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 842). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel (figs. 836, 843); dorsal scutum pale orange, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth (fig. 837). PMS present (compound microscope). Legs pale orange. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark; femur enlarged (figs. 838–841); cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 26877)
Total length 1.24 (figs. 851, 852). ALE separated by less than their radius (figs. 846, 847). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (figs. 844, 848). Anterior margin of epigynum angular (figs. 845, 849, 850).
Other Material Examined
ARGENTINA: Misiones: Parque Nacional Iguazú, Oct. 23–26, 1995 (M. Ramírez, MACN PBI_OON 26877), 2♀; 20 km SE Puerto Iguazú, Dec. 31, 1990, litter at tree base (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 26875), 1♂; Sendero Macuco and adjacent trails, Parque Nacional Iguazú, 25°40′43″S, 54°26′57″W, Jan. 18–21, 2005 (C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, L. Piacentini, A. Quaglino, G. Rubio, MACN PBI_OON 26876), 1♀.
Distribution
Known only from Misiones, Argentina (map 17).
Escaphiella ramirezi, new species
Figures 864–872
Escaphiella ramirezi, new species, female. 864. Habitus, dorsal view. 865. Same, ventral view. 866. Carapace, dorsal view. 867. Habitus, anterior view. 868. Same, lateral view. 869. Abdomen, ventral view. 870. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 871. Epigynum, ventral view. 872. Carapace, lateral view.
Type
Female holotype from Refugio Caa-Porá, 3 km W Deseado, Parque Provincial Uruguaí, Misiones, Argentina (Feb. 14–15, 1995; M. Ramírez), deposited in MACN (PBI_OON 27481).
Diagnosis
Male and females have not been collected together but seem to match in somatic features; the male embolus (figs. 860–863) is clearly much shorter than in the males of E. ocoa; the embolar base has a prolateral projection that is sharper than that found in the males of E. peckorum (fig. 862); the proximal portion of the palpal bulb is also less produced ventrally, and the palpal femur is smaller. Females can easily be distinguished by the rounded epigynal region, which is almost completely filled by a rounded anterior sclerite and which has two oblique, laterally directed apodemes at its sides (figs. 869, 871).
Male (PBI_OON 14892)
Total length 1.39 (figs. 853, 854, 857). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides smooth, slightly granulate only on posterior margin of carapace; lateral margins without denticles (fig. 855). Eyes: ALE circular, PME circular; ALE separated by less than their radius, ALE-PLE separated by less than ALE radius, PME touching for less than half their length, PLE-PME separated by less than PME radius (fig. 856). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 858). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Endites anteromedially modified, with small, spiniform tip. Abdomen cylindrical; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel; dorsal scutum pale orange, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum pale orange, long, semicircular, sides smooth (fig. 859). Legs pale orange. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark, with distinct base bearing distal short, acute prolongation (figs. 860–863); femur enlarged; bulb yellow.
Female (PBI_OON 27482)
Total length 1.18 (fig. 870, 872). Eyes: PME squared; ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length (figs. 866, 867). Abdomen ovoid; dorsum soft portions white (figs. 864, 868). Epigynum with pair of oblique, laterally directed apodemes (figs. 865, 869, 871).
Other Material Examined
ARGENTINA: Misiones: Palmital, 5 km W Yacuí, Parque Nacional Iguazú, Feb. 8–15, 1995 (M. Ramírez, MACN PBI_OON 27528), 1♀; Parque Nacional Iguazú, Oct. 23–26, 1995 (M. Ramírez, MACN PBI_OON 26878), 1♂; San Vicente (INTA), Jan. 1995, dead leaves (J. Faibovich, MACN PBI_OON 27482), 1♀. Tucumán: Arroyo India Muerta, road to Ticucho, June 25, 1995 (M. Ramírez, P. Goloboff, MACN PBI_OON 27529), 1♂ (badly smashed, only palps usable). URUGUAY: Artigas: Route 30, at highest point of “Cuchilla” (low mountains), 31°08′25.5″S, 55°55′11.5″W, Dec. 13, 2005, elev. 344 m (F. Labarque, A. Ojanguren, C. Mattoni, MACN PBI_OON 14892), 1♂.
Distribution
If the sexes are correctly matched, widespread in northern Argentina and Uruguay (map 18).
Escaphiella argentina (Birabén), new combination
Figures 881–891
Escaphiella ocoa, new species, male. 881. Habitus, dorsal view. 882. Same, ventral view. 883. Carapace, dorsal view. 884. Habitus, anterior view. 885. Same, lateral view. 886. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 887. Carapace, lateral view. 888. Left palp, dorsal view. 889. Same, prolateral view. 890. Same, ventral view. 891. Same, retrolateral view.
Scaphiella argentina Birabén, 1954: 208, figs. 37–43, 51 (female holotype from Profesor Salvador Mazza, Salta, Argentina, in MLP; examined).
Diagnosis
Females can easily be recognized by their epigynal conformation, with a semicircular unsclerotized area situated anteriorly of the pentagonal atrium, which contains a posteriorly widened anterior sclerite (figs. 874, 879).
Female (PBI_OON 27530)
Total length 1.75. Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate, surface sides of carapace clearly smoothing when reaching elevated portion; lateral margins without denticles (figs. 875, 877). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length (fig. 878). Sternum pale orange, with radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, furrow smooth, surface smooth, microsculpture absent, most of sternal setae missing (fig. 880). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; dorsum soft portions white (fig. 873); book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel; epigastric scutum with anterior margins smooth; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth (fig. 876; setae on epigastric and postepigastric areas missing). Legs pale orange (most legs missing, remnant legs with trichobothria missing). Epigynal atrium pentagonal (fig. 874, 879).
Material Examined
ARGENTINA: Salta: Profesor Salvador Mazza, Nov. 21, 1951 (M. Birabén, MLP 0330, PBI_OON 27530), 1♀ (holotype).
Distribution
Known only from the type locality, near the Bolivian border in northern Salta, Argentina (map 18).
Escaphiella ocoa, new species
Figures 892–899
Escaphiella ocoa, new species. 892. Female, habitus, dorsal view. 893. Same, ventral view. 894. Female, carapace, dorsal view. 895. Female, habitus, anterior view. 896. Female, epigynum, ventral view. 897. Male, carapace, anterior view. 898. Female, cephalothorax, ventral view. 899. Male, epigastric region, ventral view.
Type
Male holotype taken in a pitfall trap at an unburned site at Palmas de Ocoa, Parque Nacional La Campana, Quillota, Región de Valparaíso (V), Chile (Sept. 27, 1985; R. Calderón G.), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 26879).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of E. itys in having distinct pigmentation under the abdominal scuta (fig. 881), but can be distinguished by the symmetrical palps with a narrow bulb (figs. 888–891), the long embolar base (fig. 889), and the long embolus (fig. 890). Females are similarly pigmented (fig. 892) and can easily be recognized by the diamond-shaped epigynal area, with an atrium occupied by a large, broadly triangular anterior sclerite (figs. 893, 896).
Male (PBI_OON 26879)
Total length 1.62 (figs. 881, 882, 885). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate, granulate microsculpture reaching pars cephalica; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 883, 887, 897). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 884). Sternum pale orange, with radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, furrow smooth, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 886). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Endites anteromedially modified, with long, spiniform process curving apically. Abdomen ovoid; dorsum with striped pigmentation visible under dorsal scutum; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel; dorsal scutum pale orange, covering more than 3/4 of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides finely striated (fig. 899). PMS present (compound microscope). Legs pale orange. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark, greatly elongated (figs. 888–891); femur normal size; cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 26880)
Total length 2.04 (fig. 898). ALE separated by less than their radius (figs. 894, 895). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white, with striped pigmentation (fig. 892); sides of postepigastric scutum smooth (fig. 893). Epigynal atrium distinctively diamond shaped (fig. 896).
Variation
The single male from Las Balsas has an embolus that is slightly shorter than those of the two more northern males. The anteromedian projection on the endites does not extend as far anteriorly as in those males, either, but the cuticle of the basal portion of the projection is very lightly sclerotized and we suspect that it expands and contracts with changes in hemolymph pressure. Until and unless these differences can be shown to separate populations, we regard all three males as conspecific.
Other Material Examined
CHILE: Región Metropolitana: Cordillera: Guayacán, Río Colorado, Jan. 1984 (P. Goloboff, MACN PBI_OON 26880), 1♀. Santiago: N slope, Quebrada de La Plata, Maipu, Oct. 1959 (W. Noodt, MNHNS PBI_OON 26840), 1♂. Región O'Higgins (VI): Cachapoal: Las Balsas, Rapel, May 1975 (H. Zapfe, MNHNS PBI_OON 26839), 1♂.
Distribution
Known only from central Chile (map 18).
Escaphiella cristobal, new species
Figures 907–912
Escaphiella cristobal, new species, male. 907. Left palp, dorsal view. 908. Same, prolateral view. 909. Same, ventral view. 910. Same, retrolateral view. 911. Abdomen, ventral view. 912. Cephalothorax, ventral view.
Figures 913–921
Escaphiella cristobal, new species, female. 913. Habitus, dorsal view. 914. Same, ventral view. 915. Carapace, dorsal view. 916. Habitus, anterior view. 917. Same, lateral view. 918. Abdomen, ventral view. 919. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 920. Epigynum, ventral view. 921. Carapace, lateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female paratype taken in thin litter and moss-fern growth (Scalesia, Psychotria, Chiococca, Zanthoxylym community) at the base of lava blocks on well-drained soil at an elevation of 450 m at Cerro Palada, Isla San Cristóbal, Galapagos Islands (Feb. 17, 1978; W. Reeder), deposited in TMM (57861, PBI_OON 36401).
Diagnosis
This species resembles the Brazilian E. bahia in having a patterned abdomen (figs. 900, 913) and an elongated, posteriorly expanded anterior epigynal sclerite (fig. 918). Males can be distinguished by the shorter, thicker palpal femur and the absence of a thick dorsal scopula on the cymbium (figs. 907–910), females by the shorter, wider epigynal atrium (figs. 914, 918, 920).
Male (PBI_OON 36401)
Total length 1.26 (figs. 900, 901, 904). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate, granulate microsculpture reaching halfway up sides; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 902, 906). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE touching, ALE-PLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching (fig. 903). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (figs. 912). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; dorsum with striped pigmentation visible under dorsal scutum; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel; dorsal scutum pale orange, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface smooth, sides smooth; postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides smooth (figs. 905, 911). PMS present (compound microscope). Legs pale orange. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark; femur enlarged (figs. 907–910); cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 36402)
Total length 1.54 (figs. 915, 919, 921). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white, with striped pigmentation (figs. 913, 916, 917). Epigynum with middle part of atrium sunken in ventral view (figs. 914, 918, 920).
Other Material Examined
GALAPAGOS ISLANDS: Isla San Cristóbal: Cerro Palada, Feb. 17, 1978, thin litter, moss-fern growth (Scalesia, Psychotria, Chiococca, Zanthoxylym community) at base of lava blocks on well-drained soil, elev. 450 m (W. Reeder, TMM 59887, PBI_OON 36402), 1♀, 1978, Macraea litter and surrounding lava (W. Reeder, TMM 57858, PBI_OON 36403), 1♀.
Distribution
Known only from Isla San Cristóbal, Galapagos Islands (map 11).
Escaphiella isabela, new species
Figures 929–934
Escaphiella isabela, new species, male. 929. Left palp, dorsal view. 930. Same, prolateral view. 931. Same, ventral view. 932. Same, retrolateral view. 933. Abdomen, ventral view. 934. Cephalothorax, ventral view.
Figures 935–943
Escaphiella isabela, new species, female. 935. Habitus, dorsal view. 936. Same, ventral view. 937. Carapace, dorsal view. 938. Habitus, anterior view. 939. Same, lateral view. 940. Abdomen, ventral view. 941. Cephalothorax, ventral view. 942. Epigynum, ventral view. 943. Carapace, lateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype screened from Pisonia litter in a community with Macraea, Croton, Opuntia, Tournefortia, and Chiococca, west of lava flow at an elevation of 360–380 m on Volcán Darwin, Isla Isabela, Galapagos Islands (May 25, 1980; W. Reeder), deposited in TMM (59889, 34307, PBI_OON 36406, 36405).
Diagnosis
This species can easily be separated from E. cristobal by the unpatterned abdomen (fig. 935), pale yellow color, and longer legs, by the smaller palpal femur and ventrally more invaginated palpal bulb of males (figs. 929–932), and by the more rounded epigynal atrium of females (fig. 940).
Male (PBI_OON 36404)
Total length 1.34 (figs. 922, 923, 926). Carapace pale orange, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate, sides granulate, carapace lightly granulated all over, smoothing when reaching elevated portion of pars cephalica; lateral margins with blunt denticles (figs. 924, 927). Eyes: ALE circular, PME squared; ALE separated by less than their radius, ALE-PLE separated by less than ALE radius, PME touching, PLE-PME touching (fig. 925). Sternum pale orange, without radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, surface smooth, microsculpture absent (fig. 934). Chelicerae, endites, and labium pale orange. Abdomen ovoid; book lung covers large, ovoid; pedicel tube medium, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel; dorsal scutum pale orange, covering more than 3/4 of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above, middle surface finely reticulate, sides finely reticulate; epigastric scutum with anterior spiracles apparently connected by groove (figs. 928, 933); postepigastric scutum pale orange, sides striated. PMS present (compound microscope). Legs pale orange. Right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark; femur normal size (figs. 929–932); cymbium and bulb pale orange.
Female (PBI_OON 36405)
Total length 1.60 (fig. 937, 941, 943). Abdomen with soft portions of dorsum white (fig. 935, 938, 939); sides of postepigastric scutum finely reticulate (fig. 936). Anterior epigynal sclerite abruptly widened at about half its length (figs. 940, 942).
Other Material Examined
GALAPAGOS ISLANDS: Isla Isabela: Bursera Camp, Volcán Alcedo, May 19, 1980, small irregular webs, elev. 340 m (W. Reeder, TMM 61193, PBI_OON 36407), 1♂; E slope, Volcán Alcedo, May 25, 1980, from down wood (Bursera, Psidium) in gully with Bursera, Croton, Waltheria and some Pisonia, elev. 380 m (W. Reeder, TMM 57856, PBI_OON 36404), 1♂.
Acknowledgments
This project is part of the Planetary Biodiversity Inventory of oonopids supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (grant DEB-0613754), and the assistance of the many participants in that project, in ways too numerous to mention, is immensely appreciated. We especially thank the curators of the collections that have supplied specimens: Joe Beatty (JAB), Léon Baert (KBIN), Janet Beccaloni (BMNH), Alexandre Bonaldo (MPEG), Antonio Brescovit and Cristina Rheims (IBSP), Ariel Camousseight (MNHNS), Jonathan Coddington (USNM), James Cokendolpher (TMM), Charles Dondale (CNC), G. B. Edwards (FSCA), Gonzalo Giribet and Laura Leibensperger (MCZ), Charles Griswold (CAS), Christoph Hörweg (NMW), John Murphy, Luis Pereira (MLP), Martín Ramírez and Cristian Grismado (MACN), David Richman (NMSU), Christine Rollard (MNHN), Peter Schwendinger (MHNG, material kindly made available by Christian Kropf and Yvonne Kranz), Darrell Ubick (CDU), and C. Víquez (INBIO). Cristian Grismado kindly supplied much of the information on the male of E. ramirezi; both he and Darrell Ubick provided helpful, detailed comments on a draft of the manuscript.
REFERENCES
Appendices
acapulco, 41
aratau, 110
argentina, 133
bahia, 113
betin, 90
blumenau, 120
bolivar, 97
cachimbo, 108
catemaco, 44
chiapa, 56
cidades, 97
colima, 43
cristobal, 136
exlineae, 123
gertschi, 75
gigantea, 93
hespera, 14
hesperoides, 103
iguala, 37
isabela, 140
itys, 79
juvenilis, 14
litoris, 33
maculosa, 105
magna, 61
morro, 123
nayarit, 56
nye, 32
ocoa, 135
olivacea, 63
peckorum, 128
pocone, 115
ramirezi, 131
schmidti, 72
scutata, 79
tayrona, 88
tonila, 49
viquezi, 70
